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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Schiedel AC, Moreira IS. Class A and C GPCR Dimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2081-2141. [PMID: 35339177 PMCID: PMC9886835 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220327221830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect over 30 million people worldwide with an ascending trend. Most individuals suffering from these irreversible brain damages belong to the elderly population, with onset between 50 and 60 years. Although the pathophysiology of such diseases is partially known, it remains unclear upon which point a disease turns degenerative. Moreover, current therapeutics can treat some of the symptoms but often have severe side effects and become less effective in long-term treatment. For many neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), which are key players of neuronal transmission and plasticity, has become clearer and holds great promise in elucidating their biological mechanism. With this review, we introduce and summarize class A and class C GPCRs, known to form heterodimers or oligomers to increase their signalling repertoire. Additionally, the examples discussed here were shown to display relevant alterations in brain signalling and had already been associated with the pathophysiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we classified the heterodimers into two categories of crosstalk, positive or negative, for which there is known evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; ,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,Address correspondence to this author at the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; E-mail:
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Cantero-García N, Flores-Burgess A, Pineda-Gómez JP, Orio L, Serrano A, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Millón C. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1−15) reduces alcohol seeking and alcohol relapse in rats: Involvement of mesocorticolimbic system. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3755. [PMID: 35954419 PMCID: PMC9367524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to show the involvement of the galaninergic system in neuroendocrine (phaeochromocytomas, insulinomas, neuroblastic tumors, pituitary tumors, small-cell lung cancer) and non-neuroendocrine (gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioma) tumors. The galaninergic system is involved in tumorigenesis, invasion/migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis, and this system has been correlated with tumor size/stage/subtypes, metastasis and recurrence rate. In the galaninergic system, epigenetic mechanisms have been related with carcinogenesis and recurrence rate. Galanin (GAL) exerts both proliferative and antiproliferative actions in tumor cells. GAL receptors (GALRs) mediate different signal transduction pathways and actions, depending on the particular G protein involved and the tumor cell type. In general, the activation of GAL1R promoted an antiproliferative effect, whereas the activation of GAL2R induced antiproliferative or proliferative actions. GALRs could be used in certain tumors as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for treatment, prognosis and surgical outcome. The current data show the importance of the galaninergic system in the development of certain tumors and suggest future potential clinical antitumor applications using GAL agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Grupo GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population's mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
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Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111826. [PMID: 35681521 PMCID: PMC9180493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.
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Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110478. [PMID: 34801611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood disorders on the patients themselves, they challenge the health care system with enormous social and economic impacts. Due to the high proportion of patients not responding to existing drugs, finding new treatment strategies has become an important topic in neurobiology, and there is much evidence that neuropeptides are not only involved in the physiology of stress but may also be clinically important. Based on preclinical trial data, new neuropharmaceutical candidates may target neuropeptides and their receptors and are expected to be essential and valuable tools in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the current article, we have summarized data obtained from animal models of depressive disorder and transgenic mouse models. We also focus on previously published research data of clinical studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stress research fields.
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The Combination of Galanin (1–15) and Escitalopram in Rats Suggests a New Strategy for Alcohol Use Disorder Comorbidity with Depression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020412. [PMID: 35203621 PMCID: PMC8962322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent, and over 50% of AUD patients also suffer major depressive disorders. Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can reduce rodent ethanol drinking but exert modest clinical efficacy in alcoholic individuals. Finding new pharmacological strategies that could modulate alcohol consumption and depression is necessary. We have analyzed the effect of Galanin (1–15) [GAL(1–15)] on escitalopram (ESC)-mediated effect in alcohol consumption using the alcohol self-administration test, the nuclei involved in the effect, and whether GAL(1–15) + ESC modulated the response in despair or anxiety tests in animals under chronic alcohol intake. GAL(1–15) + ESC combination substantially reduced alcohol intake in the alcohol self-administration test and, moreover, enhanced the reduction of reward capacity of ESC on different reinforcers such as sucrose or saccharine. GAL(1–15) + ESC coadministration significantly decreases the number of C-Fos-IR TH cell bodies in the VTA, and PCA analysis suggests that one functional network, including VTA, RMTg and DR, is involved in these effects. Significantly in rats with chronic alcohol consumption, GAL(1–15) reversed adverse ESC-mediated effects in the depression-related behavioural test and forced swimming test. The results open up the possibility of using GAL(1–15) in combination with the SSRI Escitalopram as a novel strategy in AUD comorbidity with depression.
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) Enhances the Behavioral Effects of Fluoxetine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Rat, Suggesting a New Augmentation Strategy in Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:307-318. [PMID: 34891163 PMCID: PMC9017770 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for the treatment of major depression. However, they are effective for remission in only 30% of patients. Recently, we observed that Galanin (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced the antidepressant effects of FLX in naïve animals, suggesting a new augmentation strategy in depression. METHODS We have analyzed in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rats, the effect of GAL(1-15) on FLX-mediated responses in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test and the involvement of GAL receptor 2 with its antagonist, M871. We have also studied the corticosterone levels in OBX after the coadministration of GAL(1-15) with FLX. Moreover, we studied whether the effects of GAL(1-15) on FLX actions were mediated via auto- and heteroreceptor 5-HT1A (5-HT1AR), analyzing the binding characteristics, mRNA levels, and functionality of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus. RESULTS GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in OBX animals in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test. The involvement of the GALR2 was demonstrated with M871. Importantly, the mechanism underlying the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions in the OBX animals involves the 5-HT1AR in the hippocampus at the plasma membrane (increase of affinity and density of 5HT1AR in the DG) and transcriptional (increase of 5HT1AR mRNA levels in DG and CA1) levels. Besides, the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX also reduced OBX-increased corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS The results open the possibility to use GAL(1-15) in combination with FLX as a novel strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belen Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology ,University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Correspondence: Z. Díaz-Cabiale, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080 Málaga, Spain ()
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García-Durán L, Flores-Burgess A, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Santín L, Millón C, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin(1-15) Potentiates the Antidepressant-like Effects Induced by Escitalopram in a Rat Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10848. [PMID: 34639188 PMCID: PMC8509384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) are the first choice in major depressive disorder (MDD), but 50% of affected patients do not show improvement. Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced Fluoxetine antidepressant-like effects in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX); however, further detailed analysis of GAL(1-15) effects as augmentation treatment in OBX rats are needed. In OBX rats, we analysed the effect of GAL(1-15) on Escitalopram (ESC)-mediated responses in behavioural tests related to despair. We studied whether GAL(1-15) effects involved 5-HT1AR using an in vivo model siRNA 5-HT1A knockdown rats. Moreover, we analysed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the immediate-early gene c-Fos (c-Fos IR) after the administration of GAL(1-15)+ESC in OBX rats in several nuclei involved in MDD. GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects of ESC, and the GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions. The downregulation of 5-HT1AR by siRNA was sufficient to block GAL(1-15) effects. Our immunohistochemistry and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis suggest that two functional networks are involved in these effects; one includes the lateral (LHb) and medial (mHb) habenula, dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the other consists of the dentate gyrus (DG), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results open up the possibility of using GAL(1-15) in combination with SSRIs as a novel strategy for treating MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.G.-D.); (A.F.-B.); (N.C.-G.); (J.Á.N.)
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Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia-Relevance for Mental Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081902. [PMID: 34440670 PMCID: PMC8392445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1-15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Pita-Rodriguez M, Fores-Pons R, Barbancho MA, Fuxe K, Narváez M. Galanin and neuropeptide Y interactions elicit antidepressant activity linked to neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3565-3578. [PMID: 33044017 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A need for new antidepressants is necessary since traditional antidepressants have several flaws. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y1 receptor (NPYY1R) and galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in several regions of the limbic system, including the hippocampus. The current study assesses the antidepressant effects induced by GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation, together with the evaluation of cell proliferation through 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine expression within the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus (vDG). We employed in situ proximity ligation assay to manifest GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes. Additionally, the expression pattern of GALR2 and the activation of the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway after GALR2 and NPYY1R costimulation in cell cultures were examined. GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation resulted in sustained antidepressant behaviors in the FST after 24 h, linked to increased cell proliferation in the vDG. Moreover, an increased density of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes was observed in vDG, on doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts. Recruitment of the GALR2 expression to the plasma membrane was observed upon the coactivation of GALR2 and NPYY1R in cell cultures, presumably associated to the enhanced effects on the activation of ERK pathway. GALR2 may promote the GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes formation in the ventral hippocampus. It may induce a transformation of cell proliferation toward a neuronal lineage by enhancement of ERK pathway. Thus, it may give the mechanism for the antidepressant behavior observed. These results may provide the basis for the development of heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting GALR2/NPYY1R heteromers, especially in the neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus for the novel treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
- Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Mariana Pita-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Neurogenética, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ramón Fores-Pons
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Barbancho
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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12
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Neuropeptidergic Control of Feeding: Focus on the Galanin Family of Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052544. [PMID: 33802616 PMCID: PMC7961366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity/overweight are important health problems due to metabolic complications. Dysregulation of peptides exerting orexigenic/anorexigenic effects must be investigated in-depth to understand the mechanisms involved in feeding behaviour. One of the most important and studied orexigenic peptides is galanin (GAL). The aim of this review is to update the mechanisms of action and physiological roles played by the GAL family of peptides (GAL, GAL-like peptide, GAL message-associated peptide, alarin) in the control of food intake and to review the involvement of these peptides in metabolic diseases and food intake disorders in experimental animal models and humans. The interaction between GAL and NPY in feeding and energy metabolism, the relationships between GAL and other substances involved in food intake mechanisms, the potential pharmacological strategies to treat food intake disorders and obesity and the possible clinical applications will be mentioned and discussed. Some research lines are suggested to be developed in the future, such as studies focused on GAL receptor/neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic nuclei and sexual differences regarding the expression of GAL in feeding behaviour. It is also important to study the possible GAL resistance in obese individuals to better understand the molecular mechanisms by which GAL regulates insulin/glucose metabolism. GAL does not exert a pivotal role in weight regulation and food intake, but this role is crucial in fat intake and also exerts an important action by regulating the activity of other key compounds under conditions of stress/altered diet.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Ambrogini P, Chruścicka B, Lindskog M, Crespo-Ramirez M, Hernández-Mondragón JC, Perez de la Mora M, Schellekens H, Fuxe K. The Role of Central Serotonin Neurons and 5-HT Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Pathophysiology of Depression: A Historical Perspective and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041927. [PMID: 33672070 PMCID: PMC7919680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin communication operates mainly in the extracellular space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), using volume transmission with serotonin moving from source to target cells (neurons and astroglia) via energy gradients, leading to the diffusion and convection (flow) of serotonin. One emerging concept in depression is that disturbances in the integrative allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in highly vulnerable 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to causing major depression and become novel targets for the treatment of major depression (MD) and anxiety. For instance, a disruption and/or dysfunction in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin neuron systems can contribute to the development of MD. It leads inter alia to reduced neuroplasticity and potential atrophy in the raphe-cortical and raphe-striatal 5-HT pathways and in all its forebrain networks. Reduced 5-HT1A auto-receptor function, increased plasticity and trophic activity in the midbrain raphe 5-HT neurons can develop via agonist activation of allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heterocomplex. Additionally, the inhibitory allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in the 5-HT1AR-5-HT2AR isoreceptor complex therefore likely have a significant role in modulating mood, involving a reduction of postjunctional 5-HT1AR protomer signaling in the forebrain upon activation of the 5-HT2AR protomer. In addition, oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) play a significant and impressive role in modulating social and cognitive related behaviors like bonding and attachment, reward and motivation. Pathological blunting of the OXTR protomers in 5-HT2AR and especially in 5-HT2CR heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to the development of depression and other types of psychiatric diseases involving disturbances in social behaviors. The 5-HTR heterocomplexes are novel targets for the treatment of MD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Depression/metabolism
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Humans
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Lab B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy;
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
- Correspondence: (D.O.B.-E.); (K.F.); Tel.: +46-760-396-319 (D.O.B.-E.)
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30 252 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, 75 105 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Minerva Crespo-Ramirez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Juan C. Hernández-Mondragón
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Miguel Perez de la Mora
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.-R.); (J.C.H.-M.); (M.P.d.l.M.)
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Lab B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.O.B.-E.); (K.F.); Tel.: +46-760-396-319 (D.O.B.-E.)
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14
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An assembly of galanin-galanin receptor signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:269-275. [PMID: 33136286 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The galanin receptor family of proteins is present throughout the central nervous system and endocrine system. It comprises of three subtypes-GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3; all of which are G-protein-coupled receptors. Galanin predominantly acts as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator, which has several physiological as well as pathological functions. Galanin has a role in mediating food intake, memory, sexual behavior, nociception and is also associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pain. However, the understanding of signaling mechanisms of the galanin family of neuropeptides is limited and an organized pathway map is not yet available. Therefore, a detailed literature mining of the publicly available articles pertaining to the galanin receptor was followed by manual curation of the reactions and their integration into a map. This resulted in the cataloging of molecular reactions involving 64 molecules into five categories such as molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. For enabling easy access of biomedical researchers, the galanin-galanin receptor signaling pathway data was uploaded to WikiPathways ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4970 ), a freely available database of biological pathways.
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Demsie DG, Altaye BM, Weldekidan E, Gebremedhin H, Alema NM, Tefera MM, Bantie AT. Galanin Receptors as Drug Target for Novel Antidepressants: Review. Biologics 2020; 14:37-45. [PMID: 32368008 PMCID: PMC7183331 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s240715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a 29-amino-acid neuropeptide that serves multiple physiological functions throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Its role involves in a range of physiological and pathological functions including control of food intake, neuro-protection, neuronal regeneration, energy expenditure, reproduction, water balance, mood, nociception and various neuroendocrine functions. The use of currently available antidepressant drugs raises concerns regarding efficacy and onset of action; therefore, the need for antidepressants with novel mechanisms is increasing. Presently, various studies revealed the link between GAL and depression. Attenuation of depressive symptoms is achieved through inhibition of GalR1 and GalR3 and activation of GalR2. However, lack of receptor selectivity of ligands has limited the complete elucidation of effects of different receptors in depression-like behavior. Studies have suggested that GAL enhances the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and promotes availability of transcription proteins. This review addresses the role of GAL, GAL receptors (GALRs) ligands including selective peptides, and the mechanism of ligand receptor interaction in attenuating depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Getnet Demsie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Etsay Weldekidan
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hagazi Gebremedhin
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Abere Tilahun Bantie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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16
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Narváez M, Romero-Fernández W, Pinton L, Wydra K, Filip M, Beggiato S, Tanganelli S, Ferraro L, Fuxe K. Acute Cocaine Enhances Dopamine D 2R Recognition and Signaling and Counteracts D 2R Internalization in Sigma1R-D 2R Heteroreceptor Complexes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7045-7055. [PMID: 30972626 PMCID: PMC6728299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The current study was performed to establish the actions of nanomolar concentrations of cocaine, not blocking the dopamine transporter, on dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-sigma 1 receptor (δ1R) heteroreceptor complexes and the D2R protomer recognition, signaling and internalization in cellular models. We report the existence of D2R-δ1R heteroreceptor complexes in subcortical limbic areas as well as the dorsal striatum, with different distribution patterns using the in situ proximity ligation assay. Also, through BRET, these heteromers were demonstrated in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, saturation binding assay demonstrated that in membrane preparations of HEK293 cells coexpressing D2R and δ1R, cocaine (1 nM) significantly increased the D2R Bmax values over cells singly expressing D2R. CREB reporter luc-gene assay indicated that coexpressed δ1R significantly reduced the potency of the D2R-like agonist quinpirole to inhibit via D2R activation the forskolin induced increase of the CREB signal. In contrast, the addition of 100 nM cocaine was found to markedly increase the quinpirole potency to inhibit the forskolin-induced increase of the CREB signal in the D2R-δ1R cells. These events were associated with a marked reduction of cocaine-induced internalization of D2R protomers in D2R-δ1R heteromer-containing cells vs D2R singly expressing cells as studied by means of confocal analysis of D2R-δ1R trafficking and internalization. Overall, the formation of D2R-δ1R heteromers enhanced the ability of cocaine to increase the D2R protomer function associated with a marked reduction of its internalization. The existence of D2R-δ1R heteromers opens up a new understanding of the acute actions of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (B0851). Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, 610 29 Urbino, Italy
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Wilber Romero-Fernández
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luca Pinton
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (B0851). Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVEB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVEB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVEB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (B0851). Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Coveñas R, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1–15)-fluoxetine interaction in the novel object recognition test. Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Gago B, Alén F, Orio L, García-Durán L, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Role of the galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anhedonia: Involvement of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:737-747. [PMID: 31081442 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119844188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a core feature of depressive disorders. The galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) plays a role in mood regulation since it induces depression and anxiogenic-like effects in rats. In this study, we analysed galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) actions in anhedonic-like behaviours in rats using operant and non-operant tests and the areas involved with these effects. METHODS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) effects were analysed in saccharin self-administration, sucrose preference, novelty-suppressed feeding and female urine sniffing tests. The areas involved in galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects were studied with positron emission tomography for in vivo imaging, and we analysed the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) had effects on the mRNA expression of the dopamine transporters Dat and Vmat2; the C-Fos gene; the dopamine receptors D1, D2, D3, D5; and the galanin receptors 1 and 2. RESULTS Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) at a concentration of 3 nmol induced a strong anhedonia-like phenotype in all tests. The involvement of galanin receptor 2 was demonstrated with the galanin receptor 2 antagonist M871 (3 nmol). The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicated the action of galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) over several nuclei of the limbic system. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15)-mediated effects also involved changes in the expression of Dat, Vmat2, D3 and galanin receptors in the ventral tegmental area as well as the expression of C-Fos, D1, D2 and D3 and TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) exerts strong anhedonic-like effects and that this effect was accompanied by changes in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. These results may provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies using galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) analogues for the treatment of depression and reward-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- 2 Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Narváez
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- 4 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- 1 Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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19
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Galanin is a potent modulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7237. [PMID: 31076613 PMCID: PMC6510899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory peptide galanin is broadly distributed in the central- and peripheral nervous systems as well as in non-neuronal tissues, where it exerts its diverse physiological functions via three G-protein-coupled receptors (GAL1-3-R). Regulatory peptides are important mediators of the cross-communication between the nervous- and immune systems and have emerged as a focus of new therapeutics for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Studies on inflammatory animal models and immune cells revealed both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of galanin. Here, we probed specific immune-related functions of the galanin system and found galanin and GAL1-R and GAL2-R mRNA to be expressed in a range of human immune cells. In particular, macrophages displayed differentiation- and polarization-dependent expression of galanin and its receptors. Exposure to exogenous galanin affected the cytokine/chemokine expression profile of macrophages differently, depending on their differentiation and polarization, and mainly modulated the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-1Ra), especially in type-1 macrophages. Cytokine/chemokine expression levels in interferon-gamma- and lipopolysaccharide-polarized macrophages were upregulated whereas in unpolarized macrophages they were downregulated upon galanin treatment for 20 hours. This study illuminates the regulation of important cytokines/chemokines in macrophages by galanin, depending on specific cell activation.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. Adenosine heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia are implicated in Parkinson's disease and its treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:455-471. [PMID: 30637481 PMCID: PMC6456481 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine homo, iso and heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia play a highly significant role in modulating the indirect and direct pathways and the striosomal projections to the nigro-striatal DA system. The major adenosine receptor complexes in the striato-pallidal GABA neurons can be the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-mGluR5 receptor complexes, in which A2AR protomers and mGluR5 protomers can allosterically interact to inhibit D2R protomer signaling. Through a reorganization of these heteroreceptor complexes upon chronic dopaminergic treatment a pathological and prolonged inhibition of D2R receptor protomer signaling can develop with motor inhibition and wearing off of the therapeutic effects of levodopa and dopamine receptor agonists. The direct pathway is enriched in D1R in and around glutamate synapses enhancing the ability of these GABA neurons to be activated and increase motor initiation. The brake on these GABA neurons is in this case exerted by A1R forming A1R-D1R heteroreceptor complexes in which they allosterically inhibit D1R signaling and thereby reduce motor initiation. Upon chronic levodopa treatment a reorganization of the D1R heteroreceptor complexes develops with the formation of putative A1R-D1R-D3 in addition to D1R-D3R complexes in which D3R enhances D1R protomer signaling and may make the A1R protomer brake less effective. Alpha-synuclein monomers-dimers are postulated to form complexes with A2AR homo and heteroprotomers in the plasma membrane enhancing alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. The alpha-synuclein fibrils formed in the A2AR enriched dendritic spines of the striato-pallidal GABA neurons may reach the surrounding DA terminals via extracellular-vesicle-mediated volume transmission involving internalization of the vesicles and their cargo (alpha-synuclein fibrils) into the vulnerable DA terminals, enhancing their degeneration followed by retrograde flow of these fibrils in the DA axons to the vulnerable nigral DA nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, B0851, Solnavägen 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Narváez M, Ambrogini P, Ferraro L, Brito I, Romero-Fernandez W, Andrade-Talavera Y, Flores-Burgess A, Millon C, Gago B, Narvaez JA, Odagaki Y, Palkovits M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Receptor⁻Receptor Interactions in Multiple 5-HT1A Heteroreceptor Complexes in Raphe-Hippocampal 5-HT Transmission and Their Relevance for Depression and Its Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061341. [PMID: 29865267 PMCID: PMC6099659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the binding to a number of proteins to the receptor protomers in receptor heteromers in the brain, the term "heteroreceptor complexes" was introduced. A number of serotonin 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes were recently found to be linked to the ascending 5-HT pathways known to have a significant role in depression. The 5-HT1A⁻FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes were involved in synergistically enhancing neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and in the dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cells. The 5-HT1A protomer significantly increased FGFR1 protomer signaling in wild-type rats. Disturbances in the 5-HT1A⁻FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT system were found in a genetic rat model of depression (Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats). Deficits in FSL rats were observed in the ability of combined FGFR1 and 5-HT1A agonist cotreatment to produce antidepressant-like effects. It may in part reflect a failure of FGFR1 treatment to uncouple the 5-HT1A postjunctional receptors and autoreceptors from the hippocampal and dorsal raphe GIRK channels, respectively. This may result in maintained inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal nerve cell and dorsal raphe 5-HT nerve cell firing. Also, 5-HT1A⁻5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes were recently demonstrated to exist in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. They may play a role in depression through an ability of 5-HT2A protomer signaling to inhibit the 5-HT1A protomer recognition and signaling. Finally, galanin (1⁻15) was reported to enhance the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine through the putative formation of GalR1⁻GalR2⁻5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. Taken together, these novel 5-HT1A receptor complexes offer new targets for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zaya 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVEB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Ismel Brito
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zaya 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | | | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Carmelo Millon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Belen Gago
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jose Angel Narvaez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Saitama Medical University, 3388570 Saitama, Japan.
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. Faculty of Medicine. Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Narvaez M, Valladolid-Acebes I, Shumilov K, Di Palma M, Wydra K, Schaefer T, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G, Mudó G, Filip M, Sartini S, Friedland K, Schellekens H, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Franco R, Belluardo N, Ambrogini P, Pérez de la Mora M, Fuxe K. Detection, Analysis, and Quantification of GPCR Homo- and Heteroreceptor Complexes in Specific Neuronal Cell Populations Using the In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay. RECEPTOR-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8576-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Li X, Tarakanov AO, Savelli D, Narváez M, Shumilov K, Andrade-Talavera Y, Jimenez-Beristain A, Pomierny B, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P, Lindskog M, Fuxe K. Existence of Brain 5-HT1A-5-HT2A Isoreceptor Complexes with Antagonistic Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions Regulating 5-HT1A Receptor Recognition. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4779-4789. [PMID: 28920103 PMCID: PMC5597955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors have established that disturbances in the ascending 5-HT neuron systems and their 5-HT receptor subtypes and collateral networks to the forebrain contribute to the etiology of major depression and are targets for treatment. The therapeutic action of serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors is of proven effectiveness, but the mechanisms underlying their effect are still unclear. There are many 5-HT subtypes involved; some need to be blocked (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7), whereas others need to be activated (e.g., postjunctional 5-HT1A and 5-HT4). These state-of-the-art developments are in line with the hypothesis that the development of major depression can involve an imbalance of the activity between different types of 5-HT isoreceptors. In the current study, using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we report evidence for the existence of brain 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes validated in cellular models with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET2) assay. A high density of PLA-positive clusters visualizing 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes was demonstrated in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1-CA3 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. A marked reduction in the density of PLA-positive clusters was observed in the CA1 and CA2 regions 24 h after a forced swim test session, indicating the dynamics of this 5-HT isoreceptor complex. Using a bioinformatic approach, previous work indicates that receptors forming heterodimers demonstrate triplet amino acid homologies. The receptor interface of the 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor dimer was shown to contain the LLG and QNA protriplets in the transmembrane and intracellular domain, respectively. The 5-HT2A agonist TCB2 markedly reduced the affinity of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone for the 5-HT1A agonist binding sites in the frontal lobe using the 5-HT1A radioligand binding assay. This action was blocked by the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin. It is proposed that the demonstrated 5-HT1A-5-HT2A isoreceptor complexes may play a role in depression through integration of 5-HT recognition, signaling and trafficking in the plasma membrane in two major 5-HT receptor subtypes known to be involved in depression. Antagonistic allosteric receptor-receptor interactions appear to be involved in this integrative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo
Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Alexander O. Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - David Savelli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Jimenez-Beristain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Von Eulers väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación
Biomédica de Málaga and Departamento de Biología
Celular, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular
Science, Section of Physiology, University
of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca’ le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Neuronal Oscillations Lab, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Gago B, Santín L, Castilla-Ortega E, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. The neuropeptides Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-like behaviours. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:39-45. [PMID: 28196617 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in neurons within the central nervous system. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-receptors and participates in a number of functions, including mood regulation. Not only Galanin but also Galanin N-terminal fragments like Galanin(1-15) are active at the central level. In this work, we review the latest findings in studies on Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-related behaviours. Our focus is on animal models for depression, and we pay some attention to research data obtained in human studies. Since Serotonin (5-HT), especially through 5-HT1A, and Galanin receptors interact at both pre-and postsynaptic level, the development of drugs targeting potential GAL1-GAL2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes linked to the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neurons may represent new treatment strategies in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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25
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Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E. Short N-terminal galanin fragments are occurring naturally in vivo. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:1-13. [PMID: 28434790 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The galanin family currently consists of four peptides, namely galanin, galanin-message associated peptide, galanin-like peptide and alarin. Unlike galanin that signals through three different G protein-coupled receptors; GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, binding at its N-terminal end, the cognate receptors for other members of the galanin family are currently unknown. Research using short N-terminal galanin fragments generated either by enzymatic cleavage or solid-phase synthesis has revealed differences in their receptor binding properties exerting numerous biological effects distinct from galanin(1-29) itself. Our studies on tissue extracts derived from rat small intestine and bovine gut using chromatographic techniques and sensitive galanin(1-16)-specific radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of immunoreactive compounds reacting with antiserum against galanin(1-16) distributed in distinct elution volumes. These results suggested a possible presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments also in vivo. Moreover, employing immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by mass spectrometry allowed specific enrichment of these immunoreactive compounds from rat tissues and identification of their molecular structure. Indeed, our study revealed presence of several distinct short N-terminal galanin sequences in rat tissue. To prove their receptor binding, four of the identified sequences were synthetized, namely, galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), galanin(1-20), galanin(6-20), and tested on coronal rat brain sections competing with 125I-labeled galanin(1-29). Our autoradiographs confirmed that galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), and galanin(1-20) comprehensively displaced 125I-galanin(1-29) but galanin(6-20) did not. Here we show, for the first time, that short N-terminal galanin fragments occur naturally in rat tissues and that similar or identical galanin sequences can be present also in tissues of other species. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is first to provide an evidence of the presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments in vivo in a biological system and provides further foundations for the previous studies using synthetized short N-terminal galanin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Mengod G, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) enhancement of the behavioral effects of Fluoxetine in the forced swimming test gives a new therapeutic strategy against depression. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:233-241. [PMID: 28288814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of major depression is mainly based on drugs elevating serotonergic (5-HT) activity. Specifically, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, including Fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for treatment of major depression. However, the understanding of the mechanism of action of FLX beyond its effect of elevating 5-HT is limited. The interaction between serotoninergic system and neuropeptides signaling could be a key aspect. We examined the ability of the neuropeptide Galanin(1-15) [GAL(1-15)] to modulate the behavioral effects of FLX in the forced swimming test (FST) and studied feasible molecular mechanisms. The data show that GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in the FST, and we demonstrate the involvement of GALR1/GALR2 heteroreceptor complex in the GAL(1-15)-mediated effect using in vivo rat models for siRNA GALR1 or GALR2 knockdown. Importantly, 5-HT1A receptors (5HT1A-R) also participate in the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions since the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 blocked the behavioral effects in the FST induced by the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX. The mechanism underlying GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions affected the binding characteristics as well as the mRNA levels of 5-HT1A-R specifically in the dorsal hippocampus while leaving unaffected mRNA levels and affinity and binding sites of this receptor in the dorsal raphe. The results open up the possibility to use GAL(1-15) as for a combination therapy with FLX as a novel strategy for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Mengod
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC,IDIBAPS,CIBERNED, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Carlsson J, Ambrogini P, Narváez M, Wydra K, Tarakanov AO, Li X, Millón C, Ferraro L, Cuppini R, Tanganelli S, Liu F, Filip M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Understanding the Role of GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes in Modulating the Brain Networks in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 28270751 PMCID: PMC5318393 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteroreceptor complexes of the central nervous system (CNS) gave a new dimension to brain integration and neuropsychopharmacology. The molecular basis of learning and memory was proposed to be based on the reorganization of the homo- and heteroreceptor complexes in the postjunctional membrane of synapses. Long-term memory may be created by the transformation of parts of the heteroreceptor complexes into unique transcription factors which can lead to the formation of specific adapter proteins. The observation of the GPCR heterodimer network (GPCR-HetNet) indicated that the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions dramatically increase GPCR diversity and biased recognition and signaling leading to enhanced specificity in signaling. Dysfunction of the GPCR heteroreceptor complexes can lead to brain disease. The findings of serotonin (5-HT) hetero and isoreceptor complexes in the brain over the last decade give new targets for drug development in major depression. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in depression via 5-HT, galanin peptides and zinc involve a number of GPCR heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal system: GalR1-5-HT1A, GalR1-5-HT1A-GPR39, GalR1-GalR2, and putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. The 5-HT1A receptor protomer remains a receptor enhancing antidepressant actions through its participation in hetero- and homoreceptor complexes listed above in balance with each other. In depression, neuromodulation of neuronal networks in the raphe-hippocampal system and the cortical regions via 5-HT and fibroblast growth factor 2 involves either FGFR1-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes or the 5-HT isoreceptor complexes such as 5-HT1A-5-HT7 and 5-HT1A-5-HT2A. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in cocaine use disorder via dopamine (DA) and adenosine signals involve A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal and ventral striatum. The excitatory modulation by A2AR agonists of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA anti-reward system via targeting the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complex holds high promise as a new way to treat cocaine use disorders. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in schizophrenia via DA, adenosine, glutamate, 5-HT and neurotensin peptides and oxytocin, involving A2AR-D2R, D2R-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R-mGluR5, D2R-5-HT2A and D2R-oxytocinR heteroreceptor complexes opens up a new world of D2R protomer targets in the listed heterocomplexes for treatment of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of UrbinoUrbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-EstudioYaguajay, Cuba
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Webling K, Runesson J, Lang A, Saar I, Kofler B, Langel Ü. Ala 5-galanin (2-11) is a GAL 2R specific galanin analogue. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:75-82. [PMID: 27592409 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala5-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala5-galanin (2-11) was tested in 125I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala5-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Galanin subtype 1 and subtype 2 receptors mediate opposite anxiety-like effects in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Yuan Y, Liu HY, Chen Y, Xiao RP, Bu P. Correlation between plasma galanin and 5-hydroxytryptamine and psychological status in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1247-1251. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i8.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the difference in plasma galanin (GAL) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their relationship with patients' anxiety and depression.
METHODS: The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess anxiety and depression in GERD patients and healthy controls. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the contents of 5-HT and GAL in plasma of GERD patients and healthy controls.
RESULTS: Compared with the healthy control group, GERD patients without anxiety or depression had increased 5-HT and decreased GAL (t = 1.97, P < 0.05). Compared with reflux esophagitis (RE) patients, non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients had more serious anxiety and depression (F = 55.92, 36.51, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, 5-HT decreased and GAL increased in NERD patients (F = 54.53, 8.00, P < 0.05). 5-HT had a negative correlation with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.789, -0.787, P < 0.05), but GAL had a positive correlation with SAS and SDS scores (r = 0.688, 0.705, P< 0.05). 5-HT was negatively correlated with GAL (r = -0.744, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: In GERD patients without anxiety or depression, 5-HT increases and GAL decreases. NERD patients have more serious anxiety and depression problems than RE patients, and 5-HT decreases and GAL increases. The more serious anxiety and depression problems, the lower 5-HT and the higher GAL.
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Galanin (1-15) enhances the antidepressant effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT: involvement of the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neuron system. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4491-4504. [PMID: 26792005 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] is associated with depression-related and anxiogenic-like effects in rats. In this study, we analyzed the ability of GAL(1-15) to modulate 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1AR), a key receptor in depression. GAL(1-15) enhanced the antidepressant effects induced by the 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT in the forced swimming test. These effects were stronger than the ones induced by Galanin (GAL). This action involved interactions at receptor level since GAL(1-15) affected the binding characteristics and the mRNA levels of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus and dorsal raphe. The involvement of the GALR2 was demonstrated with the GALR2 antagonist M871. Proximity ligation assay experiments indicated that 5-HT1AR are in close proximity with GALR1 and GALR2 in both regions and in raphe RN33B cells. The current results indicate that GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant effects induced by 8-OH-DPAT acting on 5-HT1AR operating as postjunctional or as autoreceptors. These results may give the basis for the development of drugs targeting potential GALR1-GALR2-5-HT1AR heteroreceptor complexes linked to the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neurons for the treatment of depression.
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Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Millón C, Gago B, Flores-Burgess A, Santín L, Fuxe K, Narváez JA, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin receptor 2-neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in the dentate gyrus are related with antidepressant-like effects. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4129-4139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fuxe K, Tarakanov A, Romero Fernandez W, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Filip M, Agnati LF, Garriga P, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Borroto-Escuela DO. Diversity and Bias through Receptor-Receptor Interactions in GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes. Focus on Examples from Dopamine D2 Receptor Heteromerization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:71. [PMID: 24860548 PMCID: PMC4026686 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in GPCR heteromers appeared to introduce an intermolecular allosteric mechanism contributing to the diversity and bias in the protomers. Examples of dopamine D2R heteromerization are given to show how such allosteric mechanisms significantly change the receptor protomer repertoire leading to diversity and biased recognition and signaling. In 1980s and 1990s, it was shown that neurotensin (NT) through selective antagonistic NTR-D2 like receptor interactions increased the diversity of DA signaling by reducing D2R-mediated dopamine signaling over D1R-mediated dopamine signaling. Furthermore, D2R protomer appeared to bias the specificity of the NTR orthosteric binding site toward neuromedin N vs. NT in the heteroreceptor complex. Complex CCK2R-D1R-D2R interactions in possible heteroreceptor complexes were also demonstrated further increasing receptor diversity. In D2R-5-HT2AR heteroreceptor complexes, the hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonists LSD and DOI were recently found to exert a biased agonist action on the orthosteric site of the 5-HT2AR protomer leading to the development of an active conformational state different from the one produced by 5-HT. Furthermore, as recently demonstrated allosteric A2A-D2R receptor-receptor interaction brought about not only a reduced affinity of the D2R agonist binding site but also a biased modulation of the D2R protomer signaling in A2A-D2R heteroreceptor complexes. A conformational state of the D2R was induced, which moved away from Gi/o signaling and instead favored β-arrestin2-mediated signaling. These examples on allosteric receptor-receptor interactions obtained over several decades serve to illustrate the significant increase in diversity and biased recognition and signaling that develop through such mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kjell Fuxe, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, Stockholm 17177, Sweden e-mail:
| | - Alexander Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Pere Garriga
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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