1
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Bae YS, Yoon SH, Kim YS, Oh SP, Song WS, Cha JH, Kim MH. Suppression of exaggerated NMDAR activity by memantine treatment ameliorates neurological and behavioral deficits in aminopeptidase P1-deficient mice. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1109-1124. [PMID: 35922532 PMCID: PMC9440093 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are common causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including microcephaly, hyperactivity, and intellectual disability. However, the synaptic mechanisms of and pharmacological interventions for the neurological complications of most IEMs are unclear. Here, we report that metabolic dysfunction perturbs neuronal NMDA receptor (NMDAR) homeostasis and that the restoration of NMDAR signaling ameliorates neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits in IEM model mice that lack aminopeptidase P1. Aminopeptidase P1-deficient (Xpnpep1–/–) mice, with a disruption of the proline-specific metalloprotease gene Xpnpep1, exhibit hippocampal neurodegeneration, behavioral hyperactivity, and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning. In this study, we found that GluN1 and GluN2A expression, NMDAR activity, and the NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic transmission were markedly enhanced in the hippocampi of Xpnpep1–/– mice. The exaggerated NMDAR activity and NMDAR-dependent LTP were reversed by the NMDAR antagonist memantine. A single administration of memantine reversed hyperactivity in adult Xpnpep1–/– mice without improving learning and memory. Furthermore, chronic administration of memantine ameliorated hippocampal neurodegeneration, hyperactivity, and impaired learning and memory in Xpnpep1–/– mice. In addition, abnormally enhanced NMDAR-dependent LTP and NMDAR downstream signaling in the hippocampi of Xpnpep1–/– mice were reversed by chronic memantine treatment. These results suggest that the metabolic dysfunction caused by aminopeptidase P1 deficiency leads to synaptic dysfunction with excessive NMDAR activity, and the restoration of synaptic function may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurological complications related to IEMs. Addressing neurological symptoms may offer new treatments for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) affecting neurodevelopment. In such IEMs, mutation of an enzyme disrupts a metabolic pathway, causing buildup or lack of key molecules, with symptoms including hyperactivity, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. Because the detailed pathological mechanisms of most IEMs are unknown, there are no treatments for resulting neurological issues. Myoung-Hwan Kim at Seoul National University and co-workers investigated whether they could treat the neurological symptoms of the IEM, aminopeptidase P1 (APP1) deficiency. They found that APP1 deficiency in mice caused an increase in the neural receptor NMDAR. Suppressing NMDAR reduced both neurological and behavioral symptoms. These findings suggest potential treatments for APP1 deficiency, and indicate that neurodevelopmental disorders in IEMs may be treated by repairing the neural circuitry instead of the root metabolic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Bae
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Yoon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Young Sook Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sung Pyo Oh
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Woo Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Cha
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13620, Korea.
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2
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Chatenoud L, Marquet C, Valette F, Scott L, Quan J, Bu CH, Hildebrand S, Moresco EMY, Bach JF, Beutler B. Modulation of autoimmune diabetes by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea- induced mutations in non-obese diabetic mice. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275575. [PMID: 35502705 PMCID: PMC9178510 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic association studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans, and in congenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice harboring DNA segments from T1D-resistant mice, face the challenge of assigning causation to specific gene variants among many within loci that affect disease risk. Here, we created random germline mutations in NOD/NckH mice and used automated meiotic mapping to identify mutations modifying T1D incidence and age of onset. In contrast with association studies in humans or congenic NOD mice, we analyzed a relatively small number of genetic changes in each pedigree, permitting implication of specific mutations as causative. Among 844 mice from 14 pedigrees bearing 594 coding/splicing changes, we identified seven mutations that accelerated T1D development, and five that delayed or suppressed T1D. Eleven mutations affected genes not previously known to influence T1D (Xpnpep1, Herc1, Srrm2, Rapgef1, Ppl, Zfp583, Aldh1l1, Col6a1, Ccdc13, Cd200r1, Atrnl1). A suppressor mutation in Coro1a validated the screen. Mutagenesis coupled with automated meiotic mapping can detect genes in which allelic variation influences T1D susceptibility in NOD mice. Variation of some of the orthologous/paralogous genes may influence T1D susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cindy Marquet
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valette
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Lindsay Scott
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiexia Quan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jean-François Bach
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Silva N, Castellano-Pozo M, Matsuzaki K, Barroso C, Roman-Trufero M, Craig H, Brooks DR, Isaac RE, Boulton SJ, Martinez-Perez E. Proline-specific aminopeptidase P prevents replication-associated genome instability. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010025. [PMID: 35081133 PMCID: PMC8820600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress during DNA replication constitutes a serious threat to genome integrity and causes human diseases. Defects at different steps of DNA metabolism are known to induce replication stress, but the contribution of other aspects of cellular metabolism is less understood. We show that aminopeptidase P (APP1), a metalloprotease involved in the catabolism of peptides containing proline residues near their N-terminus, prevents replication-associated genome instability. Functional analysis of C. elegans mutants lacking APP-1 demonstrates that germ cells display replication defects including reduced proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and accumulation of mitotic DSBs. Despite these defects, app-1 mutants are competent in repairing DSBs induced by gamma irradiation, as well as SPO-11-dependent DSBs that initiate meiotic recombination. Moreover, in the absence of SPO-11, spontaneous DSBs arising in app-1 mutants are repaired as inter-homologue crossover events during meiosis, confirming that APP-1 is not required for homologous recombination. Thus, APP-1 prevents replication stress without having an apparent role in DSB repair. Depletion of APP1 (XPNPEP1) also causes DSB accumulation in mitotically-proliferating human cells, suggesting that APP1’s role in genome stability is evolutionarily conserved. Our findings uncover an unexpected role for APP1 in genome stability, suggesting functional connections between aminopeptidase-mediated protein catabolism and DNA replication. The accurate duplication of DNA that occurs before cells divide is an essential aspect of the cell cycle that is also crucial for the correct development of multicellular organisms. Mutations that compromise the normal function of the DNA replication machinery can lead to the accumulation of replication-related DNA damage, a known cause of human disease and a common feature of cancer and precancerous cells. Therefore, identifying factors that prevent replication-related DNA damage is highly relevant for human health. In this manuscript, we identify aminopeptidase P, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of proteins containing the amino acid Proline at their N-terminus, as a novel factor that prevents replication-related DNA damage. Analysis of C. elegans nematodes lacking aminopeptidase P reveals that this protein is required for normal fertility and development, and that in its absence proliferating germ cells display DNA replication defects, including cell cycle arrest and accumulation of extensive DNA damage. We also show that removal of aminopeptidase P induces DNA damage in proliferating human cells, suggesting that its role in preventing replication defects is evolutionarily conserved. These findings uncover functional connections between aminopeptidase-mediated protein degradation and DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Silva
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Consuelo Barroso
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Roman-Trufero
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Craig
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren R. Brooks
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - R. Elwyn Isaac
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Enrique Martinez-Perez
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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4
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Altered hippocampal gene expression, glial cell population, and neuronal excitability in aminopeptidase P1 deficiency. Sci Rep 2021; 11:932. [PMID: 33441619 PMCID: PMC7806765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism are often associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and brain injury. A deficiency of aminopeptidase P1, a proline-specific endopeptidase encoded by the Xpnpep1 gene, causes neurological complications in both humans and mice. In addition, aminopeptidase P1-deficient mice exhibit hippocampal neurodegeneration and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. However, the molecular and cellular changes associated with hippocampal pathology in aminopeptidase P1 deficiency are unclear. We show here that a deficiency of aminopeptidase P1 modifies the glial population and neuronal excitability in the hippocampus. Microarray and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses identified 14 differentially expressed genes (Casp1, Ccnd1, Myoc, Opalin, Aldh1a2, Aspa, Spp1, Gstm6, Serpinb1a, Pdlim1, Dsp, Tnfaip6, Slc6a20a, Slc22a2) in the Xpnpep1−/− hippocampus. In the hippocampus, aminopeptidase P1-expression signals were mainly detected in neurons. However, deficiency of aminopeptidase P1 resulted in fewer hippocampal astrocytes and increased density of microglia in the hippocampal CA3 area. In addition, Xpnpep1−/− CA3b pyramidal neurons were more excitable than wild-type neurons. These results indicate that insufficient astrocytic neuroprotection and enhanced neuronal excitability may underlie neurodegeneration and hippocampal dysfunction in aminopeptidase P1 deficiency.
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5
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Fenner BJ, Liu YC, Koh SK, Gao Y, Deng L, Beuerman RW, Zhou L, Theng JTS, Mehta JS. Mediators of Corneal Haze Following Implantation of Presbyopic Corneal Inlays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:868-876. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beau J. Fenner
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Neuroscience Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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6
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Bae YS, Yoon SH, Han JY, Woo J, Cho YS, Kwon SK, Bae YC, Kim D, Kim E, Kim MH. Deficiency of aminopeptidase P1 causes behavioral hyperactivity, cognitive deficits, and hippocampal neurodegeneration. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:126-138. [PMID: 28834604 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases affect various organs including the brain. Accumulation or depletion of substrates frequently leads to brain injury and dysfunction. Deficiency of aminopeptidase P1, a cytosolic proline-specific peptidase encoded by the Xpnpep1 gene, causes an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by peptiduria in humans. We previously reported that knockout of aminopeptidase P1 in mice causes neurodevelopmental disorders and peptiduria. However, little is known about the pathophysiological role of aminopeptidase P1 in the brain. Here, we show that loss of aminopeptidase P1 causes behavioral and neurological deficits in mice. Mice deficient in aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1-/- ) display abnormally enhanced locomotor activities in both the home cage and open-field box. The aminopeptidase P1 deficiency in mice also resulted in severe impairments in novel-object recognition, the Morris water maze task, and contextual, but not cued, fear memory. These behavioral dysfunctions were accompanied by epileptiform electroencephalogram activity and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. However, mice with a heterozygous mutation for aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1+/- ) exhibited normal behaviors and brain structure. These results suggest that loss of aminopeptidase P1 leads to behavioral, cognitive and neurological deficits. This study may provide insight into new pathogenic mechanisms for brain dysfunction related to IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Bae
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Yoon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Y Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Woo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Y S Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - S-K Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Y C Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - D Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - E Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - M-H Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea
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7
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Charney AW, Ruderfer DM, Stahl EA, Moran JL, Chambert K, Belliveau RA, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Di Florio A, Lee PH, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Escamilla MA, Fanous AH, Fochtmann LJ, Lehrer DS, Malaspina D, Marder SR, Morley CP, Nicolini H, Perkins DO, Rakofsky JJ, Rapaport MH, Medeiros H, Sobell JL, Green EK, Backlund L, Bergen SE, Juréus A, Schalling M, Lichtenstein P, Roussos P, Knowles JA, Jones I, Jones LA, Hultman CM, Perlis RH, Purcell SM, McCarroll SA, Pato CN, Pato MT, Craddock N, Landén M, Smoller JW, Sklar P. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e993. [PMID: 28072414 PMCID: PMC5545718 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association study of 6447 bipolar disorder (BD) cases and 12 639 controls from the International Cohort Collection for Bipolar Disorder (ICCBD). Meta-analysis was performed with prior results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group for a combined sample of 13 902 cases and 19 279 controls. We identified eight genome-wide significant, associated regions, including a novel associated region on chromosome 10 (rs10884920; P=3.28 × 10-8) that includes the brain-enriched cytoskeleton protein adducin 3 (ADD3), a non-coding RNA, and a neuropeptide-specific aminopeptidase P (XPNPEP1). Our large sample size allowed us to test the heritability and genetic correlation of BD subtypes and investigate their genetic overlap with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. We found a significant difference in heritability of the two most common forms of BD (BD I SNP-h2=0.35; BD II SNP-h2=0.25; P=0.02). The genetic correlation between BD I and BD II was 0.78, whereas the genetic correlation was 0.97 when BD cohorts containing both types were compared. In addition, we demonstrated a significantly greater load of polygenic risk alleles for schizophrenia and BD in patients with BD I compared with patients with BD II, and a greater load of schizophrenia risk alleles in patients with the bipolar type of schizoaffective disorder compared with patients with either BD I or BD II. These results point to a partial difference in the genetic architecture of BD subtypes as currently defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Ruderfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - E A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Forty
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - A Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - P F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgia Regents University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M A Escamilla
- Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L J Fochtmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - H Nicolini
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Psychiatry, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J J Rakofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E K Green
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - L Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S E Bergen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Jones
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - L A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - C M Hultman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R H Perlis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - S A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Craddock
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Iyer S, La-Borde PJ, Payne KAP, Parsons MR, Turner AJ, Isaac RE, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of X-prolyl aminopeptidase from Caenorhabditis elegans: A cytosolic enzyme with a di-nuclear active site. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:292-302. [PMID: 25905034 PMCID: PMC4404410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic aminopeptidase P1 (APP1), also known as X‐prolyl aminopeptidase (XPNPEP1) in human tissues, is a cytosolic exopeptidase that preferentially removes amino acids from the N‐terminus of peptides possessing a penultimate N‐terminal proline residue. The enzyme has an important role in the catabolism of proline containing peptides since peptide bonds adjacent to the imino acid proline are resistant to cleavage by most peptidases. We show that recombinant and catalytically activeCaenorhabditis elegans APP‐1 is a dimer that uses dinuclear zinc at the active site and, for the first time, we provide structural information for a eukaryotic APP‐1 in complex with the inhibitor, apstatin. Our analysis reveals thatC. elegans APP‐1 shares similar mode of substrate binding and a common catalytic mechanism with other known X‐prolyl aminopeptidases. We present the crystal structure ofC. elegans APP‐1 both in bound and unbound forms. We showC. elegans APP‐1 uses dinuclear zinc at the active site. We confirm thatC. elegans APP‐1 is biological dimer. Our analysis reveals thatC. elegans APP‐1 shares a common catalytic mechanism with other X‐prolyl aminopeptidases.
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Key Words
- APP1, aminopeptidase P1
- Apstatin
- CCP4, computational collaborative project 4
- Di-nuclear active site
- ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- MAP, methionine aminopeptidase
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PEG3350, polyethylene glycol 3350
- Protease inhibitor
- X-prolyl aminopeptidase
- X-ray crystallography
- XPNPEP, X-prolyl aminopeptidase
- Zinc metalloprotease
- rmsd, root mean square deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Iyer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Penelope J La-Borde
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK ; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl A P Payne
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mark R Parsons
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; Sevenoaks School, Sevenoaks TN13 1HU, UK
| | - Anthony J Turner
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R Elwyn Isaac
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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