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Quispe-Salcedo A, Yamazaki T, Ohshima H. Effects of Synthetic Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand Molecules on Pulpal Immunomodulatory Response and Repair after Injuries. Biomolecules 2024; 14:931. [PMID: 39199319 PMCID: PMC11353191 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODNs) are ligand molecules for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which is expressed by odontoblasts in vitro and dental pulp cells. This study determined the effects of CpG-ODNs on pulpal immunomodulatory response and repair following injury. Briefly, the upper right first molars of three-week-old mice were extracted, immersed in Type A (D35) or B (K3) CpG-ODN solutions (0.1 or 0.8 mM) for 30 min, and then replanted. Pulpal healing and immunomodulatory activity were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and AZAN staining, as well as immunohistochemistry. One week following the operation, inflammatory reactions occurred in all of the experimental groups; however, re-revascularization and newly formed hard tissue deposition were observed in the pulp chamber of all groups at week 2. A positive trend in the expression of immune cell markers was observed toward the CpG-ODN groups at 0.1 mM. Our data suggest that synthetic CpG-ODN solutions at low concentrations may evoke a long-lasting macrophage-TLR9-mediated pro-inflammatory, rather than anti-inflammatory, response in the dental pulp to modulate the repair process and hard tissue formation. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of current immunomodulatory agents in vitro and in vivo and develop treatment strategies for dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Quispe-Salcedo
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute of Material Sciences (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan;
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
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2
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Wang Y, Kulkarni VV, Pantaleón García J, Leiva-Juárez MM, Goldblatt DL, Gulraiz F, Vila Ellis L, Chen J, Longmire MK, Donepudi SR, Lorenzi PL, Wang H, Wong LJ, Tuvim MJ, Evans SE. Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial immunometabolic modulation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011138. [PMID: 37695784 PMCID: PMC10522048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infection an urgent need. Manipulating the lungs' intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), increases mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), differentially modulates ETC complex activities and consequently results in leak of electrons from ETC complex III and superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy to broadly protect against pneumonia without reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miguel M. Leiva-Juárez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisandra Vila Ellis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Longmire
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Wang Y, Kulkarni VV, Pantaleón García J, Leiva-Juárez MM, Goldblatt DL, Gulraiz F, Chen J, Donepudi SR, Lorenzi PL, Wang H, Wong LJ, Tuvim MJ, Evans SE. Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial metabolic reprogramming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524841. [PMID: 36711510 PMCID: PMC9882263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infections an urgent need. We have previously shown that manipulating the lungs' intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of a unique dyad of pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) without dependence on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), enhances mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψm ), and differentially modulates ETC complex activities. These combined effects promote leak of electrons from ETC complex III, resulting in superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy that has the potential to broadly protect patients against pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability without reliance on currently available antibiotics. Author Summary Pneumonia is a major cause of death worldwide. Increasing antibiotic resistance and expanding immunocompromised populations continue to enhance the clinical urgency to find new strategies to prevent and treat pneumonia. We have identified a novel inhaled therapeutic that stimulates lung epithelial defenses to protect mice against pneumonia in a manner that depends on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we report that the induction of protective ROS from lung epithelial mitochondria occurs following the interaction of one component of the treatment, an oligodeoxynucleotide, with the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1. This interaction alters energy transfer between the mitochondria and the cytosol, resulting in metabolic reprogramming that drives more electrons into the electron transport chain, then causes electrons to leak from the electron transport chain to form protective ROS. While antioxidant therapies are endorsed in many other disease states, we present here an example of therapeutic induction of ROS that is associated with broad protection against pneumonia without reliance on administration of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel M. Leiva-Juárez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Tu ATT, Hoshi K, Ma Y, Oyama T, Suzuki S, Tsukakoshi K, Nagasawa K, Ikebukuro K, Yamazaki T. Effects of G-Quadruplex Ligands on the Topology, Stability, and Immunostimulatory Properties of G-Quadruplex-Based CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1703-1713. [PMID: 35765965 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the formation of guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures provides phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG ODNs) with higher nuclease resistance and cellular uptake, thereby increasing their immunostimulation efficiency through TLR9 activation. CpG ODNs forming G4 structures (G4 CpG ODNs) are thus potential vaccine adjuvants against infectious diseases. However, the G4 structure changes topology depending on the surrounding environment. Recently, G4 ligands, which are small molecules that bind to G4 ODNs with high affinity, were reported to improve the stability of G4. In this study, we propose to increase the stability and function of G4 CpG ODNs using G4 ligands. We show the effects of two G4 ligands, named L2H2-6OTD (L2H2) and L2G2-2M2EG-6OTD (L2G2), on the topology, stability, and immunostimulatory properties of a monomeric hybrid-type G4 CpG ODN containing CpG motifs in the central loop, named GD3. We found that L2H2 helps maintain the hybrid G4 topology of GD3, whereas L2G2 induces parallel G4 formation. Both G4 ligands increase the thermodynamic and nuclease stability of GD3. However, only GD3 associated with L2H2 binds efficiently to TLR9 and evokes a higher immune response from mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells. GD3 associated with L2G2 does not bind efficiently to TLR9 and elicits lower cytokine production. Our results demonstrate that the potential to enhance immunostimulatory properties depends on the ability of G4 ligands to maintain and stabilize the hybrid G4 of GD3. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate the development of more effective G4 CpG ODN-based vaccine adjuvants against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Tram Tu
- Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.,Division of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.,Department of Magnetic and Biomedical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Viet Nam.,Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Kazuaki Hoshi
- Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Taiji Oyama
- JASCO Corporation, 2967-5, Ishikawamachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8537, Japan
| | - Satoko Suzuki
- JASCO Corporation, 2967-5, Ishikawamachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8537, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsukakoshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.,Division of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
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5
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Iswanti FC, Nurulita I, Djauzi S, Sadikin M, Witarto AB, Yamazaki T. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of chitosan-based nanoparticles as CpG ODN carriers. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1578690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Febriana Catur Iswanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indah Nurulita
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa, Indonesia
| | - Samsuridjal Djauzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Sadikin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arief Budi Witarto
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa, Indonesia
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Nanomedicine group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
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6
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Sanjaya A, Elder JR, Shah DH. Identification of new CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs that induce expression of interleukin-1β and nitric oxide in avian macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:1-7. [PMID: 29042009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs are known to stimulate mammalian toll-like receptor-9 expressing cells such as macrophages. However, the magnitude of immune-stimulation by CpG-motif can be sequence- and host-specific, implying the importance of identifying new immune-stimulatory motifs. This study aimed to determine the frequency distribution of 256 unique hexamers CpG-motifs in the Salmonella genome and to characterize their immune-stimulatory activity in avian host. We synthesized 256 CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) each containing triplicates of a unique hexamer CpG-motif and tested their ability to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in avian macrophages using q-RT PCR in four rounds of screening assays. CpG-ODNs that induced significantly higher IL-1β expression were also subjected to Griess assay to determine their ability to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in avian macrophages. This analysis resulted in identification of 7 CpG-ODNs that consistently induced IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages at a level similar to the expression achieved using commercially available PTO-CpG-ODN 2007 and LPS derived from Salmonella. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing comprehensive screening of all possible unique CpG hexamer (n=256) motifs for their ability to induce IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages. We also show that the newly identified CpG-motifs with high immune-stimulatory activity are widely distributed in Salmonella genome. The CpG-ODNs identified in this study may serve as promising immunoprophylactics to potentiate innate responses in chickens against Salmonella and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Sanjaya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Jacob R Elder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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7
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Yu H, Bai L, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yu Y. Repetitive extragenic palindromic DNA sequences from Brucella melitensis stimulate Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:271-276. [PMID: 27922679 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella DNA activates the host innate immune system via the intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the Brucella DNA sequences which are responsible for these immunostimulatory effects remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that repetitive extragenic palindromic (REPs) sequences present in Brucella DNA were able to stimulate macrophages through TLR9. The induction of interferon-α (IFN-α) production by Brucella REPs was detected in cultured RAW264.7 mouse macrophages as well as in Wistar rats. Knockdown of TLR9 expression by siRNA in macrophages led to a reduction in IFN-α production following REPs stimulation. In addition, it was confirmed that the activating capacity of Brucella REPs is CpG dependent. Induction of IFN-α by Brucella REPs was completely abrogated when REP sequences were transformed into non-CpG sequences or by C-methylated modifications. Furthermore, it was observed that REPs-initiated TLR9/NF-κB and TLR9/MAPK signaling pathways contributed to the production of IFN-α. The identification of Brucella REPs as natural TLR9 agonists may be useful for the development of novel therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014010, P.R. China
| | - Yaxian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, P.R. China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014010, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
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8
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Holm KL, Indrevaer RL, Myklebust JH, Kolstad A, Moskaug JØ, Naderi EH, Blomhoff HK. Myeloid cell leukaemia 1 has a vital role in retinoic acid-mediated protection of Toll-like receptor 9-stimulated B cells from spontaneous and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Immunology 2016; 149:62-73. [PMID: 27278254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential anti-infective agent with pleiotropic effects on cells of the immune system. The goal of the present study was to unravel the impact of the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) on B-cell survival related both to normal B-cell homeostasis and to the detrimental effects imposed by DNA-damaging agents. By combining RA with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands, we show that RA prevents spontaneous, irradiation- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of human B cells in an RA receptor-dependent manner. RA-mediated survival involved up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) at the transcriptional level, and knock down of MCL1 by small interfering RNA partially reversed the effects of RA. To ensure that the combination of TLR9-ligands and RA would not promote the survival of malignant B cells, the combined effects of stimulation with RA and TLR9 ligands was assessed on cells from patients with B-cell malignancies. In contrast to the effects on normal B cells, the combination of TLR9 stimulation and RA neither enhanced the MCL1 levels nor inhibited the death of malignant B cells challenged by DNA-damaging agents. Taken together, the present results reveal a vital role of MCL1 in RA-mediated survival of normal B cells. Moreover, the findings suggest that RA in combination with TLR9 ligands might be useful adjuvants in the treatment of B-cell malignancies by selectively protecting normal and not malignant B cells from DNA-damage-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi L Indrevaer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Øivind Moskaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin H Naderi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi K Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Meseure D, Vacher S, Drak Alsibai K, Trassard M, Nicolas A, Leclere R, Lerebours F, Guinebretiere JM, Marangoni E, Lidereau R, Bieche I. Biopathological Significance of TLR9 Expression in Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment Across Invasive Breast Carcinomas Subtypes. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 9:107-118. [PMID: 27392414 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-016-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors mainly expressed by cells of the immune system but also by epithelial tumor cells. Little is known about expression patterns of TLR genes in breast tumors, and their clinical significance is unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate expression of TLRs pathway components in pre-invasive breast lesions and invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs). We used RT-PCR assays to quantify mRNA levels of the 10 TLR genes and genes involved in TLR pathways in 350 breast tumors from patients with known clinical/pathological status and long-term outcome. Sets of 158 breast samples were also analyzed by immunochemistry including; 40 early noninvasive breast lesions, 38 IBCs and 80 triple negative carcinomas subtype (TNCs). We identified TLR9 as the major TLR gene family member upregulated in breast tumors and more particularly in TNCs. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that TLR9 protein was expressed in tumor epithelial and stromal cells of the TLR9 mRNA-overexpressing tumors. TLR9 overexpression appears very early during breast carcinogenesis. High TLR9 levels were associated with favorable outcome in the TNC sub-group. TLR9 overexpression was associated with alterations of down-stream components of the TLR9 signaling pathway, epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction and EGFR pathway deregulation. TNCs with TLR9 overexpression were significantly correlated with development of a fibrous and inflammatory microenvironment with variable status of nuclear phosphoSTAT3. Our results suggest that TLR9 could play a role in TNC carcinogenesis and could be useful as predictive biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Meseure
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France. .,Platform of Investigative Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France. .,Department of Biopathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | - André Nicolas
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Leclere
- Department of Biopathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Florence Lerebours
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Rosette Lidereau
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,EA 7331, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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10
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Pohar J, Lainšček D, Fukui R, Yamamoto C, Miyake K, Jerala R, Benčina M. Species-Specific Minimal Sequence Motif for Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Activating Mouse TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4396-405. [PMID: 26416273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG recapitulate the activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA. ODNs are potent stimulators of the immune response in cells expressing TLR9. Despite extensive use of mice as experimental animals in basic and applied immunological research, the key sequence determinants that govern the activation of mouse TLR9 by ODNs have not been well defined. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motif of B class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern mouse TLR9 activation. In contrast to ODNs activating human TLR9, where the minimal sequence motif for the receptor activation comprises a pair of closely positioned CpGs we found that the mouse TLR9 requires a single CpG positioned 4-6 nt from the 5'-end. Activation is augmented by a 5'TCC sequence one to three nucleotides from the CG. The distance of the CG dinucleotide of four to six nucleotides from the 5'-end and the ODN's length fine-tunes activation of mouse macrophages. Length of the ODN <23 and >29 nt decreases activation of dendritic cells. The ODNs with minimal sequence induce Th1-type cytokine synthesis in dendritic cells and confirm the expression of cell surface markers in B cells. Identification of the minimal sequence provides an insight into the sequence selectivity of mouse TLR9 and points to the differences in the receptor selectivity between species probably as a result of differences in the receptor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Chikako Yamamoto
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bryant CE, Gay NJ, Heymans S, Sacre S, Schaefer L, Midwood KS. Advances in Toll-like receptor biology: Modes of activation by diverse stimuli. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:359-79. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1033511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
- ICIN – Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK,
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Pohar J, Kužnik Krajnik A, Jerala R, Benčina M. Minimal sequence requirements for oligodeoxyribonucleotides activating human TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3901-8. [PMID: 25780037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG (unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide) motifs activate endosomal TLR9. The nucleotide sequence, length, and dimerization properties of ODNs modulate their activation of TLR9. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motifs of B-class and C-class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern TLR9 activation. ODNs shorter than 21 nt and with the adenosine adjacent to the cytidine-guanosine (CG) dinucleotide motif led to a significant loss of the propensity to activate TLR9. The distance between the stimulatory CpG motifs within the ODN fine-tunes the activation of B cells. The minimal ODNs that activate human TLR9 comprise 2 CG dinucleotides separated by 6-10 nt, where the first CpG motif is preceded by the 5'-thymidine and the elongated poly-thymidine tail at the 3' end of the ODN. The minimal sequence provides insight into the molecular mechanism of TLR9 ligand recognition. On the basis of sequence requirements, we conclude that two binding sites with different affinities for CG are formed in the human TLR9 dimer, with a very stringent binding site interacting with the 5' CpG motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Alenka Kužnik Krajnik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Sandholm J, Selander KS. Toll-like receptor 9 in breast cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:330. [PMID: 25101078 PMCID: PMC4105583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a Th1-biased adaptive immune attack. In addition to cells of the immune system, TLR9 mRNA and protein are also widely expressed in breast cancer cell lines and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Although synthetic TLR9-ligands induce cancer cell invasion in vitro, the role of TLR9 in cancer pathophysiology has remained unclear. In the studies conducted so far, tumor TLR9 expression has been shown to have prognostic significance only in patients that have triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Specifically, high tumor TLR9 expression predicts good prognosis among TNBC patients. Pre-clinical studies suggest that TLR9 expression may affect tumor immunophenotype and contribute to the immunogenic benefit of chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the possible contribution of tumor TLR9 to the pathogenesis and treatment responses in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Katri S Selander
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital , Rovaniemi , Finland ; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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Chen N, Wei M, Sun Y, Li F, Pei H, Li X, Su S, He Y, Wang L, Shi J, Fan C, Huang Q. Self-assembly of poly-adenine-tailed CpG oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticle nanoconjugates with immunostimulatory activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:368-375. [PMID: 23963797 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) possess high immunostimulatory activity and have been widely used as a therapeutic tool for various diseases including infection, allergies, and cancer. A variety of nanocarriers have been developed for intracellular delivery of CpG ODNs that are otherwise nonpermeable through the cellular membrane. For example, previous studies showed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could efficiently deliver synthetic thiolated CpG ODNs into cultured cells and induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, the necessity of using thiolated CpG ODNs for the modification of AuNPs inevitably complicates the synthesis of the nanoconjugates and increases the cost. A new approach is demonstrated for facile assembly of AuNP-CpG nanoconjugates for cost-effective drug delivery. It is found that non-thiolated, diblock ODNs containing a CpG motif and a poly-adenine (polyA) tail can readily self-assemble on the surface of AuNPs with controllable and tunable density. Such nanoconjugates are efficiently delivered into RAW264.7 cells and induce immune response in a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent manner. Under optimal conditions, polyA-CpG-AuNPs show significantly higher immunostimulatory activity than their thiolated counterpart. In addition, the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-AuNPs can be modulated by varying the length of the polyA tail. In vivo induction of immune responses in mice is demonstrated by using polyA-tailed CpG-AuNP nanoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Sychrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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