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Chen W, Hu J, He Y, Yu L, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Jia B, Li X, Yu G, Wang Y. The Interaction Between SMAD1 and YAP1 Is Correlated with Increased Resistance of Gastric Cancer Cells to Cisplatin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6050-6067. [PMID: 36418715 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major obstacle leading to treating failure and poor outcome in gastric cancer (GC). This study explores the interaction between SMAD family member 1 (SMAD1) and Yes1-associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) and their roles in cisplatin (DDP) resistance in GC. Transcriptome analysis predicted that SMAD1 is highly expressed in DDP-resistant cells. Elevated SMAD1 expression was detected in GC tissue and cells, especially in DDP-resistant cells (MKN-45/DDP and AGS/DDP). SMAD1 downregulation in cells decreased 50% inhibition value of DDP, reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. A protein-protein interaction network suggested a possible SMAD1 and YAP1 interaction in GC. The SMAD1 and YAP1 interaction was validated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and luciferase assays. SMAD1 bound to YAP1 and activated its transcription. SMAD1 formed complexes with YAP1 in nucleus, and YAP1 upregulation enhanced SMAD1 activity as well. Upregulation of YAP1 restored the malignant behaviors of GC cells suppressed by SMAD1 silencing. In vivo, SMAD1 silencing suppressed growth and DDP resistance of xenograft tumors in nude mice, and this suppression was blocked by YAP1 overexpression again. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SMAD1 can interact with YAP1 to enhance the DDP resistance of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- Department of Aviation Health, Anhui Branch of China Eastern Airlines Co. LTD, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Benli Jia
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hefei Da'an Medical Laboratory Co., LTD, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Martinez L, Rojas MG, Tabbara M, Pereira-Simon S, Santos Falcon N, Rauf MA, Challa A, Zigmond ZM, Griswold AJ, Duque JC, Lassance-Soares RM, Velazquez OC, Salman LH, Vazquez-Padron RI. The Transcriptomics of the Human Vein Transformation After Arteriovenous Fistula Anastomosis Uncovers Layer-Specific Remodeling and Hallmarks of Maturation Failure. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:837-850. [PMID: 37069981 PMCID: PMC10105062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular transformation of the human preaccess vein after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is poorly understood. This limits our ability to design efficacious therapies to improve maturation outcomes. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by paired bioinformatic analyses and validation assays were performed in 76 longitudinal vascular biopsies (veins and AVFs) from 38 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease undergoing surgeries for 2-stage AVF creation (19 matured, 19 failed). Results A total of 3637 transcripts were differentially expressed between veins and AVFs independent of maturation outcomes, with 80% upregulated in fistulas. The postoperative transcriptome demonstrated transcriptional activation of basement membrane and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including preexisting and novel collagens, proteoglycans, hemostasis factors, and angiogenesis regulators. A postoperative intramural cytokine storm involved >80 chemokines, interleukins, and growth factors. Postoperative changes in ECM expression were differentially distributed in the AVF wall, with proteoglycans and fibrillar collagens predominantly found in the intima and media, respectively. Interestingly, upregulated matrisome genes were enough to make a crude separation of AVFs that failed from those with successful maturation. We identified 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in association with AVF maturation failure, including upregulation of network collagen VIII in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and downregulation of endothelial-predominant transcripts and ECM regulators. Conclusion This work delineates the molecular changes that characterize venous remodeling after AVF creation and those relevant to maturation failure. We provide an essential framework to streamline translational models and our search for antistenotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel G. Rojas
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Simone Pereira-Simon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nieves Santos Falcon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Akshara Challa
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan C. Duque
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Roberta M. Lassance-Soares
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Omaida C. Velazquez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Loay H. Salman
- Division of Nephrology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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Mongre RK, Mishra CB, Jung S, Lee BS, Quynh NTN, Anh NH, Myagmarjav D, Jo T, Lee MS. Exploring the Role of TRIP-Brs in Human Breast Cancer: An Investigation of Expression, Clinicopathological Significance, and Prognosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:105-126. [PMID: 33102693 PMCID: PMC7554327 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TRIP-Brs, a group of transcription factors (TFs) that modulate several mechanisms in higher organisms. However, the novel paradigm to target TRIP-Brs in specific cancer remains to be deciphered. In particular, comprehensive analysis of TRIP-Brs in clinicopathological and patients’ prognosis, especially in breast cancer (BRCA), is being greatly ignored. Therefore, we explored the key roles of TRIP-Br expression, modulatory effects, mutations, immune infiltration, and prognosis in BRCA using multidimensional approaches. We found elevated levels of TRIP-Brs in numerous cancer tissues than normal. Higher expression of TRIP-Br-2/4/5 was shown to be positively associated with lower survival, tumor grade, and malignancy of patients with BRCA. Additionally, higher TRIP-Br-3/4 were also significantly linked with worse/short survival of BRCA patients. TRIP-Br-1/4/5 were significantly overexpressed and enhanced tumorigenesis in large-scale BRCA datasets. The mRNA levels of TRIP-Brs have been also correlated with tumor immune infiltrate in BRCA patients. In addition, TRIP-Brs synergistically play a pivotal role in central carbon metabolism, cancer-associated pathways, cell cycle, and thyroid hormone signaling, which evoke that TRIP-Brs may be a potential target for the therapy of BRCA. Thus, this investigation may lay a foundation for further research on TRIP-Br-mediated management of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Mongre
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandra Bhushan Mishra
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Samil Jung
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Suk Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Ngoc Quynh
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Hai Anh
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Davaajragal Myagmarjav
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Jo
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwon gil-52, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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Perera N, Ritchie RH, Tate M. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Diabetic Complications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:11-20. [PMID: 32259084 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is placing a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Diabetes has a detrimental impact on many organs in the human body, including accelerating the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Current therapeutic options to treat diabetic complications have their limitations. Importantly, many slow but fail to reverse the progression of diabetic complications. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved subgroup of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, signaling via serine/threonine kinase receptors, that have recently been implicated in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the setting of diabetes. Downstream of the receptors, the signal can be transduced via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway or the noncanonical Smad-independent pathways. BMPs are essential in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and, as expected, disease pathogenesis. In fact, deletion of BMPs can be embryonically lethal or result in severe organ abnormalities. This review outlines the BMP signaling pathway and its relevance to diabetic complications, namely, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Understanding the complexities of BMP signaling and particularly its tissue-, cellular-, and time-dependent actions will help delineate the underlying pathogenesis of the disease and may ultimately be harnessed in the treatment of diabetes-induced complications. This would replicate progress made in numerous other diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimna Perera
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Stratton MS, Bagchi RA, Felisbino MB, Hirsch RA, Smith HE, Riching AS, Enyart BY, Koch KA, Cavasin MA, Alexanian M, Song K, Qi J, Lemieux ME, Srivastava D, Lam MPY, Haldar SM, Lin CY, McKinsey TA. Dynamic Chromatin Targeting of BRD4 Stimulates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation. Circ Res 2019; 125:662-677. [PMID: 31409188 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Small molecule inhibitors of the acetyl-histone binding protein BRD4 have been shown to block cardiac fibrosis in preclinical models of heart failure (HF). However, since the inhibitors target BRD4 ubiquitously, it is unclear whether this chromatin reader protein functions in cell type-specific manner to control pathological myocardial fibrosis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms by which BRD4 stimulates the transcriptional program for cardiac fibrosis remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the hypothesis that BRD4 functions in a cell-autonomous and signal-responsive manner to control activation of cardiac fibroblasts, which are the major extracellular matrix-producing cells of the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS RNA-sequencing, mass spectrometry, and cell-based assays employing primary adult rat ventricular fibroblasts demonstrated that BRD4 functions as an effector of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) signaling to stimulate conversion of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts into Periostin (Postn)-positive cells that express high levels of extracellular matrix. These findings were confirmed in vivo through whole-transcriptome analysis of cardiac fibroblasts from mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction and treated with the small molecule BRD4 inhibitor, JQ1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed that BRD4 undergoes stimulus-dependent, genome-wide redistribution in cardiac fibroblasts, becoming enriched on a subset of enhancers and super-enhancers, and leading to RNA polymerase II activation and expression of downstream target genes. Employing the Sertad4 (SERTA domain-containing protein 4) locus as a prototype, we demonstrate that dynamic chromatin targeting of BRD4 is controlled, in part, by p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and provide evidence of a critical function for Sertad4 in TGF-β-mediated cardiac fibroblast activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings define BRD4 as a central regulator of the pro-fibrotic cardiac fibroblast phenotype, establish a p38-dependent signaling circuit for epigenetic reprogramming in heart failure, and uncover a novel role for Sertad4. The work provides a mechanistic foundation for the development of BRD4 inhibitors as targeted anti-fibrotic therapies for the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Stratton
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Marina B Felisbino
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Rachel A Hirsch
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.A.H., H.E.S., C.Y.L.)
| | - Harrison E Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.A.H., H.E.S., C.Y.L.)
| | - Andrew S Riching
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Blake Y Enyart
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Keith A Koch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Michael Alexanian
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (M.A., D.S., S.M.H.)
| | - Kunhua Song
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (J.Q.)
| | | | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (M.A., D.S., S.M.H.)
| | - Maggie P Y Lam
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (M.A., D.S., S.M.H.).,Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA (S.M.H.).,Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen, San Francisco, CA (S.M.H.)
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.A.H., H.E.S., C.Y.L.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation (M.S.S., R.A.B., M.B.F., A.S.R., B.Y.E., K.A.K., M.A.C., K.S., M.P.Y.L., T.A.M.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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