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Kasper JC, Klein KG, Lichko E, Huang J, Chen CHK, Badman ST, Bonnell J, Whittlesey PL, Livi R, Larson D, Pulupa M, Rahmati A, Stansby D, Korreck KE, Stevens M, Case AW, Bale SD, Maksimovic M, Moncuquet M, Goetz K, Halekas JS, Malaspina D, Raouafi NE, Szabo A, MacDowall R, Velli M, Dudok de Wit T, Zank GP. Parker Solar Probe Enters the Magnetically Dominated Solar Corona. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:255101. [PMID: 35029449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.255101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high temperatures and strong magnetic fields of the solar corona form streams of solar wind that expand through the Solar System into interstellar space. At 09:33 UT on 28 April 2021 Parker Solar Probe entered the magnetized atmosphere of the Sun 13 million km above the photosphere, crossing below the Alfvén critical surface for five hours into plasma in casual contact with the Sun with an Alfvén Mach number of 0.79 and magnetic pressure dominating both ion and electron pressure. The spectrum of turbulence below the Alfvén critical surface is reported. Magnetic mapping suggests the region was a steady flow emerging on rapidly expanding coronal magnetic field lines lying above a pseudostreamer. The sub-Alfvénic nature of the flow may be due to suppressed magnetic reconnection at the base of the pseudostreamer, as evidenced by unusually low densities in this region and the magnetic mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kasper
- BWX Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC 20001, USA and Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K G Klein
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - E Lichko
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Jia Huang
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C H K Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - S T Badman
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - J Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - P L Whittlesey
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - R Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - D Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - M Pulupa
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - A Rahmati
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - D Stansby
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey RH5 6NT, United Kingdom
| | - K E Korreck
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Stevens
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A W Case
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S D Bale
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - M Maksimovic
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Universite PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, Universite de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - M Moncuquet
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Universite PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, Universite de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - K Goetz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J S Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Nour E Raouafi
- The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - A Szabo
- Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - R MacDowall
- Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Marco Velli
- Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, UCLA, California 90095, USA
| | | | - G P Zank
- Department of Space Science and Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
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2
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Blum LW, Koval A, Richardson IG, Wilson LB, Malaspina D, Greeley A, Jaynes AN. Prompt Response of the Dayside Magnetosphere to Discrete Structures Within the Sheath Region of a Coronal Mass Ejection. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:e2021GL092700. [PMID: 34219832 PMCID: PMC8244059 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl092700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sequence of discrete solar wind structures within the sheath region of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection on November 6, 2015, caused a series of compressions and releases of the dayside magnetosphere. Each compression resulted in a brief adiabatic enhancement of ions (electrons) driving bursts of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC; whistler mode chorus) wave growth across the dayside magnetosphere. Fine-structured rising tones were observed in the EMIC wave bursts, resulting in nonlinear scattering of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Multipoint observations allow us to study the spatial structure and evolution of these sheath structures as they propagate Earthward from L1 as well as the spatio-temporal characteristics of the magnetospheric response. This event highlights the importance of fine-scale solar wind structure, in particular within complex sheath regions, in driving dayside phenomena within the inner magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Blum
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary SciencesCU BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsCU BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - A. Koval
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - I. G. Richardson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - D. Malaspina
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary SciencesCU BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsCU BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - A. Greeley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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Malaspina D, Lotan E, Rusinek H, Perez SA, Walsh-Messinger J, Kranz TM, Gonen O. Preliminary Findings Associate Hippocampal 1H-MR Spectroscopic Metabolite Concentrations with Psychotic and Manic Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:88-93. [PMID: 33184071 PMCID: PMC7814798 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous hippocampal proton MR spectroscopic imaging distinguished patients with schizophrenia from controls by elevated Cr levels and significantly more variable NAA and Cho concentrations. This goal of this study was to ascertain whether this metabolic variability is associated with clinical features of the syndrome, possibly reflecting heterogeneous hippocampal pathologies and perhaps variability in its "positive" (psychotic) and "negative" (social and emotional deficits) symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a sample of 15 patients with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, we examined the association of NAA and Cho levels with research diagnostic interviews and clinical symptom ratings of the patients. Metabolite concentrations were previously obtained with 3D proton MR spectroscopic imaging at 3T, a technique that facilitates complete coverage of this small, irregularly shaped, bilateral, temporal lobe structure. RESULTS The patient cohort comprised 8 men and 7 women (mean age, 39.1 [SD, 10.8] years, with a mean disease duration of 17.2 [SD, 10.8] years. Despite the relatively modest cohort size, we found the following: 1) Elevated Cho levels predict the positive (psychotic, r = 0.590, P = .021) and manic (r = 0.686, P = .005) symptom severity; and 2) lower NAA levels trend toward negative symptoms (r = 0.484, P = .08). No clinical symptoms were associated with Cr level or hippocampal volume (all, P ≥ .055). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that NAA and Cho variations reflect different pathophysiologic processes, consistent with microgliosis/astrogliosis and/or lower vitality (reduced NAA) and demyelination (elevated Cho). In particular, the active state-related symptoms, including psychosis and mania, were associated with demyelination. Consequently, their deviations from the means of healthy controls may be a marker that may benefit precision medicine in selection and monitoring of schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- From the Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetics, and Genomics (D.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - E Lotan
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - H Rusinek
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - S A Perez
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - J Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychology (J.W.-M.), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry (J.W.-M.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - T M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy (T.M.K.), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - O Gonen
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Chen LJ, Wang S, Wilson LB, Schwartz S, Bessho N, Moore T, Gershman D, Giles B, Malaspina D, Wilder FD, Ergun RE, Hesse M, Lai H, Russell C, Strangeway R, Torbert RB, F-Vinas A, Burch J, Lee S, Pollock C, Dorelli J, Paterson W, Ahmadi N, Goodrich K, Lavraud B, Le Contel O, Khotyaintsev YV, Lindqvist PA, Boardsen S, Wei H, Le A, Avanov L. Electron Bulk Acceleration and Thermalization at Earth's Quasiperpendicular Bow Shock. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:225101. [PMID: 29906189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.225101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron heating at Earth's quasiperpendicular bow shock has been surmised to be due to the combined effects of a quasistatic electric potential and scattering through wave-particle interaction. Here we report the observation of electron distribution functions indicating a new electron heating process occurring at the leading edge of the shock front. Incident solar wind electrons are accelerated parallel to the magnetic field toward downstream, reaching an electron-ion relative drift speed exceeding the electron thermal speed. The bulk acceleration is associated with an electric field pulse embedded in a whistler-mode wave. The high electron-ion relative drift is relaxed primarily through a nonlinear current-driven instability. The relaxed distributions contain a beam traveling toward the shock as a remnant of the accelerated electrons. Similar distribution functions prevail throughout the shock transition layer, suggesting that the observed acceleration and thermalization is essential to the cross-shock electron heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Chen
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - S Wang
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - L B Wilson
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S Schwartz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - N Bessho
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - T Moore
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Gershman
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M Hesse
- University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - H Lai
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - A F-Vinas
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - S Lee
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - C Pollock
- Denali Scientific, Healy, Alaska 99743, USA
| | - J Dorelli
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - W Paterson
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - N Ahmadi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Goodrich
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, 31028 Cedex 4, France
| | - O Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (UMR7648), CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, F91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden
| | - S Boardsen
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - H Wei
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A Le
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Avanov
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
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5
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Groeger J, Opler M, Kleinhaus K, Perrin MC, Calderon-Margalit R, Manor O, Paltiel O, Conley D, Harlap S, Malaspina D. Live birth sex ratios and father's geographic origins in Jerusalem, 1964-1976. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 27901293 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether ancestry influenced sex ratios of offspring in a birth cohort before parental antenatal sex selection influenced offspring sex. METHODS We measured the sex ratio as the percent of males according to countries of birth of paternal and maternal grandfathers in 91,459 live births from 1964 to 1976 in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. Confidence limits (CI) were computed based on an expected sex ratio of 1.05, which is 51.4% male. RESULTS Of all live births recorded, 51.4% were male. Relative to Jewish ancestry (51.4% males), significantly more males (1,761) were born to Muslim ancestry (54.5, 95% CI = 52.1-56.8, P = 0.01). Among the former, sex ratios were not significantly associated with paternal or maternal age, education, or offspring's birth order. Consistent with a preference for male offspring, the sex ratio decreased despite increasing numbers of births over the 13-year period. Sex ratios were not affected by maternal or paternal origins in North Africa or Europe. However, the offspring whose paternal grandfathers were born in Western Asia included fewer males than expected (50.7, 50.1-51.3, P = 0.02), whether the father was born abroad (50.7) or in Israel (50.8). This was observed for descendents of paternal grandfathers born in Lebanon (47.6), Turkey (49.9), Yemen & Aden (50.2), Iraq (50.5), Afghanistan (50.5), Syria (50.6), and Cyprus (50.7); but not for those from India (51.5) or Iran (51.9). The West Asian group showed the strongest decline in sex ratios with increasing paternal family size. CONCLUSIONS A decreased sex ratio associated with ancestry in Western Asia is consistent with reduced ability to bear sons by a subset of Jewish men in the Jerusalem cohort. Lower sex ratios may be because of pregnancy stress, which may be higher in this subgroup. Alternatively, a degrading Y chromosome haplogroup or other genetic or epigenetic differences on male germ lines could affect birth ratios, such as differential exposure to an environmental agent, dietary differences, or stress. Differential stopping behaviors that favor additional pregnancies following the birth of a daughter might exacerbate these lower sex ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Groeger
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
| | - M Opler
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, Floor 8, New York, New York, 10016, USA.,Prophase, 3 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10016
| | - K Kleinhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, Floor 8, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - M C Perrin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, Floor 8, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - R Calderon-Margalit
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.,Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - O Manor
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.,Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - O Paltiel
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.,Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - D Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - S Harlap
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, Floor 8, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, Floor 8, New York, New York, 10016, USA
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6
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Charney AW, Ruderfer DM, Stahl EA, Moran JL, Chambert K, Belliveau RA, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Di Florio A, Lee PH, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Escamilla MA, Fanous AH, Fochtmann LJ, Lehrer DS, Malaspina D, Marder SR, Morley CP, Nicolini H, Perkins DO, Rakofsky JJ, Rapaport MH, Medeiros H, Sobell JL, Green EK, Backlund L, Bergen SE, Juréus A, Schalling M, Lichtenstein P, Roussos P, Knowles JA, Jones I, Jones LA, Hultman CM, Perlis RH, Purcell SM, McCarroll SA, Pato CN, Pato MT, Craddock N, Landén M, Smoller JW, Sklar P. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e993. [PMID: 28072414 PMCID: PMC5545718 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association study of 6447 bipolar disorder (BD) cases and 12 639 controls from the International Cohort Collection for Bipolar Disorder (ICCBD). Meta-analysis was performed with prior results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group for a combined sample of 13 902 cases and 19 279 controls. We identified eight genome-wide significant, associated regions, including a novel associated region on chromosome 10 (rs10884920; P=3.28 × 10-8) that includes the brain-enriched cytoskeleton protein adducin 3 (ADD3), a non-coding RNA, and a neuropeptide-specific aminopeptidase P (XPNPEP1). Our large sample size allowed us to test the heritability and genetic correlation of BD subtypes and investigate their genetic overlap with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. We found a significant difference in heritability of the two most common forms of BD (BD I SNP-h2=0.35; BD II SNP-h2=0.25; P=0.02). The genetic correlation between BD I and BD II was 0.78, whereas the genetic correlation was 0.97 when BD cohorts containing both types were compared. In addition, we demonstrated a significantly greater load of polygenic risk alleles for schizophrenia and BD in patients with BD I compared with patients with BD II, and a greater load of schizophrenia risk alleles in patients with the bipolar type of schizoaffective disorder compared with patients with either BD I or BD II. These results point to a partial difference in the genetic architecture of BD subtypes as currently defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Ruderfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - E A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Forty
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - A Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - P F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgia Regents University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M A Escamilla
- Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L J Fochtmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - H Nicolini
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Psychiatry, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J J Rakofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E K Green
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - L Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S E Bergen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Jones
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - L A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - C M Hultman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R H Perlis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - S A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Craddock
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff Unviersity, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Meyer EJ, Kirov II, Tal A, Davitz MS, Babb JS, Lazar M, Malaspina D, Gonen O. Metabolic Abnormalities in the Hippocampus of Patients with Schizophrenia: A 3D Multivoxel MR Spectroscopic Imaging Study at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:2273-2279. [PMID: 27444940 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Schizophrenia is well-known to be associated with hippocampal structural abnormalities. We used 1H-MR spectroscopy to test the hypothesis that these abnormalities are accompanied by NAA deficits, reflecting neuronal dysfunction, in patients compared with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen patients with schizophrenia (11 men; mean age, 40.6 ± 10.1 years; mean disease duration, 19.5 ± 10.5 years) and 11 matched healthy controls (5 men; mean age, 33.7 ± 10.1 years) underwent MR imaging and multivoxel point-resolved spectroscopy (TE/TR, 35/1400 ms) 1H-MRS at 3T to obtain their hippocampal GM absolute NAA, Cr, Cho, and mIns concentrations. Unequal variance t tests and ANCOVA were used to compare patients with controls. Bilateral volumes from manually outlined hippocampal masks were compared by using unequal variance t tests. RESULTS Patients' average hippocampal GM Cr concentrations were 19% higher than that of controls, 8.7 ± 2.2 versus 7.4 ± 1.2 mmol/L (P < .05); showing no differences, concentrations in NAA were 8.8 ± 1.6 versus 8.7 ± 1.2 mmol/L; in Cho, 2.3 ± 0.7 versus 2.1 ± 0.3 mmol/L; and in mIns, 6.1 ± 1.5 versus 5.2 ± 0.9 (all P > .1). There was a positive correlation between mIns and Cr in patients (r = 0.57, P = .05) but not in controls. The mean bilateral hippocampal volume was ∼10% lower in patients: 7.5 ± 0.9 versus 8.4 ± 0.7 cm3 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the hippocampal volume deficit in schizophrenia is not due to net loss of neurons, in agreement with histopathology studies but not with prior 1H-MR spectroscopy reports. Elevated Cr is consistent with hippocampal hypermetabolism, and its correlation with mIns may also suggest an inflammatory process affecting some cases; these findings may suggest treatment targets and markers to monitor them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Meyer
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - I I Kirov
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - A Tal
- Department of Chemical Physics (A.T.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M S Davitz
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - J S Babb
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - M Lazar
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry (D.M.), Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - O Gonen
- From the Department of Radiology (E.J.M., I.I.K., M.S.D., J.S.B., M.L., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
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8
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Rosedale MT, Strauss SM, Kaur N, Knight C, Malaspina D. Follow-up with primary care providers for elevated glycated haemoglobin identified at the dental visit. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:e52-e60. [PMID: 27037977 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined patient experiences after receiving elevated diabetes screening values using blood collected at a dental clinic. It explores patients' reactions to screening, whether or not they sought recommended medical follow-up, and facilitating factors and barriers to obtaining follow-up care. METHODS At the comprehensive care clinics at a large, urban College of Dentistry in the United States, haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values were obtained from 379 study participants who had not been previously diagnosed with diabetes. In all, 169 (44.6%) had elevated HbA1C values. We analysed quantitative and qualitative data concerning these patients' follow-up with primary care providers (PCPs). RESULTS We were able to contact 112 (66.3%) of the 169 study participants who had an elevated HbA1C reading. Of that group, 61 (54.5%) received recommended follow-up care from a PCP within 3 months, and an additional 28 (25.0%) said they intended to seek such care. Qualitative themes included the following: the screening letter - opportunity or burden, appreciation for the 3-month follow-up call and barriers to medical follow-up that included the following: lack of knowledge about diabetes, not understanding the importance of follow-up, busyness, financial concerns, fear and denial. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate that dentists, dental hygienists and nurses are well poised to discover and translate new models of patient-centred, comprehensive care to patients with oral and systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rosedale
- New York University College of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S M Strauss
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Kaur
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Knight
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Andersson L, Weber TD, Malaspina D, Crary F, Ergun RE, Delory GT, Fowler CM, Morooka MW, McEnulty T, Eriksson AI, Andrews DJ, Horanyi M, Collette A, Yelle R, Jakosky BM. Dust observations at orbital altitudes surrounding Mars. Science 2015; 350:aad0398. [PMID: 26542578 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dust is common close to the martian surface, but no known process can lift appreciable concentrations of particles to altitudes above ~150 kilometers. We present observations of dust at altitudes ranging from 150 to above 1000 kilometers by the Langmuir Probe and Wave instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. Based on its distribution, we interpret this dust to be interplanetary in origin. A comparison with laboratory measurements indicates that the dust grain size ranges from 1 to 12 micrometers, assuming a typical grain velocity of ~18 kilometers per second. These direct observations of dust entering the martian atmosphere improve our understanding of the sources, sinks, and transport of interplanetary dust throughout the inner solar system and the associated impacts on Mars's atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - T D Weber
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - F Crary
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - G T Delory
- Space Science Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C M Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M W Morooka
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - T McEnulty
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A I Eriksson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D J Andrews
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Horanyi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A Collette
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - R Yelle
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - B M Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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10
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Milekic MH, Xin Y, O'Donnell A, Kumar KK, Bradley-Moore M, Malaspina D, Moore H, Brunner D, Ge Y, Edwards J, Paul S, Haghighi FG, Gingrich JA. Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:995-1001. [PMID: 25092244 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced paternal age (APA) has been shown to be a significant risk factor in the offspring for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. During aging, de novo mutations accumulate in the male germline and are frequently transmitted to the offspring with deleterious effects. In addition, DNA methylation during spermatogenesis is an active process, which is susceptible to errors that can be propagated to subsequent generations. Here we test the hypothesis that the integrity of germline DNA methylation is compromised during the aging process. A genome-wide DNA methylation screen comparing sperm from young and old mice revealed a significant loss of methylation in the older mice in regions associated with transcriptional regulation. The offspring of older fathers had reduced exploratory and startle behaviors and exhibited similar brain DNA methylation abnormalities as observed in the paternal sperm. Offspring from old fathers also had transcriptional dysregulation of developmental genes implicated in autism and schizophrenia. Our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation abnormalities arising in the sperm of old fathers are a plausible mechanism to explain some of the risks that APA poses to resulting offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Milekic
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Xin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - A O'Donnell
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K K Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Bradley-Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry, New York University, and The NY OMH Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Brunner
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA [2] PsychoGenics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Ge
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Edwards
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Paul
- Helen & Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Research, Mind and Brain Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - F G Haghighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Gingrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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11
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O'Brien L, Auer S, Gemer A, Grün E, Horanyi M, Juhasz A, Kempf S, Malaspina D, Mocker A, Moebius E, Srama R, Sternovsky Z. Development of the nano-dust analyzer (NDA) for detection and compositional analysis of nanometer-size dust particles originating in the inner heliosphere. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:035113. [PMID: 24689626 DOI: 10.1063/1.4868506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer is developed for the detection and chemical analysis of nanometer-sized particles originating near the Sun. Nano-dust particles are thought to be produced by mutual collisions between interplanetary dust particles slowly spiraling toward the Sun and are accelerated outward to high velocities by interaction with the solar wind plasma. The WAVES instruments on the two STEREO spacecraft reported the detection, strong temporal variation, and potentially high flux of these particles. Here we report on the optimization and the results from the detailed characterization of the instrument's performance using submicrometer sized dust particles accelerated to 8-60 km/s. The Nano Dust Analyzer (NDA) concept is derived from previously developed detectors. It has a 200 cm(2) effective target area and a mass resolution of approximately m/Δm = 50. The NDA instrument is designed to reliably detect and analyze nanometer-sized dust particles while being pointed close to the Sun's direction, from where they are expected to arrive. Measurements by such an instrument will determine the size-dependent flux of the nano-dust particles and its variations, it will characterize the composition of the nano-dust and, ultimately, it may determine their source. The flight version of the NDA instrument is estimated to be <5 kg and requires <10 W for operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Brien
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Auer
- A&M Associates, Bayse, Virginia 22810, USA
| | - A Gemer
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - E Grün
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M Horanyi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A Juhasz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Kempf
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A Mocker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - E Moebius
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - R Srama
- Institute of Space Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Z Sternovsky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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12
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Kimhy D, Tarrier N, Essock S, Malaspina D, Cabannis D, Beck AT. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis - Training Practices and Dissemination in the United States. Psychosis 2013; 5. [PMID: 24187582 DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2012.704932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is an evidence-based treatment for psychosis-related disorders. However, despite the strong evidence-base and inclusion in national treatment guidelines, CBTp remains poorly disseminated in the US. It is proposed that this state is a product of lack of CBTp knowledge among clinical training leaders along with limited availability of training opportunities. METHOD We surveyed training directors in US psychiatry residency and clinical psychology doctoral programs to characterize the penetration of CBTp training and to assess their familiarity with basic CBTp facts. RESULTS Directors displayed limited knowledge of CBTp effectiveness, with only 50% of psychiatry and 40% of psychology directors believing that CBTp is efficacious. Only 10% of psychiatry and 30% of psychology directors were aware that the CBTp evidence-base is based on meta-analyses. While 45% of all directors reported that their program offer CBTp training, trainees received limited training - 4 hours of didactics, 21 hours of treatment, and 12 hours of supervision. CONCLUSIONS CBTp dissemination in the US is characterized by training directors' minimal awareness of the CBTp evidence-base along with training opportunities that are so limited, as to be unlikely to be adequate to provide CBTp effectively, hence unlikely to improve patients' psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY ; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - N Tarrier
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Essock
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY ; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - D Cabannis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY ; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - A T Beck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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DeVylder J, Ben-David S, Schobel S, Kimhy D, Malaspina D, Corcoran C. Temporal association of stress sensitivity and symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychol Med 2013; 43:259-268. [PMID: 22651857 PMCID: PMC3716006 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased sensitivity and exposure to stress are associated with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and its risk states, but little is known about the co-evolution of stress sensitivity and exposure with positive and other symptoms in a clinical high-risk (CHR) cohort. METHOD A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design was used to examine the associations over time of stress sensitivity and exposure (i.e. life events) with 'prodromal' symptoms in a cohort of 65 CHR patients assessed quarterly for up to 4 years, and at baseline in 24 healthy controls similar in age and gender. RESULTS Impaired stress tolerance was greater in patients, in whom it was associated over time with positive and negative symptoms, in addition to depression, anxiety and poor function. By contrast, life events were comparable in patients and controls, and bore no association with symptoms. In this treated cohort, there was a trajectory of improvement in stress tolerance, symptoms and function over time. CONCLUSIONS Impaired stress tolerance was associated with a wide range of 'prodromal' symptoms, consistent with it being a core feature of the psychosis risk state. Self-reported life events were not relevant as a correlate of clinical status. As in other treated CHR cohorts, most patients improved over time across symptom domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.E. DeVylder
- Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
| | - S. Ben-David
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S.A. Schobel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D. Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D. Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C.M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Corcoran C, Smith C, McLaughlin D, Auther A, Malaspina D, Cornblatt B. HPA axis function and symptoms in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 135:170-4. [PMID: 22226904 PMCID: PMC3716011 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress sensitivity and HPA axis activity may be relevant to the development and expression of psychotic disorders. Cortisol secretion has been associated with positive symptoms both in patients with psychotic disorders and in young people at clinical risk for psychosis. Herein, we aimed to replicate these findings, to determine which positive symptoms may be associated with cortisol levels, and to explore any associations with affective symptoms and impaired stress tolerance. METHODS Thirty-one clinical high risk patients were evaluated in cross-section for associations between salivary cortisol levels upon clinic entry at 11 am, demographic variables, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS Salivary cortisol levels were unrelated to medication exposure or demographics, except for higher levels in the ten females studied. Salivary cortisol bore no relationship to overall positive symptom severity but was associated with anxiety, as well as with suspiciousness and impaired stress tolerance, which were themselves highly intercorrelated. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol secretion in the context of a putative novel social situation (i.e. clinic entry) may be a biological correlate of suspiciousness, impaired stress tolerance and affective symptoms in individuals vulnerable to developing psychosis. These associations are consistent with findings from experience sampling studies in individuals at risk for psychosis as well as basic studies of animal models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Corcoran
- New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C. Smith
- The RAP Program, Zucker Hillside Hospital Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - D. McLaughlin
- The RAP Program, Zucker Hillside Hospital Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - A. Auther
- The RAP Program, Zucker Hillside Hospital Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - D. Malaspina
- New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - B. Cornblatt
- The RAP Program, Zucker Hillside Hospital Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
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15
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Rosedale M, Perrin M, Buccola N, Strauss S, Malaspina D. An evidence-based response to 'Genes and schizophrenia: a pseudoscientific disenfranchisement of the individual'. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012; 19:83-4. [PMID: 22212134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rosedale
- College of Nursing, Department of Psychiatry, New York University, NY, USA
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16
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Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Manor O, Margalit-Calderon R, Perrin M, Opler M, Lichtenberg P, Malaspina D. P-1390 - Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)75557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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17
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Harlap S, Antonius D, Kleinhaus K, Perrin M, Lichtenberg P, Manor O, Malaspina D. FC21-06 - Schizophrenia after the 1941 farhud (a pogrom in IRAQ); a study of 6,781 IRAQI-born men and women observed as parents in the jerusalem cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMaternal stress during pregnancy has been associated with schizophrenia in some settings with evidence suggesting that male and female offspring might be affected differently.Objectives/aimsIn an outbreak of violence in 1941, at least 180 Jews died in Baghdad; rapes, beatings and property damage injured hundreds more in other towns. We questioned whether this stress might be reflected in any change in schizophrenia incidence in people born in 1941.MethodsWe studied admissions to psychiatric hospitals in 39,606 men and 41,208 women, parents of the population-based Jerusalem cohort. We used proportional hazards models to estimate relative incidence of schizophrenia in various groups, over time. Subjects were followed from age in 1950 or immigration, till age at first hospital admission, death or 2004. Schizophrenia was defined by discharge diagnosis, ICD-10 = F20–F29 at any hospital event. Models controlled for secular and cyclic time trends.ResultsFor all years combined, the 3,679 male immigrants from Iraq showed a schizophrenia incidence similar to other men (relative risk RR = 0.92, 95% confidence limits 0.67–1.26). But for 141 men born in Iraq in 1941, RR = 4.12 (1.67–10.2, p = .0021 based on 6 cases), compared with men from Iraq born in all other years. Among other men, RR for 1941 births was 1.21 (0.78–1.88,). Women from Iraq showed no significant findings.ConclusionsThese findings enlarge on long-term consequences of ethnic violence. They raise intriguing questions about the relative resilience of the sexes, but should be interpreted cautiously, given that all subjects in this cohort had been able to reproduce.
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Corcoran CM, Kimhy D, Parrilla-Escobar MA, Cressman VL, Stanford AD, Thompson J, David SB, Crumbley A, Schobel S, Moore H, Malaspina D. The relationship of social function to depressive and negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychol Med 2011; 41:251-261. [PMID: 20444306 PMCID: PMC3376746 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia which commonly precedes the onset of psychosis. It is unclear if social symptoms in clinical high-risk patients reflect depressive symptoms or are a manifestation of negative symptoms. METHOD We compared social function scores on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report between 56 young people (aged 13-27 years) at clinical high risk for psychosis and 22 healthy controls. The cases were also assessed for depressive and 'prodromal' symptoms (subthreshold positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms). RESULTS Poor social function was related to both depressive and negative symptoms, as well as to disorganized and general symptoms. The symptoms were highly intercorrelated but linear regression analysis demonstrated that poor social function was primarily explained by negative symptoms within this cohort, particularly in ethnic minority patients. CONCLUSIONS Although this study demonstrated a relationship between social dysfunction and depressive symptoms in clinical high-risk cases, this association was primarily explained by the relationship of each of these to negative symptoms. In individuals at heightened risk for psychosis, affective changes may be related to a progressive decrease in social interaction and loss of reinforcement of social behaviors. These findings have relevance for potential treatment strategies for social dysfunction in schizophrenia and its risk states and predict that antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy and/or social skills training may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Corcoran
- Centre of Prevention and Evaluation, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin M, Manor O, Weiser M, Lichtenberg P, Malaspina D. Age, sex and first treatment of schizophrenia in a population cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:136-41. [PMID: 20541769 PMCID: PMC2945697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia affects men more than women, but this may not be true at all ages. This study examines the incidence of first hospitalization for treatment of schizophrenia in each sex over different ages. METHODS We compared the incidence of first admission for treatment in a cohort of 46,388 males and 43,680 females followed from birth until ages 29-41, using life tables and proportional hazards methods. RESULTS Life table estimates of cumulative incidence by age 40 were 1.44% in males and 0.86% in females. For over all ages the relative risk (RR) in males was 1.6 (95% confidence limits=1.4-1.8) compared with females. Before age 17 there was no significant difference between the sexes (RR=0.86, 0.56-1.3). Excess risk in males was observed only from age 17 (RR=1.7, 1.4-1.9). There was no evidence of the incidence in females catching up with that in males, during the 30s. CONCLUSION In this population, there was a significant change, over age, in the relative incidence of first hospitalization for schizophrenia between the sexes; the excess incidence in males first developed at age 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kleinhaus
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States.
| | - S Harlap
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A
| | - M Perrin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A
| | - O Manor
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Weiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - P Lichtenberg
- Herzog Hospital and Hadassah Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A
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Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin MC, Manor O, Calderon-Margalit R, Friedlander Y, Malaspina D. Twin pregnancy and the risk of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 105:197-200. [PMID: 18722752 PMCID: PMC2599949 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twins are exposed to intrauterine environments that differ significantly from those of singletons. These diverse environments might alter the risk for schizophrenia in twins and make it difficult to generalize from findings in twins when studying the risk of schizophrenia in the general population. Previous studies report contradictory findings on the risk for schizophrenia in twins. METHODS We studied the incidence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, ascertained from Israel's National Psychiatric Registry, in a cohort of 2124 twins and 87,955 singletons. These offspring were followed from their birth in 1964-76 in the Jerusalem Perinatal study. Cox proportional hazards methods were used to compare outcomes over 28-41 years, adjusting for ages of parents. RESULTS Twins showed a relative risk [RR] of .84 relative to singletons, with a 95% confidence interval [CI] of (.51-1.4). RRs and CIs for males and females were .68 [.34-1.4] and 1.1 [.55-2.2] respectively. Twins in male-male, female-female or opposite-sex sets showed no significant variation in RRs; furthermore, first- or second-born twins did not differ significantly from each other. Siblings of twins had the same risk of schizophrenia as siblings of singletons. CONCLUSION Twins have the same risk for schizophrenia as the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kleinhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Kleinhaus K, Perrin MC, Manor O, Friedlander Y, Calderon-Margalit R, Harlap S, Malaspina D. Paternal age and twinning in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 141:119-22. [PMID: 18771839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether incidence of twin deliveries is related to father's age, independently of mother's age, and whether it differs for same-sex or opposite-sex twin sets. STUDY DESIGN In a program of research on effects of paternal age, this study used data from a prospective cohort of 92,408 offspring born in Jerusalem from 1964 to 1976. Of the 91,253 deliveries in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, 1115 were twin deliveries. The data were analyzed with General Estimate Equations to inform unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS After controlling for maternal age, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) associated with father's ages 25-34 and 35+ were 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) and 1.5 (1.2, 2.1) respectively, compared with fathers <25 years old. The effect of maternal age was partly explained by paternal age. The ORs for opposite-sex twin sets and male-male twin sets increased slightly with paternal age, while the OR for same-sex and female-female twin decreased. CONCLUSION Studies of twins are used to estimate effects of genes and environment in a variety of diseases. Our findings highlight the need to consider paternal as well as maternal age when analyzing data on twins to explore etiology of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kleinhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016-6481, United States.
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Malaspina D, Corcoran C, Kleinhaus KR, Perrin MC, Fennig S, Nahon D, Friedlander Y, Harlap S. Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: a cohort prospective study. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:71. [PMID: 18717990 PMCID: PMC2546388 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-8-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Schizophrenia has been linked with intrauterine exposure to maternal stress due to bereavement, famine and major disasters. Recent evidence suggests that human vulnerability may be greatest in the first trimester of gestation and rodent experiments suggest sex specificity. We aimed to describe the consequence of an acute maternal stress, through a follow-up of offspring whose mothers were pregnant during the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. A priori, we focused on gestational month and offspring's sex. METHOD In a pilot study linking birth records to Israel's Psychiatric Registry, we analyzed data from a cohort of 88,829 born in Jerusalem in 1964-76. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of schizophrenia, according to month of birth, gender and other variables, while controlling for father's age and other potential confounders. Other causes of hospitalized psychiatric morbidity (grouped together) were analyzed for comparison. RESULTS There was a raised incidence of schizophrenia for those who were in the second month of fetal life in June 1967 (RR = 2.3, 1.1-4.7), seen more in females (4.3, 1.7-10.7) than in males (1.2, 0.4-3.8). Results were not explained by secular or seasonal variations, altered birth weight or gestational age. For other conditions, RRs were increased in offspring who had been in the third month of fetal life in June 1967 (2.5, 1.2-5.2), also seen more in females (3.6, 1.3-9.7) than males (1.8, 0.6-5.2). CONCLUSION These findings add to a growing literature, in experimental animals and humans, attributing long term consequences for offspring of maternal gestational stress. They suggest both a sex-specificity and a relatively short gestational time-window for gestational effects on vulnerability to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - C Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - KR Kleinhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - MC Perrin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Fennig
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Ramat Gan, Israel,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - D Nahon
- Department of Information and Evaluation, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Harlap
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Malaspina D, Perrin M, Kleinhaus KR, Opler M, Harlap S. Growth and Schizophrenia: Aetiology, Epidemiology and Epigenetics. Novartis Foundation Symposia 2008; 289:196-203; discussion 203-7, 238-40. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470751251.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Kimhy D, Corcoran C, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Ritzler B, Javitt DC, Malaspina D. Visual form perception: a comparison of individuals at high risk for psychosis, recent onset schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 97:25-34. [PMID: 17884347 PMCID: PMC2171044 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with deficits in visual perception and processing, but there is little information about their temporal development and stability. We assessed visual form perception using the Rorschach Comprehensive System (RCS) in 23 individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, 15 individuals with recent onset schizophrenia (< or =2 years since onset), and 34 with chronic schizophrenia (> or =3 years since onset). All three groups demonstrated reduced conventional form perception (X+%), as compared with published norms, but did not differ significantly from one another. In contrast, the high-risk group had significantly better performance on an index of clarity of conceptual thinking (WSUM6) compared to the chronic schizophrenia patients, with the recent onset group scoring intermediate to the high-risk and chronic schizophrenia groups. The results suggest that individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis display substantial deficits in visual form perception prior to the onset of psychosis and that these deficits are comparable in severity to those observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, visual form perception deficits may constitute a trait-like risk factor for psychosis in high-risk individuals and may potentially serve as an endophenotype of risk for development of psychosis. Clarity of conceptual thinking was relatively preserved among high-risk patients, consistent with a relationship to disease expression, not risk. These deficits are discussed in the context of the putative neurobiological underpinnings of visual deficits and the developmental pathophysiology of psychosis in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of paternal age upon spontaneous abortion. METHODS This case-control study of 13,865 women draws on data from women's antenatal or postpartum interviews in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, a population-based cohort derived from 92,408 births in 1964-1976. Case women (n=1,506) reported spontaneous abortion in the pregnancy preceding the interview; they were compared with women reporting live births in their previous pregnancy (n=12,359). Logistic regression was used to adjust for maternal age, maternal diabetes, maternal smoking, history of spontaneous abortions before the index pregnancy, parity at interview, and interval between the index pregnancy and the interview. RESULTS The adjusted odds ratio for spontaneous abortion was 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.45-0.76, P< .0001) for pregnancies conceived from fathers aged younger than 25 years compared with those from fathers aged 25-29 years. For fathers age 40 years or older the odds ratio for spontaneous abortion was 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.0, P=.0003) when compared with the same reference group. CONCLUSION Increasing paternal age is significantly associated with spontaneous abortion, independent of maternal age and multiple other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kleinhaus
- Epidemiology Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Kleinhaus K, Perrin M, Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Deutsch L, Yanetz R, Malaspina D, Harlap S. Paternal Age and Spontaneous Abortion. Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s56-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fahim C, Stip E, Mancini-Marïe A, Boualem M, Malaspina D, Beauregard M. Negative socio-emotional resonance in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:467-75. [PMID: 15288371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to use neuroscience theories about brain function (mirror-neurons MN) to draw inferences about the mechanisms supporting emotional resonance in two different groups of schizophrenia patients (with flat affect FA+ n = 13 and without flat affect FA- n = 11). We hypothesize that FA+ will not activate key brain areas involved in emotional processing. Conversely, FA- will have a functional mirror system for emotional resonance confirmed by activation of the prefrontal cortex and behavioral results. To test this hypothesis, we compared the two groups using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) displaying a passive visual task (44 negative IAPS pictures and 44 neutral pictures). A random-effects analysis, for schizophrenia patients FA-, revealed significant loci of activation in the left mesial prefrontal (MPFC), right orbitofrontal (OFC) and left anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). Correlational analyses carried out between self-report ratings of negative feelings and BOLD signal changes revealed the existence of positive correlation in the LACC, LMPFC and ROFC. Conversely, FA+ did not show significant activation in the prefrontal cortex. We propose that negative emotional resonance induced by passively viewing negative pictures may be a form of "mirroring" that grounds negative feelings via an experiential mechanism. Hence, it could be argued that FA- were able to 'feel' emotions through this resonance behavior. Conversely, we suggest that the dysfunction seen in the FA+ group is a failure or distortion in the development of the MN system. This could be due to genetic or other endogenous causes, which affected prefrontal cortex MN involved in emotional resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fahim
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Que., Canada H1N 3V2.
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Funai EF, Paltiel OB, Malaspina D, Friedlander Y, Deutsch L, Harlap S. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous and parous women: the Jerusalem perinatal study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19:59-68. [PMID: 15670111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2004.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia has been described as a 'disease of first pregnancies' and many believe that its occurrence in a later pregnancy signals a fundamentally different entity. We sought to compare risk factors in first and subsequent pregnancies. We studied 1319 cases of pre-eclampsia recorded in a historical cohort of 82,436 deliveries in Jerusalem in 1964-76. Logistic regression was used to control for covariates. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for pre-eclampsia in first births was 2.58 (95% confidence interval[CI] 2.23, 2.97), compared with all later birth order groups, between which there were no detectable differences in risk. Other risk factors included increasing maternal age, diabetes (OR 5.64, 95% CI 4.33, 7.35), multiple gestations (OR 3.38, 95% CI 2.54, 4.49), fetal haemolytic disease (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.43, 3.50) and lower maternal education. The risk of pre-eclampsia was not associated with the mother's employment outside the home and did not differ between immigrants vs. Israeli-born mothers or between groups of women whose fathers had been born in Western Asia, North Africa or Europe. Effects of each risk factor were similar within first and subsequent births. These results lend no support to the hypothesis that there is a fundamental difference between pre-eclampsia in a first pregnancy compared with that occurring in a later pregnancy; conclusions may be moderated, however, by the knowledge that the incidence of pre-eclampsia was low in this historical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Funai
- Section of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We wished to assess the effect of three types of medication on verbal memory impairments in schizophrenia. METHOD Forty-eight patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy control subjects underwent a battery of verbal memory tasks, including free recall, recognition and short-term memory span. All the patients were on antipsychotic medication. In addition, 24 were taking anticholinergic drugs (benztropine) and 30 were taking benzodiazepines. A subsample of 39 had clinical ratings for depressive symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted on the memory measures in this subsample, with negative symptoms, depression, type of antipsychotic medication (conventional v. atypical), benzodiazepines and anticholinergic drugs as predictors. RESULTS Type of antipsychotic medication made no significant contribution to memory deficits and benzodiazepine use made very little contribution. However, anticholinergic medication was a predictor of memory impairment, especially with regard to semantic organization. Complementary analyses revealed that patients taking any type of drug with anticholinergic activity (benztropine and/or antipsychotic agents) were significantly impaired relative to the other patients on measures reflecting free recall efficiency and semantic organization. CONCLUSIONS Drugs with anticholinergic activity are the major pharmacological agents that contribute to the verbal memory deficit observed in patients with schizophrenia. These drugs appear to act by impeding semantic organization at encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Freedman R, Leonard S, Olincy A, Kaufmann CA, Malaspina D, Cloninger CR, Svrakic D, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Evidence for the multigenic inheritance of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:794-800. [PMID: 11803533 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is assumed to have complex inheritance because of its high prevalence and sporadic familial transmission. Findings of linkage on different chromosomes in various studies corroborate this assumption. It is not known whether these findings represent heterogeneous inheritance, in which various ethnic groups inherit illness through different major gene effects, or multigenic inheritance, in which affected individuals inherit several common genetic abnormalities. This study therefore examined inheritance of schizophrenia at different genetic loci in a nationally collected European American and African American sample. Seventy-seven families were previously genotyped at 458 markers for the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative. Initial genetic analysis tested a dominant model, with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, as the affected phenotype. The families showed one genome-wide significant linkage (Z = 3.97) at chromosome 15q14, which maps within 1 cM of a previous linkage at the alpha 7-nicotinic receptor gene. Chromosome 10p13 showed suggestive linkage (Z = 2.40). Six others (6q21, 9q32, 13q32, 15q24, 17p12, 20q13) were positive, with few differences between the two ethnic groups. The probability of each family transmitting schizophrenia through two genes is greater than expected from the combination of the independent segregation of each gene. Two trait-locus linkage analysis supports a model in which genetic alleles associated with schizophrenia are relatively common in the general population and affected individuals inherit risk for illness through at least two different loci.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Family Health
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Linkage
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lod Score
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Multifactorial Inheritance
- Schizophrenia/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, Denver VA Medical Center and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Bruder GE, Kayser J, Tenke CE, Friedman M, Malaspina D, Gorman JM. Event-related potentials in schizophrenia during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks: relations to diagnostic subtype, symptom features and verbal memory. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:447-52. [PMID: 11566162 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares event-related potentials for paranoid patients (n = 13) versus matched undifferentiated patients and unmedicated patients (n = 14) versus matched healthy adults. METHODS Event-related potentials of right-handed patients and control subjects were recorded from 30 electrodes during oddball tasks using consonant-vowel syllables or complex tones. Patients were also assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Thought Disorder Index, and the Wechsler Memory Scale. RESULTS Paranoid patients did not differ from undifferentiated patients in N1 or P3 amplitude but showed larger N2 at frontocentral sites to phonetic stimuli, as well as larger N2 over left than right hemisphere. Unmedicated patients showed reduced N2, but not N1 or P3, compared to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The N2 findings are consistent with neuropsychological evidence of greater verbal abilities and left hemisphere dominance in paranoid than nonparanoid schizophrenia. The findings also confirm the relationship of P3 to total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score, negative symptoms, and verbal associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Bruder
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors have previously shown the role of depression, slowing of processing speed, and selective attention deficit in verbal memory task performance in schizophrenia. They wished to determine the specific contribution of each of these factors to various types of memory impairment. METHOD The negative symptom score from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, a measure of processing speed, and a measure of selective attention were entered as predictors in regression analyses. Furthermore, analyses of covariance were conducted on the memory measures to test the significance of the differences between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects after control for processing speed and selective attention. RESULTS Depression was associated only with deep encoding reflected by semantic clustering. Selective attention was associated only with superficial encoding reflected by serial recall. Slowing of processing speed was associated with both deep and superficial encoding. Negative symptoms were not associated with memory impairment except for the avolition item from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Processing speed accounted for all the group differences on the memory measures that reflected superficial encoding. In addition, a subgroup of patients with no or minor depression was not significantly impaired on deep encoding relative to the healthy comparison group. CONCLUSIONS The authors suggest that verbal memory impairment in schizophrenia is a consequence of depression and slowness, rather than a primary feature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A major source of new mutations in humans is the male germ line, with mutation rates monotonically increasing as father's age at conception advances, possibly because of accumulating replication errors in spermatogonial cell lines. METHOD We investigated whether the risk of schizophrenia was associated with advancing paternal age in a population-based birth cohort of 87 907 individuals born in Jerusalem from 1964 to 1976 by linking their records to the Israel Psychiatric Registry. RESULTS Of 1337 offspring admitted to psychiatric units before 1998, 658 were diagnosed as having schizophrenia and related nonaffective psychoses. After controlling for maternal age and other confounding factors (sex, ethnicity, education [to reflect socioeconomic status], and duration of marriage) in proportional hazards regression, we found that paternal age was a strong and significant predictor of the schizophrenia diagnoses, but not of other psychiatric disorders. Compared with offspring of fathers younger than 25 years, the relative risk of schizophrenia increased monotonically in each 5-year age group, reaching 2.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.17-3.51) and 2.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.60-5.47) in offspring of men aged 45 to 49 and 50 years or more, respectively. Categories of mother's age showed no significant effects, after adjusting for paternal age. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that schizophrenia may be associated, in part, with de novo mutations arising in paternal germ cells. If confirmed, they would entail a need for novel approaches to the identification of genes involved in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Brown AS, Cohen P, Harkavy-Friedman J, Babulas V, Malaspina D, Gorman JM, Susser ES. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:473-86. [PMID: 11257233 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premorbid neurocognitive, neuromotor, and behavioral function tends to be disturbed in schizophrenia. We previously demonstrated that a birth cohort clinically and serologically documented with prenatal rubella evidenced a marked increase in risk of nonaffective psychosis. In our study, we examined whether rubella-exposed subjects destined to develop schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), compared with exposed control subjects, had greater impairment in several premorbid functions. METHODS Subjects were interviewed using a direct, comprehensive research assessment and diagnosed by consensus. We compared the degree of IQ decline, as well as premorbid neuromotor and behavioral dysfunction, between rubella-exposed subjects who developed schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (SSP) and exposed control subjects from the cohort. We also compared the gestational timing of rubella infection between the cases and control subjects. RESULTS This rubella-exposed birth cohort evidenced a markedly increased risk of SSD (20.4% or 11/53). Rubella-exposed SSP cases, compared with rubella-exposed control subjects, demonstrated a decline in IQ from childhood to adolescence, and increased premorbid neuromotor and behavioral abnormalities. Moreover, it appears that early gestational rubella exposure may represent a period of increased vulnerability for SSD. CONCLUSIONS These findings link a known prenatal exposure, a deviant neurodevelopmental trajectory in childhood and adolescence, and SSP in adulthood within the same individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Malaspina D, Bruder G, Furman V, Gorman JM, Berman A, Van Heertum R. Schizophrenia subgroups differing in dichotic listening laterality also differ in neurometabolism and symptomatology. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 12:485-92. [PMID: 11083166 DOI: 10.1176/jnp.12.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients vary in right ear advantage (REA) on dichotic listening tests for assessing left hemispheric dominance for language processing. The authors examined if patients with low REA differed from other patients in symptoms and in resting brain metabolism. SPECT was conducted during visual fixation for 9 healthy control subjects and 16 schizophrenia patients: 8 with normal and 8 with diminished REA. REA-diminished patients had greater positive symptoms and lower mental status scores (all P<0.05) and had right middle temporal gyrus hypermetabolism. Both schizophrenia groups had decreased right frontal and increased medial temporal lobe metabolism vs. control subjects. REA-diminished patients had right temporal lobe hypermetabolism under a resting condition (eyes open, visual fixation). Results suggest reduced right ear (left hemisphere) advantage for dichotic word perception in schizophrenia is related to a predisposition to overactivate right temporal lobe regions and to positive symptoms. In contrast, the prefrontal-medial temporal imbalance present in both patient groups may typify the schizophrenia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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Malaspina D, Goetz RR, Friedman JH, Kaufmann CA, Faraone SV, Tsuang M, Cloninger CR, Nurnberger JI, Blehar MC. Traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia in members of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:440-6. [PMID: 11229986 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia following a traumatic brain injury could be a phenocopy of genetic schizophrenia or the consequence of a gene-environment interaction. Alternatively, traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia could be spuriously associated if those who are predisposed to develop schizophrenia have greater amounts of trauma for other reasons. The authors investigated the relationship between traumatic brain injury and psychiatric diagnoses in a large group of subjects from families with at least two biologically related first-degree relatives with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. METHOD The Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies was used to determine history of traumatic brain injury and diagnosis for 1,275 members of multiplex bipolar disorder pedigrees and 565 members of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. RESULTS Rates of traumatic brain injury were significantly higher for those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression than for those with no mental illness. However, multivariate analysis of within-pedigree data showed that mental illness was related to traumatic brain injury only in the schizophrenia pedigrees. Independent of diagnoses, family members of those with schizophrenia were more likely to have had traumatic brain injury than were members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees. The members of the schizophrenia pedigrees also failed to show the gender difference for traumatic brain injury (more common in men than in women) that was expected and was present in the bipolar disorder pedigrees. Subjects with a schizophrenia diagnosis who were members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees (and thus had less genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia) were less likely to have had traumatic brain injury (4.5%) than were subjects with schizophrenia who were members of the schizophrenia pedigrees (and who had greater genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia) (19.6%). CONCLUSIONS Members of the schizophrenia pedigrees, even those without a schizophrenia diagnosis, had greater exposure to traumatic brain injury compared to members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees. Within the schizophrenia pedigrees, traumatic brain injury was associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia, consistent with synergistic effects between genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia and traumatic brain injury. Posttraumatic-brain-injury schizophrenia in multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees does not appear to be a phenocopy of the genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA.
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Freedman R, Leonard S, Gault JM, Hopkins J, Cloninger CR, Kaufmann CA, Tsuang MT, Farone SV, Malaspina D, Svrakic DM, Sanders A, Gejman P. Linkage disequilibrium for schizophrenia at the chromosome 15q13-14 locus of the alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7). Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:20-2. [PMID: 11424985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The transmission/disequilibrium test was used for fine mapping of the linkage of schizophrenia to the chromosome 15q13-14 region, the site of a candidate gene, the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7), in parent-child triads from the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative families. This candidate gene was identified from neurobiological studies of deficits in schizophrenics of the inhibitory gating of the P50 auditory evoked potential. The neurobiological deficit was also used as a phenotype for subsequent linkage analysis. In the present study, significant genotype-wise disequilibrium (P < 0.007) was found at D15S165, a polymorphic simple sequence marker physically located within 1 megabase of both CHRNA7 and a partially duplicated, expressed sequence that includes exons 5-10 of CHRNA7. Replication of this result was found in an additional set of families. The results support this region as a chromosomal location involved in the genetic transmission of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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Abstract
This review explores the neurobiology of stress and its possible role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Major life events may play a role in onset and relapse in schizophrenia. Other data suggest that early stress exposure increases schizophrenia risk, especially in individuals with latent vulnerability. Animal research has led to an elucidation of the mechanisms by which stress and cortisol are toxic to the hippocampus and impair cognition. Associations among these factors have been found in a variety of human conditions, including psychiatric illness and normal aging. These mechanisms are plausible in schizophrenia, which is characterized by a degree of cortisol dysregulation, hippocampal abnormality, and cognitive impairment. Characterization of the role of the stress cascade in schizophrenia has implications for novel pharmacologic and other treatment, especially for cognitive symptoms, which are debilitating and largely refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corcoran
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, USA
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Abstract
There is a strong genetic component for schizophrenia risk, but it is unclear how the illness is maintained in the population given the significantly reduced fertility of those with the disorder. One possibility is that new mutations occur in schizophrenia vulnerability genes. If so, then those with schizophrenia may have older fathers, because advancing paternal age is the major source of new mutations in humans. This review describes several neurodevelopmental disorders that have been associated with de novo mutations in the paternal germ line and reviews data linking increased schizophrenia risk with older fathers. Several genetic mechanisms that could explain this association are proposed, including paternal germ line mutations, trinucleotide repeat expansions, and alterations in genetic imprinting in one or several genes involved in neurodevelopment. Animal models may be useful in exploring these and other explanations for the paternal age effect and they may provide a novel approach for gene identification. Finally, it is proposed that environmental exposures of the father, as well as those of the mother and developing fetus, may be relevant to the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
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Malaspina D, Guenzati G, Lemma M, Botta M. [Left atrium rupture after non-penetrating injury to the back]. Ital Heart J Suppl 2000; 1:1476-9. [PMID: 11109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Survival after cardiac rupture associated with blunt thoracic trauma is very uncommon. In these patients successful management demands a high index of suspicion of cardiac injury. A case of a 24-year-old woman who presented unconscious and shocked in the emergency room after motorcycle trauma strictly limited to her back is reported. Rib and sternal fractures were absent; the typical signs of cardiac tamponade were not found. Therefore the suspicion of cardiac chamber rupture was not immediate and the cardiologist was consulted after several diagnostic exams. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion with clots and initial cardiac tamponade. The patient was transferred to the operating room and a large hemopericardium was disclosed. Two lacerations were noticed: the first pericardial, near the inferior vena cava, and the second one in the posterior wall of the left atrium. It is possible that the associated pericardial tear and pericardial clots could have contributed to survival. After surgical repair, carried out during cardiopulmonary bypass, the recovery was quick and complete. This case report confirms the possibility of heart chamber rupture after blunt chest trauma even in the absence of obvious thoracic lesion and it shows that the presentation could be very insidious without a "classic" clinical picture of cardiac tamponade. In front of an unexplained shock after nonpenetrating thoracic trauma, a rupture of the heart chambers should be suspected and echocardiography is mandatory. In the emergency room environment pericardiocentesis should be performed only with a quickly available cardiac surgery or in the presence of overwhelming hemodynamic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Milano.
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Brébion G, Amador X, David A, Malaspina D, Sharif Z, Gorman JM. Positive symptomatology and source-monitoring failure in schizophrenia--an analysis of symptom-specific effects. Psychiatry Res 2000; 95:119-31. [PMID: 10963798 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that certain positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia are linked to self monitoring/reality-monitoring deficits. We wished to investigate the association between such deficits and three specific symptoms: hallucinations, delusions and thought disorganisation. Forty patients with schizophrenia and 40 normal controls were administered a source-monitoring task. Twenty-four items were produced, either verbally by the experimenter, or verbally by the subject, or presented as pictures. Then, subjects were read a recognition list including the produced target items mixed with distractors. They were required to recognise the target items and to remember their source of production. The pattern of memory deficits has previously been reported (Brébion, G., Smith, M., Gorman, J., Amador, X., 1997. Discrimination accuracy and decision biases in different types of reality monitoring in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185, 247-253). The current analyses focussed on the false recognition of distractors, and on the errors in the source attribution of the recognised target items. Results showed that higher hallucination scores were associated with an increased tendency towards false recognition of non-produced items. In addition, hallucinators were more prone than control subjects to misattribute to another source the items they had produced themselves. Furthermore, hallucinators and delusional patients were more prone than the other patients to report that spoken items had been presented as pictures. This latter finding suggests that both hallucinations and delusions are associated with confusion between imagined and perceived pictures. Our previous report stated that only one of the three investigated types of response bias was associated with global positive symptomatology. However, this finer-grained analysis revealed that the three of them were in fact associated with hallucinations and/or delusions. On the other hand, thought disorganisation appeared to be independent from these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Mujica-Parodi LR, Malaspina D, Sackeim HA. Logical processing, affect, and delusional thought in schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2000; 8:73-83. [PMID: 10902096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Deficits of logical reasoning have long been considered a hallmark of schizophrenia and delusional disorders. We provide a more precise characterization of "logic" and, by extension, of "deficits in logical reasoning." A model is offered to categorize different forms of logical deficits. This model acknowledges not only problems with making inferences, which is how logic deficits are usually conceived, but also problems in the acquisition and evaluation of premises (i.e., filtering of "input"). Early (1940-1969) and modern (1970-present) literature on logical reasoning and schizophrenia is evaluated within the context of the presented model. We argue that, despite a substantial history of interest in the topic, research to date has been inconclusive on the fundamental question of whether patients with delusional ideation show abnormalities in logical reasoning. This may be due to heterogeneous definitions of "logic," variability in the composition of patient samples, and floor effects among the healthy controls. In spite of these difficulties, the available evidence suggests that deficits in logical reasoning are more likely to occur due to faulty assessment of premises than to a defect in the structure of inferences. Such deficits seem to be provoked (in healthy individuals) or exacerbated (in patients with schizophrenia) by emotional content. The hypothesis is offered that delusional ideation is primarily affect-driven, and that a mechanism present in healthy individuals when they are emotionally challenged may be inappropriately activated in patients who are delusional.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Mujica-Parodi
- Department of Medical Genetics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA
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Brébion G, Amador X, Smith M, Malaspina D, Sharif Z, Gorman JM. Depression, psychomotor retardation, negative symptoms, and memory in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2000; 13:177-83. [PMID: 10910088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between depression, psychomotor retardation, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia as well as the specific contribution of each of these factors to memory impairment. BACKGROUND It has been suggested that depression overlaps with negative symptomatology in schizophrenia. The relation between psychomotor retardation and negative symptomatology has been unclear. METHOD The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia, and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms were used to assess depressive and negative symptomatology in a sample of patients with schizophrenia. Verbal memory performance was assessed by a free recall test. Two indices of processing speed were measured. Correlations among variables were computed. RESULTS Depression score was correlated with the avolition item from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and with both measures of processing speed. Negative symptomatology was unrelated to processing speed. Memory performance was correlated with depression score, slowing of processing speed, and avolition. Its correlation with depression score and processing speed remained significant when the other factors were partialled out. CONCLUSIONS Memory performance in schizophrenia may be affected by lack of motivation, psychomotor retardation, and depression. It is suggested that negative symptoms could be split between a volitional component linked to depression and cognitive efficiency and an emotional component unrelated to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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Malaspina D, Goetz RR, Yale S, Berman A, Friedman JH, Tremeau F, Printz D, Amador X, Johnson J, Brown A, Gorman JM. Relation of familial schizophrenia to negative symptoms but not to the deficit syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:994-1003. [PMID: 10831482 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a family history of schizophrenia has been associated with negative symptoms, family history is inconsistently related to the presence of the deficit syndrome. METHOD The authors assessed family history and the deficit syndrome in 99 patients with DSM-III-R-diagnosed schizophrenia who were assessed during clinical treatment. Of these 99 patients, 45 were assessed both while antipsychotic free and during antipsychotic treatment to index their treatment response. RESULTS Patients with (N=39) and without (N=60) a family history of schizophrenia had similar proportions of the deficit syndrome. Yet family history and deficit syndrome categorizations identified a group with greater negative symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Those with a family history had greater emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, and lack of spontaneity. Groups with and without the deficit syndrome similarly differed in these symptoms but also in affective blunting, motor retardation, and passive or apathetic social withdrawal. The study involving antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic treatment phases showed main medication effects explaining positive, psychopathology, depression, and activation symptoms but not negative symptoms. Only patients without a family history had improved negative symptoms with antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a family history of schizophrenia had greater and more treatment-resistant negative symptoms than those without a family history. They were not more likely to have the deficit syndrome. The group with a family history had more pathology only in negative symptoms related to psychosocial function. The stable negative symptoms specifically related to the genetic vulnerability to inherit schizophrenia might be those associated with psychosocial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Clinical Psychobiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
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Kegeles LS, Shungu DC, Anjilvel S, Chan S, Ellis SP, Xanthopoulos E, Malaspina D, Gorman JM, Mann JJ, Laruelle M, Kaufmann CA. Hippocampal pathology in schizophrenia: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies. Psychiatry Res 2000; 98:163-75. [PMID: 10821999 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4927(00)00044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a site of previously reported structural and functional abnormalities in schizophrenia. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure gray matter volumes, the neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and the combination of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), designated Glx. Measurements were obtained of the medial temporal lobe, centered on the hippocampus, in 10 male patients with schizophrenia (3 neuroleptic-medicated and 7 medication-free), and 10 matched normal volunteers. MRI volumetric measurements and MRS data obtained with short echo time (TE=20 ms) one-dimensional STEAM chemical shift imaging (CSI) on a GE 1.5 Tesla Signa system were analyzed. A laterality index ¿(L-R)/(L+R) was generated from the ratio of Glx to choline-containing compounds (Cho) to test asymmetry changes. Reliability of the MRS measures was assessed with five test-retest studies of healthy volunteers and showed coefficients of variation (CV) in the range of 36-44% for the MRS ratios and standard deviations (S.D.) of 0.15-0.17 for the laterality indices. The Glx/Cho laterality index showed a relative right-sided excess in this region in the patients (-0.23+/-0.20) compared to the controls (+0.06+/-0.20), which was not confounded by tissue composition or placement variability of the MRS voxels. Hippocampal volume deficit and asymmetry were not significant, and other MRS measures showed no differences between patients and controls. The preliminary finding of a lateralized abnormality in Glx is consistent with postmortem findings of asymmetric neurochemical temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kegeles
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Nicolson R, Lenane M, Singaracharlu S, Malaspina D, Giedd JN, Hamburger SD, Gochman P, Bedwell J, Thaker GK, Fernandez T, Wudarsky M, Hommer DW, Rapoport JL. Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:794-800. [PMID: 10784474 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As both premorbid neurodevelopmental impairments and familial risk factors for schizophrenia are prominent in childhood-onset cases (with onset of psychosis by age 12), their relationship was examined. METHOD Premorbid language, motor, and social impairments were assessed in a cohort of 49 patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications were assessed without knowledge of premorbid abnormalities and were compared in the patients with and without developmental impairments. RESULTS Over one-half of the patients in this group had developmental dysfunction in each domain assessed. The patients with premorbid speech and language impairments had higher familial loading scores for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and more obstetrical complications, and their relatives had worse smooth-pursuit eye movements. The boys had more premorbid motor abnormalities, but early language and social impairments did not differ significantly between genders. There were no other significant relationships between premorbid social or motor abnormalities and the risk factors assessed here. CONCLUSIONS Premorbid developmental impairments are common in childhood-onset schizophrenia. The rates of three risk factors for schizophrenia (familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications) were increased for the probands with premorbid speech and language impairments, suggesting that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves the abnormal development of language-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicolson
- The Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA.
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Brébion G, Smith MJ, Gorman JM, Malaspina D, Sharif Z, Amador X. Memory and schizophrenia: differential link of processing speed and selective attention with two levels of encoding. J Psychiatr Res 2000; 34:121-7. [PMID: 10758253 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how underlying cognitive deficits such as a defect in processing speed or in selective attention contributed to different types of memory impairment observed in schizophrenia (superficial vs deep encoding). 49 schizophrenic patients and 40 normal controls were administered a verbal memory task. Superficial encoding was assessed by the ability to recall items in their serial order. Deep encoding was assessed by the ability to organise words into semantic categories. Two measures of processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Stroop colour time) and one measure of selective attention (Stroop test) were used. Regression analyses were carried out. In the patient group, processing speed contributed to both superficial and deep encoding, and to a global verbal memory score. Selective attention only contributed to the superficial encoding processes. Thus, slowing of processing speed in schizophrenia seems to be more crucial for memory performance, since it affects memory in a pervasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Faraone SV, Meyer J, Matise T, Svrakic D, Pepple J, Malaspina D, Suarez B, Hampe C, Chan G, Aelony A, Friedman JH, Kaufmann C, Cloninger CR, Tsuang MT. Suggestive linkage of chromosome 10p to schizophrenia is not due to transmission ratio distortion. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:607-8. [PMID: 10581477 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<607::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genome scan of the European-American schizophrenia families from the Human Genetics Initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reported a suggestive linkage to chromosome 10p. Subsequently, Paterson and Petronis [1999] reported evidence for transmission ratio distortion on 10p to females. They suggested that transmission ratio distortion to females might have created spurious evidence for linkage to 10p. To address this issue, we reanalyzed our 10p data using only male-male affected sibling pairs. The two chromosome 10p markers that gave the most evidence for linkage in our prior report continued to show evidence for linkage: D10S1423 (NPL Z = 3.0, P = 0.001) and its neighbor D10S582 (NPL Z = 2.9, P = 0.002). These data suggest that our prior report of suggestive linkage of schizophrenia to markers on 10p cannot be attributed to the transmission ratio distortion to females reported by Paterson and Petronis. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:607-608, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Faraone
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Kayser J, Bruder GE, Friedman D, Tenke CE, Amador XF, Clark SC, Malaspina D, Gorman JM. Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) in schizophrenia during a word recognition memory task. Int J Psychophysiol 1999; 34:249-65. [PMID: 10610049 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairments of recognition memory for words and attenuation of the ERP 'old-new' effect have been found in patients with left medial temporal lobe damage. If left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia involves medial structures (e.g. hippocampus), then schizophrenic patients might show similar abnormalities of verbal recognition memory. This study recorded ERPs from 30 electrode sites while subjects were engaged in a continuous word recognition memory task. Results are reported for 24 patients having a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 16) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 8) and 19 age-matched healthy controls. Both patients and controls showed the expected 'old-new' effect, with greater late positivity to correctly recognized old words at posterior sites, and there was also no significant difference between groups in P3 amplitude. However, accuracy of word recognition memory was poorer in patients than controls, and patients showed markedly smaller N2 amplitude. Reduced amplitudes of N2 and N2-P3 were associated with poorer performance, with highest correlations over the left inferior parietal (N2) and left medial parietal (N2-P3) region. Moreover, patients failed to show significantly greater left than right hemisphere amplitude of N2-P3 at posterior sites, which was seen for healthy controls. These findings suggest that impaired word recognition in schizophrenia may arise from a left lateralized deficit at an early stage of processing, beginning at 200-300 ms after word onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kayser
- Department of Biopsychology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
We wished to confirm and extend a previous correlational study of our group, suggesting that positive symptoms in schizophrenia were linked to an increase in certain types of memory errors, and negative symptoms to a decrease in other types of errors. A post-hoc analysis was conducted in 33 schizophrenic patients and 40 normal control subjects on memory errors collected in a free recall task and two types of recognition tasks. The memory errors were intrusions and list errors in free recall, and decision bias towards false alarms in recognition, all assumed to reflect a source-monitoring failure. In a first analysis, the patient sample was split along the median for positive symptoms as rated by the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). In a second analysis, it was split along the median for negative symptoms as rated by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Patients with high ratings of positive symptoms made more memory errors (intrusions, list errors, false alarms) than those with low ratings, supporting the hypothesis of a link between positive symptomatology and source-monitoring failure. On the other hand, patients with high ratings of negative symptoms made fewer of these errors than the other patients. Fewer errors were specifically associated with more affective flattening, alogia and anhedonia, whereas avolition was entirely unrelated to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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