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Zeng J, Weng Y, Lai T, Chen L, Li Y, Huang Q, Zhong S, Wan S, Luo L. Procyanidin alleviates ferroptosis and inflammation of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4055-4067. [PMID: 38010399 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common occurrence in many medical conditions and is a natural defense mechanism of the human body. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death related to lipid peroxide build-up, has been found to be involved in inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of procyanidin, however, are not yet fully understood. Through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis, it was suggested that procyanidin could modulate ferroptosis and cause anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells. This was further evidenced through molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitro experiments. The results indicated that procyanidin could diminish inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by regulating ferroptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1/Keap-1 pathway. In conclusion, procyanidin supplementation might be an effective way to reduce inflammation by decreasing the release of inflammatory cytokines and suppressing ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanmin Weng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianli Lai
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Chen
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Li
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiqi Huang
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shibiao Wan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2 Wenming East Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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Liang W, Wei R, Zhu X, Li J, Lin A, Chen J, Wu W, Jie Q. Downregulation of HMGB1 carried by macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles delays atherosclerotic plaque formation through Caspase-11-dependent macrophage pyroptosis. Mol Med 2024; 30:38. [PMID: 38493291 PMCID: PMC10943908 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicle (macrophage-EV) is highly studied for its regulatory role in atherosclerosis (AS). Our current study tried to elucidate the possible role of macrophage-EV loaded with small interfering RNA against high-mobility group box 1 (siHMGB1) affecting atherosclerotic plaque formation. METHODS In silico analysis was performed to find critical factors in mouse atherosclerotic plaque formation. EVs secreted by RAW 264.7 cells were collected by ultracentrifugation and characterized, followed by the preparation of macrophage-EV-loaded siHMGB1 (macrophage-EV/siHMGB1). ApoE-/- mice were used to construct an AS mouse model by a high-fat diet, followed by injection of macrophage-EV/siHMGB1 to assess the in vivo effect of macrophage-EV/siHMGB1 on AS mice. RAW264.7 cells were subjected to ox-LDL, LPS or macrophage-EV/siHMGB1 for analyzing the in vitro effect of macrophage-EV/siHMGB1 on macrophage pyrophosis and inflammation. RESULTS In silico analysis found that HMGB1 was closely related to the development of AS. Macrophage-EV/siHMGB could inhibit the release of HMGB1 from macrophages to outside cells, and the reduced HMGB1 release could inhibit foam cell formation. Besides, macrophage-EV/siHMGB also inhibited the LPS-induced Caspase-11 activation, thus inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis and preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation. CONCLUSION Our results proved that macrophage-EV/siHMGB could inhibit foam cell formation and suppress macrophage pyroptosis, finally preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation in AS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, No. 106, Zhongshan Second Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Cardiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District, No. 8, Fuyu East Road, Qiaonan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng Y, Jin W, Zheng L, Huang X, Luo S, Hong W, Liao J, Samruajbenjakun B, Leethanakul C. The role of autophagy in SIM mediated anti-inflammatory osteoclastogenesis through NLRP3 signaling pathway. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1145. [PMID: 38270300 PMCID: PMC10777745 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bone resorption is a prominent risk factor for implantation failure. Simvastatin (SIM) has anti-inflammatory effects independent of cholesterol lowering and reduces osteoclastogenesis by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts. However, the specific mechanism of inflammatory bone loss alleviation by SIM remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that SIM relieves inflammatory bone loss by modulating autophagy and suppressing the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after being pretreated with various concentrations of SIM. Osteoclast (OC) differentiation, formation and activity were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, F-actin ring staining and bone resorption pit assays, respectively. We observed autophagosomes by transmission electron microscopy. Then NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 was used to further explore the corresponding molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory bone resorption, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and NLRP3 signaling pathway factors in pre-OCs were evaluated by western blot analysis, and the expression of OC-specific molecules was analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that SIM decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas increased Interleukin-10. In addition, SIM inhibited LPS-induced OC differentiation, formation, bone resorption activity, the level of autophagosomes, and OC-specific markers. Furthermore, SIM significantly suppressed autophagy by downregulating LC3II, Beclin1, ATG7, and NLRP3-related proteins expression while upregulating P62 under inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSIONS SIM may reduce autophagy secretion to attenuate LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and the NLRP3 signaling pathway participates in this process, thus providing theoretical basis for the application of this drug in peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Faculty of DentistryPrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiThailand
- School/Hospital of StomatologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Wenjun Jin
- School/Hospital of StomatologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Lin Zheng
- School/Hospital of StomatologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | | | - Shanshan Luo
- School/Hospital of StomatologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of EducationGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jian Liao
- School/Hospital of StomatologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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Yam GHF, Yang T, Geary ML, Santra M, Funderburgh M, Rubin E, Du Y, Sahel JA, Jhanji V, Funderburgh JL. Human corneal stromal stem cells express anti-fibrotic microRNA-29a and 381-5p - A robust cell selection tool for stem cell therapy of corneal scarring. J Adv Res 2023; 45:141-155. [PMID: 35623612 PMCID: PMC10006527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corneal blindness due to scarring is treated with corneal transplantation. However, a global problem is the donor material shortage. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that cell-based therapy using corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs) suppresses corneal scarring, potentially mediated by specific microRNAs transported in extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, not every CSSC batch from donors achieves similar anti-scarring effects. OBJECTIVES To examine miRNA profiles in EVs from human CSSCs showing "healing" versus "non-healing" effects on corneal scarring and to design a tool to select CSSCs with strong healing potency for clinical applications. METHODS Small RNAs from CSSC-EVs were extracted for Nanostring nCounter Human miRNA v3 assay. MicroRNAs expressed > 20 folds in "healing" EVs (P < 0.05) were subject to enriched gene ontology (GO) term analysis. MiRNA groups with predictive regulation on inflammatory and fibrotic signalling were studied by mimic transfection to (1) mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) for M1 phenotype assay; (2) human corneal keratocytes for cytokine-induced fibrosis, and (3) human CSSCs for corneal scar prevention in vivo. The expression of miR-29a was screened in additional CSSC batches and the anti-scarring effect of cells was validated in mouse corneal wounds. RESULTS Twenty-one miRNAs were significantly expressed in "healing" CSSC-EVs and 9 miRNA groups were predicted to associate with inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and tissue regeneration (P <10-6). Overexpression of miR-29a and 381-5p significantly prevented M1 phenotype transition in RAW264.7 cells after lipopolysaccharide treatment, suppressed transforming growth factor β1-induced fibrosis marker expression in keratocytes, and reduced scarring after corneal injury. High miR-29a expression in EV fractions distinguished human CSSCs with strong healing potency, which inhibited corneal scarring in vivo. CONCLUSION We characterized the anti-inflammatory and fibrotic roles of miR-29a and 381-5p in CSSCs, contributing to scar prevention. MiR-29a expression in EVs distinguished CSSCs with anti-scarring quality, identifying good quality cells for a scarless corneal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Tianbing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Moira L Geary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Mithun Santra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Martha Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rubin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jose A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - James L Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Gao Y, Xu Z, Li X, Liu Z, Li W, Kang Y, Zhang X, Qi Y. Resibufogenin, one of bufadienolides in toad venom, suppresses LPS-induced inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Xie C, Hu W, Gan L, Fu B, Zhao X, Tang D, Liao R, Ye L. Sulfation and Its Effect on the Bioactivity of Magnolol, the Main Active Ingredient of Magnolia Officinalis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090870. [PMID: 36144273 PMCID: PMC9505486 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol, the main active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. Sulfation plays an important role in the metabolism of magnolol. The magnolol sulfated metabolite was identified by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The magnolol sulfation activity of seven major recombinant sulfotransferases (SULTs) isoforms (SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1) was analyzed. The metabolic profile of magnolol was investigated in liver S9 fractions from human (HLS9), rat (RLS9), and mouse (MLS9). The anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol and its sulfated metabolite were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Magnolol was metabolized into a mono-sulfated metabolite by SULTs. Of the seven recombinant SULT isoforms examined, SULT1B1 exhibited the highest magnolol sulfation activity. In liver S9 fractions from different species, the CLint value of magnolol sulfation in HLS9 (0.96 µL/min/mg) was similar to that in RLS9 (0.99 µL/min/mg) but significantly higher than that in MLS9 (0.30 µL/min/mg). Magnolol and its sulfated metabolite both significantly downregulated the production of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) stimulated by LPS (p < 0.001). These results indicated that SULT1B1 was the major enzyme responsible for the sulfation of magnolol and that the magnolol sulfated metabolite exhibited potential anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanyu Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lili Gan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingxuan Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dafu Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongxin Liao
- TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ling Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (L.Y.)
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Chen C, Zhu ZF, Nie WX, Zou Y. Suffrutines A and B Inhibit the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells by Suppressing the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:628-638. [PMID: 34293804 DOI: 10.1055/a-1528-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flueggea suffruticosa is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory ailments, including rheumatism and lumbago. Suffrutines A and suffrutines B are a pair of novel E,E and Z,E isomeric indolizidine alkaloids isolated from the roots of F. suffruticosa. However, their anti-inflammatory activity has not been reported thus far. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of inflammatory mediators and possible mechanisms of suffrutines A and B in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that suffrutines A and B could remarkably inhibit the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Further evaluation demonstrated that compared with suffrutines A, suffrutines B could more significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, the degradation of IκBα, and the nuclear translocation of the p65 and p52 subunits in the canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor-κB pathways. Therefore, suffrutines B exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on inflammatory mediators than suffrutines A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Xing Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, originated in China and quickly spread across the globe. Despite tremendous economic and healthcare devastation, research on this virus has contributed to a better understanding of numerous molecular pathways, including those involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), that will positively impact medical science, including neuropsychiatry, in the post-pandemic era. SARS-CoV-2 primarily enters the host cells through the renin–angiotensin system’s component named angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). Among its many functions, this protein upregulates GABA, protecting not only the central nervous system but also the endothelia, the pancreas, and the gut microbiota. SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE-2 usurps the neuronal and non-neuronal GABAergic systems, contributing to the high comorbidity of neuropsychiatric illness with gut dysbiosis and endothelial and metabolic dysfunctions. In this perspective article, we take a closer look at the pathology emerging from the viral hijacking of non-neuronal GABA and summarize potential interventions for restoring these systems.
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Mathew AP, Rajendrakumar SK, Mohapatra A, Vasukutty A, Revuri V, Mondal J, Lee YK, Lee JY, Park IK. Hyaluronan-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles relieve LPS-induced peritonitis by suppressing oxidative species generation in tissue-resident macrophages. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1248-1256. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01796a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory response during sepsis causes irreversible damage to healthy tissues and results in multi-organ failure. During infection, bacterial endotoxin-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages facilitate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes,...
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Regulation of TNF-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010132. [PMID: 35011694 PMCID: PMC8750957 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RANKL and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), control OC differentiation and activity. However, there is a specific concern of a rebound effect of denosumab discontinuation in treating osteoporosis. TNFα can induce OC differentiation that is independent of the RANKL/RANK system. In this review, we discuss the factors that negatively and positively regulate TNFα induction of OC formation, and the mechanisms involved to inform the design of new anti-resorptive agents for the treatment of bone conditions with enhanced OC formation. Similar to, and being independent of, RANKL, TNFα recruits TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) to sequentially activate transcriptional factors NF-κB p50 and p52, followed by c-Fos, and then NFATc1 to induce OC differentiation. However, induction of OC formation by TNFα alone is very limited, since it also induces many inhibitory proteins, such as TRAF3, p100, IRF8, and RBP-j. TNFα induction of OC differentiation is, however, versatile, and Interleukin-1 or TGFβ1 can enhance TNFα-induced OC formation through a mechanism which is independent of RANKL, TRAF6, and/or NF-κB. However, TNFα polarized macrophages also produce anabolic factors, including insulin such as 6 peptide and Jagged1, to slow down bone loss in the pathological conditions. Thus, the development of novel approaches targeting TNFα signaling should focus on its downstream molecules that do not affect its anabolic effect.
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Hwang SJ, Oh WK, Lee HY, Lee HJ. Preventive effects of cristacarpin on experimentally induced uveitis by targeting NF-κB. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112474. [PMID: 34864308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cristacarpin is a novel prenylated pterocarpan that reportedly exhibits broad anti-cancer activity by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, whether and how cristacarpin affects in-flammatory processes remain largely unknown. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of cristacarpin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation was investigated using zebrafish embryos, RAW 264.7 macrophages, and mouse uveitis models. In the non-toxic concentration range (from 20 to 100 μM), cristacarpin suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while stimulating anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-4 and IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and uveitis mouse models. Cristacarpin decreased cell adhesion of macrophages through downregulation of the expression of Ninjurin1 and matrix metalloproteinases. Furthermore, cristacarpin reduced macrophage migration in zebrafish embryos in vivo. Cristacarpin also increased cytosolic levels of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB and suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Collectively, our results suggest that cristacarpin is a potential therapeutic candidate for developing ocular anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea.
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You JY, Kang SJ, Rhee WJ. Isolation of cabbage exosome-like nanovesicles and investigation of their biological activities in human cells. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4321-4332. [PMID: 33997509 PMCID: PMC8105599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are extensive studies on the applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced in cell culture for therapeutic drug development. However, large quantities of EVs are needed for in vivo applications, which requires high production costs and time. Thus, the development of new EV sources is essential to facilitate their use. Accordingly, plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles are an emerging alternative for culture-derived EVs. Until now, however, few studies have explored their biological functions and uses. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate biological activities of plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles and harness vesicles for biomedical applications. Herein, cabbage and red cabbage were used as nanovesicle sources owing to their easy cultivation. First, an efficient method for nanovesicle isolation from cabbage (Cabex) and red cabbage (Rabex) was developed. Furthermore, isolated nanovesicles were characterized, and their biological functions were assessed. Both Cabex and Rabex promoted mammalian cell proliferation and, interestingly, suppressed inflammation in immune cells and apoptosis in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Finally, therapeutic drugs were encapsulated in Cabex or Rabex and successfully delivered to human cells, demonstrating the potential of these vesicles as alternative drug delivery vehicles. Overall, the current results provide strong evidence for the wide application of Cabex and Rabex as novel therapeutic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young You
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Usui M, Onizuka S, Sato T, Kokabu S, Ariyoshi W, Nakashima K. Mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis - Periodontal bacteria and inflammation. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:201-208. [PMID: 34703508 PMCID: PMC8524191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria, which eventually leads to bone tissue (alveolar bone) destruction as inflammation persists. Periodontal tissues have an immune system against the invasion of these bacteria, however, due to the persistent infection by periodontopathogenic bacteria, the host innate and acquired immunity is impaired, and tissue destruction, including bone tissue destruction, occurs. Osteoclasts are essential for bone destruction. Osteoclast progenitor cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into osteoclasts. In addition, bone loss occurs when bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone formation by osteoblasts. In inflammatory bone disease, inflammatory cytokines act on osteoblasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-producing cells, resulting in osteoclast differentiation and activation. In addition to this mechanism, pathogenic factors of periodontal bacteria and mechanical stress activate osteoclasts and destruct alveolar bone in periodontitis. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of osteoclast activation in periodontitis and provide an overview based on the latest findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Satoru Onizuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongou, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infection and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
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14
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Kong L, Ma R, Cao Y, Smith W, Liu Y, Yang X, Yan L. Cell cytoskeleton and proliferation study for the RANKL-induced RAW264.7 differentiation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4649-4657. [PMID: 33742541 PMCID: PMC8107080 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although document studies (including ours) have been reported the achieved in vitro osteoclastic cellular model establishment from the RAW264.7 cell lineage, there was no study directly reported that American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) cell bank has various RAW264.7 cell lineages. Besides that, for our knowledge there was only one study compared the two different RAW264.7TIB-71 and RAW264.7CRL-2278 cell lineages for their osteoclastic differentiation, and they concluded that the RAW264.7CRL-2278 demonstrated to generate much osteoclast than RAW264.7TIB-71 . However, on the contrary to their results we noticed the fusion of RAW264.7TIB-71 in our previous studies was much compromising. Therefore, we try to explore the two cell lineages for their properties in osteoclastic differentiation with an in-depth cellular cytoskeletal study. Our current study has showed that comparing to the RAW264.7CRL-2278 , RAW264.7TIB-71 demonstrated a much higher efficacies for RANKL-stimulated osteoclastic differentiation. Besides that, in our depth cytoskeletal studies, we found that the RANKL-induced RAW264.7TIB-71 cells could finally differentiate into mature osteoclasts. However, regardless the various pre-treatment conditions, there was no mature osteoclast formed in RANKL-induced RAW264.7CRL-2278 cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine SurgerySchool of MedicineHonghui HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of AnesthesiologyXi'an Children HospitalXi'anChina
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Spine SurgerySchool of MedicineHonghui HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Spine SurgerySchool of MedicineHonghui HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Spine SurgerySchool of MedicineHonghui HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine SurgerySchool of MedicineHonghui HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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15
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Caruso G, Benatti C, Musso N, Fresta CG, Fidilio A, Spampinato G, Brunello N, Bucolo C, Drago F, Lunte SM, Peterson BR, Tascedda F, Caraci F. Carnosine Protects Macrophages against the Toxicity of Aβ1-42 Oligomers by Decreasing Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050477. [PMID: 33926064 PMCID: PMC8146816 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous peptide widely distributed in excitable tissues such as the brain. This dipeptide has well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aggregation activities, and it may be useful for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this disease, peripheral infiltrating macrophages play a substantial role in the clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides from the brain. Correspondingly, in patients suffering from AD, defects in the capacity of peripheral macrophages to engulf Aβ have been reported. The effects of carnosine on macrophages and oxidative stress associated with AD are consequently of substantial interest for drug discovery in this field. In the present work, a model of stress induced by Aβ1-42 oligomers was investigated using a combination of methods including trypan blue exclusion, microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and high-throughput quantitative real-time PCR. These assays were used to assess the ability of carnosine to protect macrophage cells, modulate oxidative stress, and profile the expression of genes related to inflammation and pro- and antioxidant systems. We found that pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with carnosine counteracted cell death and apoptosis induced by Aβ1-42 oligomers by decreasing oxidative stress as measured by levels of intracellular nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) and production of peroxynitrite. This protective activity of carnosine was not mediated by modulation of the canonical inflammatory pathway but instead can be explained by the well-known antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of carnosine, enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity, and the rescue of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1. These new findings obtained with macrophages challenged with Aβ1-42 oligomers, along with the well-known multimodal mechanism of action of carnosine in vitro and in vivo, substantiate the therapeutic potential of this dipeptide in the context of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-7384265
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (N.B.); (F.T.)
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (C.G.F.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (C.G.F.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (C.G.F.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Nicoletta Brunello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (N.B.); (F.T.)
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (C.G.F.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.M.); (C.G.F.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (N.B.); (F.T.)
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (F.C.)
- Department of Laboratories, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Hwang SJ, Song YS, Lee HJ. Phaseolin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Zebrafish. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040420. [PMID: 33924583 PMCID: PMC8069760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kushen (Radix Sophorae flavescentis) is used to treat ulcerative colitis, tumors, and pruritus. Recently, phaseolin, formononetin, matrine, luteolin, and quercetin, through a network pharmacology approach, were tentatively identified as five bioactive constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescentis. However, the role of phaseolin (one of the primary components of S. flavescentis) in the direct regulation of inflammation and inflammatory processes is not well known. In this study, the beneficial role of phaseolin against inflammation was explored in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models of RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae. Phaseolin inhibited LPS-mediated production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), without affecting cell viability. In addition, phaseolin suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, phaseolin reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity as well as macrophage adhesion in vitro and the recruitment of leukocytes in vivo by downregulating Ninjurin 1 (Ninj1), an adhesion molecule. Finally, phaseolin inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In view of the above, our results suggest that phaseolin could be a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7731; Fax: +82-50-4363-2221
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AlQranei MS, Senbanjo LT, Aljohani H, Hamza T, Chellaiah MA. Lipopolysaccharide- TLR-4 Axis regulates Osteoclastogenesis independent of RANKL/RANK signaling. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:23. [PMID: 33765924 PMCID: PMC7995782 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin and a vital component of gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane. During gram-negative bacterial sepsis, LPS regulates osteoclast differentiation and activity, in addition to increasing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate how LPS regulates osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. RESULTS Herein, we revealed that RAW cells failed to differentiate into mature osteoclasts in vitro in the presence of LPS. However, differentiation occurred in cells primed with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) for 24 h and then treated with LPS for 48 h (henceforth, denoted as LPS-treated cells). In cells treated with either RANKL or LPS, an increase in membrane levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptor was observed. Mechanistically, an inhibitor of TLR4 (TAK-242) reduced the number of osteoclasts as well as the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-treated cells. RANKL-induced RAW cells secreted a very basal level TNF-α. TAK-242 did not affect RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Increased osteoclast differentiation in LPS-treated osteoclasts was not associated with the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis but connected with the LPS/TLR4/TNF-α tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-2 axis. We postulate that this is because TAK-242 and a TNF-α antibody suppress osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, an antibody against TNF-α reduced membrane levels of TNFR-2. Secreted TNF-α appears to function as an autocrine/ paracrine factor in the induction of osteoclastogenesis independent of RANKL. CONCLUSION TNF-α secreted via LPS/TLR4 signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis in macrophages primed with RANKL and then treated with LPS. Our findings suggest that TLR4/TNF-α might be a potential target to suppress bone loss associated with inflammatory bone diseases, including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S AlQranei
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linda T Senbanjo
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hanan Aljohani
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics Sciences, King Saud University, School of Dentistry, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Therwa Hamza
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Meenakshi A Chellaiah
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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18
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Molstad DHH, Zars E, Norton A, Mansky KC, Westendorf JJ, Bradley EW. Hdac3 deletion in myeloid progenitor cells enhances bone healing in females and limits osteoclast fusion via Pmepa1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21804. [PMID: 33311522 PMCID: PMC7733476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies examining the role of the histone deacetylase Hdac3 within myeloid cells demonstrated that Hdac3 promotes M2 activation and tissue healing in inflammatory conditions. Since myeloid lineage cells are required for proper bone formation and regeneration, in this study we examined the functions of Hdac3 during bone healing. Conditional deletion of Hdac3 within myeloid progenitors accelerates healing of cortical bone defects. Moreover, reduced osteoclast numbers within the defect site are correlated with Hdac3 suppression. Ex vivo osteoclastogenesis assays further demonstrate that Hdac3 deficiency limits osteoclastogenesis, the number of nuclei per cell and bone resorption, suggesting a defect in cell fusion. High throughput RNA sequencing identified the transmembrane protein Pmepa1 as a differentially expressed gene within osteoclast progenitor cells. Knockdown of Pmepa1 partially restores defects in osteoclastogenesis induced by Hdac3 deficiency. These results show that Hdac3 is required for optimal bone healing and osteoclast fusion, potentially via its regulation of Pmepa1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H H Molstad
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Elizabeth W. Bradley, 100 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zars
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Norton
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kim C Mansky
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Elizabeth W. Bradley, 100 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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19
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Trout KL, Holian A. Macrophage fusion caused by particle instillation. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:42-47. [PMID: 33336194 PMCID: PMC7740110 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) are formed by fusion of macrophages in pathological conditions. These are often studied in the context of the foreign body response to biomaterial implants, but MGC formation is rarely assessed in response to inorganic particles in the lungs. Therefore, a major objective of this study was to quantitatively compare in vivo macrophage fusion resulting from exposure to a spectrum of micron- and nano-sized particles from both environmental and engineered origin, including crystalline silica, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, titanium nanobelts, and crocidolite asbestos. METHODS Groups of C57Bl/6 mice were instilled with inorganic particles or PBS control. Lung cells were collected by lavage after one week for cell differentials, quantification of macrophage fusion, and microscopic observation of particle uptake. RESULTS MGC were present in lungs of all mice exposed to particles; no MGC were found in control mice. Asbestos exposure resulted in significant macrophage fusion, which coincided with significantly increased total lavage cells and percent neutrophils. Microscopic observations show particle internalization in MGC and a unique case of potential heterotypic fusion of macrophages with neutrophils. CONCLUSION MGC can form in the lungs of mice within a relatively short one-week time period after particle exposure. The number of MGC was sufficient for quantification and statistical analysis, indicating that MGC formation was more than simply a rare chance occurrence. Observations of particles within MGC warrants further investigation of MGC involvement in inflammation and particle clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Trout
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
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Trout KL, Holian A. Multinucleated giant cell phenotype in response to stimulation. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151952. [PMID: 32517879 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages fuse into multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in many pathological conditions. Despite MGC correlations with granulomas, their functional contribution to inflammation is relatively unknown. An in vitro mouse model of IL-4-induced bone marrow-derived macrophage fusion and microfiltration were used to generate enriched MGC and macrophage populations. Phenotypes were compared in response to well-known inflammatory stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide and crocidolite asbestos. Surface markers were assessed by flow cytometry: CD11b, CD11c, F4/80, and MHC II. Secreted cytokines were assessed by multiplex immunoassay: IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33. Results show that MGC maintained macrophage surface protein expression but lost the ability to produce a cytokine response. This suggests a potentially beneficial role of MGC in isolating the host from a foreign body without contributing to excessive inflammation. This study and future research using other stimulants and environments are important to gaining a fundamental MGC cell biology understanding. This will inform approaches to controlling the foreign body response to particle exposure, medical implants, and many diseases associated with granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Trout
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
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21
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Osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases: Possible mediators and mechanisms. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:123-130. [PMID: 32081710 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is the inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures and is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity. The outcome of periodontal infections is tooth loss due to a lack of alveolar bone support. Osteoclasts are giant, multi-nucleated, and bone-resorbing cells that are central for many osteolytic diseases, including periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) is the principal factor involved in osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. However, under pathological conditions, a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by activated immune cells also contribute to osteoclast differentiation and activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a vital component of the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed in many cells and elicits an immune response. HIGHLIGHTS The presence of bacterial LPS in the periodontal area stimulates the secretion of RANKL as well as other inflammatory mediators, activating the process of osteoclastogenesis. RANKL, either independently or synergistically with LPS, can regulate osteoclastogenesis, while LPS alone cannot. MicroRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells have recently been shown to modulate osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis accompanying periodontal diseases at the cellular level. We discuss a) the effects of LPS/TLR signaling and other cytokines on RANKL-dependent and -independent mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis; b) the recently identified role of several endogenous factors such as miRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells in regulating osteoclastogenesis during periodontal pathogenesis.
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He J, Han S, Li XX, Wang QQ, Cui Y, Chen Y, Gao H, Huang L, Yang S. Diethyl Blechnic Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Activity via the TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244502. [PMID: 31835323 PMCID: PMC6943418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common pathogenesis in many diseases. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been considered to have good anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of diethyl blechnic (DB), a novel compound isolated from Danshen, and its possible mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that DB can inhibit the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In addition, the results of the flow cytometry assay and the fluorometric intracellular ROS kit assay indicated that DB reduced the generation of ROS in LPS-stimualted RAW264.7 cells. DB reversed the LPS-induced loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, DB suppressed the LPS-stimulated increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differential protein-88 (MyD88) and phosphorylation of TAK1, PI3K, and AKT. DB promoted NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus, increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) and reduced the expression of Keap1. In summary, DB may inhibit LPS-induced inflammation, which mainly occurs through TLR4/MyD88 and oxidative stress signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Shan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xin-Xing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yushun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China;
| | - Yangling Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (L.H.); Tel.: +86-13878876311 (H.G.); +86-15277171950 (L.H.); Fax: +86-771-4953513 (H.G & L.H.)
| | - Liting Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (L.H.); Tel.: +86-13878876311 (H.G.); +86-15277171950 (L.H.); Fax: +86-771-4953513 (H.G & L.H.)
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China; (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.-X.L.); (Q.-Q.W.); (Y.C.); (S.Y.)
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning 530200, China
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23
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Han S, Gao H, Chen S, Wang Q, Li X, Du LJ, Li J, Luo YY, Li JX, Zhao LC, Feng J, Yang S. Procyanidin A1 Alleviates Inflammatory Response induced by LPS through NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15087. [PMID: 31636354 PMCID: PMC6803657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex physiological process that poses a serious threat to people’s health. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of inflammation are still not clear. Moreover, there is lack of effective anti-inflammatory drugs that meet the clinical requirement. Procyanidin A1 (PCA1) is a monomer component isolated from Procyanidin and shows various pharmacological activities. This study further demonstrated the regulatory role of PCA1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Our data showed that PCA1 dramatically attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as NO, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells administrated with LPS. PCA1 blocked IκB-α degradation, inhibited IKKα/β and IκBα phosphorylation, and suppressed nuclear translocation of p65 in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. PCA1 also suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, PCA1 increased the expression of HO-1, reduced the expression of Keap1, and promoted Nrf2 into the nuclear in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Cellular thermal shift assay indicated that PCA1 bond to TLR4. Meanwhile, PCA1 inhibited the production of intracellular ROS and alleviated the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro. Collectively, our data indicated that PCA1 exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect, suggesting that it is a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272, USA
| | - Qinqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Xinxing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Li-Jun Du
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ying-Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China. .,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China.
| | - Jianfang Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China. .,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
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24
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Xiao Y, Cao Y, Song C, Ren X, Yan L, Hao D, Kong L. Cellular study of the LPS-induced osteoclastic multinucleated cell formation from RAW264.7 cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:421-428. [PMID: 31222739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the response to the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand (RANKL), a study has reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce RAW264.7 linage osteoclastic differentiation. However, on the contrary, another study recently showed that the LPS-induced multinuclear cells from RAW264.7 did not express osteoclastic functions. Interestingly, in our previous study, we found that RAW264.7 cells pretreated with 10 ng LPS plus macrophage-colony stimulating factor did not show any effects for enhancing RANKL-induced osteoclastic cell differentiation. Therefore, in our current study, we aim to investigate the oteoclastogesis induction ability and efficacy of LPS in the RAW264.7 cell line and relevant molecular signaling. The osteoclastogenic activity of LPS-treated RAW264.7 linage was studied by bone resorption pits and fibrous actin study. Besides that, through polymerase chain reaction and western blot, we showed that the transcriptional factor c-Fos and Nfatc1 might be associated with LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. Overall, the results of our current study showed positive proof for osteoclast generation from LPS-independent treatment, as well as established an optimal and efficient method for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengchao Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Univerisity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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25
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Pei Y, Cui F, Du X, Shang G, Xiao W, Yang X, Cui Q. Antioxidative nanofullerol inhibits macrophage activation and development of osteoarthritis in rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4145-4155. [PMID: 31239673 PMCID: PMC6559768 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s202466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is emerging evidence which suggests that cellular ROS including nitric oxide (NO) are important mediators for inflammation and osteoarthritis (OA). Water-soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene C60 (fullerol) nanoparticle has been demonstrated to have an outstanding ability to scavenge ROS. Purpose: The objective of this study is to assess the effects of fullerol on inflammation and OA by in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods: For in vitro experiments, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and a macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were stimulated to inflammatory phenotypes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of fullerol. For the animal study, OA model was created by intra-articular injection of monoiodoacetate into the knee joints of rats and fullerol was intravenously injected immediately after OA induction. Results: NO production and pro-inflammatory gene expression induced by LPS was significantly diminished by fullerol in both macrophage cell types. Meanwhile, fullerol could remarkably reduce phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and protein level of transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and forkhead box transcription factor 1 within the nucleus. The animal study delineated that systematic administration of fullerol prevented OA, inhibiting inflammation of synovial membranes and the damage toward the cartilage chondrocytes in the OA joints. Conclusion: Antioxidative fullerol may have a potential therapeutic application for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Pei
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fuai Cui
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuejun Du
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Guowei Shang
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wanan Xiao
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xinlin Yang
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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26
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Kong L, Smith W, Hao D. Overview of RAW264.7 for osteoclastogensis study: Phenotype and stimuli. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3077-3087. [PMID: 30892789 PMCID: PMC6484317 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is preserved by the balance of maintaining between the activity of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. However, investigations for the osteoclastogenesis were hampered by considerable difficulties associated with isolating and culturing osteoclast in vivo. As the alternative, stimuli‐induced osteoclasts formation from RAW264.7 cells (RAW‐OCs) have gain its importance for extensively osteoclastogenic study of bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, osteolysis and periodontitis. However, considering the RAW‐OCs have not yet been well‐characterized and RAW264.7 cells are polymorphic because of a diverse phenotype of the individual cells comprising this cell linage, and different fate associated with various stimuli contributions. Thus, in present study, we provide an overview for current knowledge of the phenotype of RAW264.7 cells, as well as the current understanding of the complicated interactions between various stimuli and RAW‐OCs in the light of the recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine, School of Medicine, Honghui-hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine, School of Medicine, Honghui-hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Tang C, Sun J, Zhou B, Jin C, Liu J, Gou Y, Chen H, Kan J, Qian C, Zhang N. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from purple sweet potato on lipopolysaccharide treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002 China
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221131 China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Changhai Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Yarun Gou
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Juan Kan
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Chunlu Qian
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
| | - Nianfeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 China
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28
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Abstract
Granulomas are organized aggregates of macrophages, often with characteristic morphological changes, and other immune cells. These evolutionarily ancient structures form in response to persistent particulate stimuli-infectious or noninfectious-that individual macrophages cannot eradicate. Granulomas evolved as protective responses to destroy or sequester particles but are frequently pathological in the context of foreign bodies, infections, and inflammatory diseases. We summarize recent findings that suggest that the granulomatous response unfolds in a stepwise program characterized by a series of macrophage activations and transformations that in turn recruit additional cells and produce structural changes. We explore why different granulomas vary and the reasons that granulomas are protective and pathogenic. Understanding the mechanisms and role of granuloma formation may uncover new therapies for the multitude of granulomatous diseases that constitute serious medical problems while enhancing the protective function of granulomas in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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29
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Bi D, Zhou R, Cai N, Lai Q, Han Q, Peng Y, Jiang Z, Tang Z, Lu J, Bao W, Xu H, Xu X. Alginate enhances Toll-like receptor 4-mediated phagocytosis by murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1446-1454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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In vitro and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of Xylaria nigripes mycelium. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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31
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Yao HW, Zhu XY, Guo XF, Wang H. An Amphiphilic Fluorescent Probe Designed for Extracellular Visualization of Nitric Oxide Released from Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9014-21. [PMID: 27545350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular and intercellular messenger involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Small-molecule fluorescent probes coupled with fluorescence microscopy provide excellent tools for real-time detection of NO in situ. However, most probes are designed for imaging intracellular NO, which cannot reflect the release behavior of endogenously produced NO. In order to visualize extracellular NO released from living cells, we report herein a particularly designed amphiphilic fluorescent probe, disodium 2,6-disulfonate-1,3-dimethyl-5-hexadecyl-8-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-4,4'-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (DSDMHDAB), in which hydrophilic groups are introduced to keep the fluorophore and recognition domain outside the cell and a hydrophobic C16 alkyl chain acts as the membrane anchor. Based on this design, NO released out of the cells has been visualized on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Using RAW 264.7 cells and ECV-304 cells as models, the diffusion of NO across the plasma membrane has been directly observed. The amphiphilic design strategy of fluorescent probes holds great promise for developing fluorescent imaging probes to study the release behaviors of other endogenous gasotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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32
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Laopajon W, Takheaw N, Kasinrerk W, Pata S. Simultaneous flow cytometric measurement of antigen attachment to phagocytes and phagocytosis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:527-39. [PMID: 27019400 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1171780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current available assays cannot differentiate the stages of phagocytosis. We, therefore, established methods for concurrent detection of antigen attachment and engulfment by phagocyte using latex beads coated with lipopolysaccharide, rabbit IgG, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. The generated beads were incubated with whole blood at 37°C for 1 hr and stained with PE-Cy5.5 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. By flow cytometry, attachment and phagocytic processes could be detected, simultaneously. The established method is a valuable tool for diagnosis of phagocytic disorder and study of molecules involved in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witida Laopajon
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- a Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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33
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The Alternative Faces of Macrophage Generate Osteoclasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9089610. [PMID: 26977415 PMCID: PMC4761668 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9089610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of how osteoclasts are generated and whether they can be altered by inflammatory stimuli is a topic of particular interest for osteoclastogenesis. It is known that the monocyte/macrophage lineage gives rise to osteoclasts (OCs) by the action of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), which induce cell differentiation through their receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively. The multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) generated by the engagement of RANK/RANKL are typical OCs. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the question of which subset of macrophages generates OCs. Indeed, two main subsets of macrophages are postulated, the inflammatory or classically activated type (M1) and the anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated type (M2). It has been proposed that macrophages can be polarized in vitro towards a predominantly M1 or M2 phenotype with the addition of granulocyte macrophage- (GM-) CSF or M-CSF, respectively. Various inflammatory stimuli known to induce macrophage polarization, such as LPS or TNF-α, can alter the type of MGC obtained from RANKL-induced differentiation. This review aims to highlight the role of immune-related stimuli and factors in inducing macrophages towards the osteoclastogenesis choice.
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34
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Milde R, Ritter J, Tennent GA, Loesch A, Martinez FO, Gordon S, Pepys MB, Verschoor A, Helming L. Multinucleated Giant Cells Are Specialized for Complement-Mediated Phagocytosis and Large Target Destruction. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1937-48. [PMID: 26628365 PMCID: PMC4675895 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) form by fusion of macrophages and are presumed to contribute to the removal of debris from tissues. In a systematic in vitro analysis, we show that IL-4-induced MGCs phagocytosed large and complement-opsonized materials more effectively than their unfused M2 macrophage precursors. MGC expression of complement receptor 4 (CR4) was increased, but it functioned primarily as an adhesion integrin. In contrast, although expression of CR3 was not increased, it became functionally activated during fusion and was located on the extensive membrane ruffles created by excess plasma membrane arising from macrophage fusion. The combination of increased membrane area and activated CR3 specifically equips MGCs to engulf large complement-coated targets. Moreover, we demonstrate these features in vivo in the recently described complement-dependent therapeutic elimination of systemic amyloid deposits by MGCs. MGCs are evidently more than the sum of their macrophage parts. MGCs are specialized for phagocytosis of large and complement-opsonized particles MGCs show extensive membrane ruffles containing pre-activated complement receptor 3 Membrane ruffles provide excess membrane for ingestion of large materials MGCs eliminate systemic amyloid deposits after immunotherapeutic targeting
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Milde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Glenys A Tennent
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrzej Loesch
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Laura Helming
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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35
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Peng H, Wu X, Zhao L, Feng Y. Dynamic analysis of phospholipid metabolism of mouse macrophages treated with common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:161-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Takito J, Otsuka H, Yanagisawa N, Arai H, Shiga M, Inoue M, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. Regulation of Osteoclast Multinucleation by the Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Network. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:395-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Takito
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; Miyagi Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayasu Shiga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuko Inoue
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
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37
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Matsumoto N, Daido S, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Futai M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Diversity of proton pumps in osteoclasts: V-ATPase with a3 and d2 isoforms is a major form in osteoclasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:744-9. [PMID: 24561225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts acidify bone resorption lacunae through proton translocation by plasma membrane V-ATPase (vacuolar-type ATPase) which has an a3 isoform, one of the four isoforms of the trans-membrane a subunit (Toyomura et al., J. Biol. Chem., 278, 22023-22030, 2003). d2, a kidney- and epididymis-specific isoform of the d subunit, was also induced in osteoclast-like cells derived from the RAW264.7 line, and formed V-ATPase with a3. The amount of d2 in osteoclasts was 4-fold higher than that of d1, a ubiquitous isoform. These results indicate that V-ATPase with d2/a3 is a major osteoclast proton pump. Essentially the same results were obtained with osteoclasts derived from mouse spleen macrophages. Macrophages from a3-knock-out mice could differentiate into multi-nuclear cells with osteoclast-specific enzymes. In these cells, the d2 isoform was also induced and assembled in V-ATPase with the a1 or a2 isoform. However, they did not absorb calcium phosphate, indicating that V-ATPase with d2/a1 or d2/a2 could not perform the function of that with d2/a3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Shun Daido
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Science, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Futai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakanishi-Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
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Zheng M, Ge Y, Li H, Yan M, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Bergapten prevents lipopolysaccharide mediated osteoclast formation, bone resorption and osteoclast survival. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 38:627-34. [PMID: 24305787 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the potential effect of bergapten on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated osteoclast formation, bone resorption and osteoclast survival in vitro. METHODS After osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells were treated with bergapten (5, 20, 40 μmol/L) for 72 hours in the presence of LPS (100 ng/ml), osteoclastogenesis was identified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells [TRAP(+)MNCs] per well were counted. To investigate the effect of bergapten on osteoclastic bone resorption, RAW264.7 cells were treated with bergapten for six days in the presence of LPS, and the area of bone resorption was analyzed with Image Pro-Plus. Next, we examined apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells after bergapten incubation for 48 hours by flow cytometer using annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double labeling. Finally, osteoclast survival was observed by Hoechst 33342 labeling and Western blotting after bergapten treatment for 24 hours. RESULTS Data showed that bergapten (5-40 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Treatment with bergapten triggered apoptotic death of osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, bergapten significantly reduced the survival of mature osteoclast, as demonstrated by emergence of apoptotic nuclei and activation of apoptotic protein caspase 3/9. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that bergapten effectively prevents LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption and survival via apoptotic response of osteoclasts and their precursors. The study identifies bergapten as an inhibitor of osteoclast formation and bone resorption and provides evidence that bergapten might be beneficial as an alternative for prevention and treatment of inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zheng
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, 312000, Shaoxing, China
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Nakanishi-Matsui M, Yano S, Futai M. Lipopolysaccharide-induced multinuclear cells: increased internalization of polystyrene beads and possible signals for cell fusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:611-6. [PMID: 24113383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A murine macrophage-derived line, RAW264.7, becomes multinuclear on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria. These multinuclear cells internalized more polystyrene beads than mononuclear cells or osteoclasts (Nakanishi-Matsui, M., Yano, S., Matsumoto, N., and Futai, M., 2012). In this study, we analyzed the time courses of cell fusion in the presence of large beads. They were internalized into cells actively fusing to become multinuclear. However, the multinuclear cells once formed showed only low phagocytosis activity. These results suggest that formation of the multinuclear cells and bead internalization took place simultaneously. The formation of multinuclear cells was blocked by inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phospholipase C, calcineurin, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, interleukin 6 and 10 also exhibited inhibitory effects. These signaling molecules and cytokines may play a crucial role in the LPS-induced multinuclear cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Nakanishi-Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
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