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Chen P, Fu R, Shi Y, Liu C, Yang C, Su Y, Lu T, Zhou P, He W, Guo Q, Fei C. Optimizing BP neural network algorithm for Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Chenpi) origin traceability based on computer vision and ultra-fast gas-phase electronic nose data fusion. Food Chem 2024; 442:138408. [PMID: 38241985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study utilized computer vision to extract color and texture features of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR). The ultra-fast gas-phase electronic nose (UF-GC-E-nose) technique successfully identified 98 volatile components, including olefins, alcohols, and esters, which significantly contribute to the flavor profile of PCR. Multivariate statistical Analysis was applied to the appearance traits of PCR, identifying 57 potential marker-trait factors (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05) from the 118 trait factors that can distinguish PCR from different origins. These factors include color, texture, and odor traits. By integrating multivariate statistical Analysis with the BP neural network algorithm, a novel artificial intelligence algorithm was developed and optimized for traceability of PCR origin. This algorithm achieved a 100% discrimination rate in differentiating PCR samples from various origins. This study offers a valuable reference and data support for developing intelligent algorithms that utilize data fusion from multiple intelligent sensory technologies to achieve rapid traceability of food origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rao Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yabo Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weitong He
- Jiangsu Wigroup Technologies Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chenghao Fei
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Parra M, Aldabaldetrecu M, Arce P, Soto-Aguilera S, Vargas R, Guerrero J, Tello M, Modak B. Oral administration of a new copper (I) complex with coumarin as ligand: modulation of the immune response and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in Onchorhynchus mykiss. Front Chem 2024; 12:1338614. [PMID: 38807978 PMCID: PMC11131136 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1338614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
[Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 is a copper (I) complex, where NN1 is an imine ligand 6-((quinolin-2-ylmethylene) amino)-2H-chromen-2-one obtained by derivatization of natural compound coumarin, developed for the treatment of infectious diseases that affect salmonids. In previous research, we showed that the Cu(I) coordination complex possesses antibacterial activity against Flavobacterium psychrophilum, providing protection against this pathogen in rainbow trout during challenge assays (with an RPS of 50%). In the present study, the effects of administering [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 to Oncorhynchus mykiss over a 60-days period were evaluated with regard to systemic immune response and its potential to alter intestinal microbiota composition. In O. mykiss, an immunostimulatory effect was evident at days 30 and 45 after administration, resulting in an increment of transcript levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, lysozyme and perforin. To determine whether these immunomodulatory effects correlated with changes in the intestinal microbiota, we analyzed the metagenome diversity by V4 16S rRNA sequencing. In O. mykiss, both [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 and commercial antibiotic florfenicol had comparable effects at the phylum level, resulting in a predominance of proteobacteria and firmicutes. Nonetheless, at the genus level, florfenicol and [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 complex exhibited distinct effects on the intestinal microbiota of O. mykiss. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 is capable of stimulating the immune system at a systemic level, while inducing alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in O. mykiss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Parra
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Bacterial Metagenomic, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maialen Aldabaldetrecu
- Laboratory of Coordination Compounds and Supramolecularity, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Arce
- Laboratory of Coordination Compounds and Supramolecularity, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarita Soto-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Bacterial Metagenomic, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Laboratory of Bacterial Metagenomic, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Aquaculture Production Unit, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Juan Guerrero
- Laboratory of Coordination Compounds and Supramolecularity, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Laboratory of Bacterial Metagenomic, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brenda Modak
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Dai G, Wu L, Zhao J, Guan Q, Zeng H, Zong M, Fu M, Du C. Classification of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Chenpi) age using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem 2023; 408:135210. [PMID: 36527916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) is used in food and medical herbal formula, and its quality is determined by its age. Raman spectroscopy is a laser technology for molecular fingerprinting. The feasibility of using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to determine the PCR age was investigated. The Raman peaks were acquired using a Raman spectrometer with a 785 nm diode laser and were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). There were six major peaks at 600, 730, 990, 1370, 1607, and 1742 cm-1 in the SERS spectra, and their intensity, especially the peak at 1607 cm-1, was inversely correlated with the PCR age. The different ages of PCR could be correctly classified with over 90 % accuracy by using PCA-LDA based on the SERS spectra. In conclusion, a Raman spectrometer may be used as a novel method to identify the age of PCR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Dai
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longxiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qiunong Guan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Manqin Fu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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4
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Lin JT, Chuang YC, Chen MK, Lo YS, Lin CC, Ho HY, Liu YT, Hsieh MJ. Shuterin Enhances the Cytotoxicity of the Natural Killer Leukemia Cell Line KHYG-1 by Increasing the Expression Levels of Granzyme B and IFN-γ through the MAPK and Ras/Raf Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12816. [PMID: 36361609 PMCID: PMC9654641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. NK cells are isolated from peripheral blood, and their number and activity are limited. Therefore, primary NK cells should be expanded substantially, and their proliferation and cytotoxicity must be enhanced. Shuterin is a phytochemical isolated from Ficus thonningii. In this study, we explored the possible capacity of shuterin to enhance the proliferation and activity of KHYG-1 cells (an NK leukemia cell line). Shuterin enhanced the proliferation of KHYG-1 cells and their cytotoxicity to K562 cells. Moreover, this phytochemical induced the expression of granzyme B by promoting the phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Furthermore, the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ increased with increasing levels of shuterin in KHYG-1 cells and NK cells obtained from adults with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Shuterin appeared to induce IFN-γ secretion by increasing the expression of lectin-like transcript 1 and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the Ras/Raf pathway. Thus, shuterin represents a promising agent for promoting the proliferation and cytotoxicity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chuang
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Ho
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tze Liu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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5
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Chen YY, Liang JJ, Wang DL, Chen JB, Cao JP, Wang Y, Sun CD. Nobiletin as a chemopreventive natural product against cancer, a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6309-6329. [PMID: 35089821 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a leading cause of death, second only to heart disease, cancer has always been one of the burning topics in medical research. When targeting multiple signal pathways in tumorigenesis chemoprevention, using natural or synthetic anti-cancer drugs is a vital strategy to reduce cancer damage. However, toxic effects, multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as cancer stem cells (CSCs) all prominently limited the clinical application of conventional anticancer drugs. With low side effects, strong biological activity, unique mechanism, and wide range of targets, natural products derived from plants are considered significant sources for new drug development. Nobiletin is one of the most attractive compounds, a unique flavonoid primarily isolated from the peel of citrus fruits. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have suggested that nobiletin and its derivatives possess the eminent potential to become effective cancer chemoprevention agents through various cellular and molecular levels. This article aims to comprehensively review the anticancer efficacy and specific mechanisms of nobiletin, enhancing our understanding of its chemoprevention properties and providing the latest research findings. At the end of this review, we also give some discussion and future perspectives regarding the challenges and opportunities in nobiletin efficient exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deng-Liang Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, China
| | - Jie-Biao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-De Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Comparative profiling and natural variation of polymethoxylated flavones in various citrus germplasms. Food Chem 2021; 354:129499. [PMID: 33752115 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are the main dietary source of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) with significant effects on consumer health. In this study, eleven main PMFs were evaluated in the fruit flavedo or leaves of 116 citrus accessions via UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS combined with HPLC-DAD analysis, which revealed significant species-specific and spatiotemporal characteristics. All Citrus reticulata and their natural or artificial hybrids were found to have detectable PMFs, especially in the fruit flavedo of the wild or early-cultivated mandarins at early fruit development stages. However, PMFs were not detected in citrons, pummelos, kumquats, trifoliata oranges, papedas, Chinese box oranges and 'Mangshanyegan'. The results enlightened that PMF accumulation only in mandarins and mandarin hybrids is a phenotype inherited from mandarin ancestors. This study provides a comprehensive PMF profile in various citrus germplasms and will benefit future functional citrus breeding practices aimed at designing plants rich in total or specific PMFs for health benefits.
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7
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Yanagimichi M, Nishino K, Sakamoto A, Kurodai R, Kojima K, Eto N, Isoda H, Ksouri R, Irie K, Kambe T, Masuda S, Akita T, Maejima K, Nagao M. Analyses of putative anti-cancer potential of three STAT3 signaling inhibitory compounds derived from Salvia officinalis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 25:100882. [PMID: 33392396 PMCID: PMC7772785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of Salvia officinalis (Common Sage) exhibited inhibitory activity of STAT3 signal after screening of several plants extracts using the STAT3-responsive reporter system. Cirsiliol, luteolin, and carnosol were identified from the methanol extract of Silvia officinalis as inhibitors of STAT3 signaling and the effects of these three compounds on STAT3 protein or growth inhibition on cancer cells was compared. Luteolin at the dose of 90 μM clearly suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by IL-6, while carnosol was prone to decrease total STAT3 proteins at high doses (>90 μM). Cirsiliol had almost no effect. Since the three compounds exhibited similar concentration-dependent suppression patterns in the reporter assay except for cirsiliol became plateau beyond 30 μM, these compounds appeared to function as STAT3 inhibitory factors in different ways. The direct anti-proliferative activity of three compounds was examined with or without the anti-cancer drug gefitinib using HepG2 and A549 cells. The anti-proliferative effect of the three compounds was additively enhanced by gefitinib. At the doses of 3.6 μM, statistically significant suppression of proliferation was observed in HepG2 cells only by cirsiliol among the three compounds in the absence of gefitinib but all three compounds were prone to suppress the proliferation of HepG2 cells and A549 cells dose-dependently although cirsiliol showed a modest dose-dependency and this suppression of proliferation was enhanced by the addition of gefitinib. Cirsiliol, a dimethyoxylated flavone, activated the natural killer activity of KHYG-1 cells against erythroleukemia K562 cells like a hexamethoxylated flavone, nobiletin, suggesting that it may also have an indirect anti-cancer potential through activation of NK cells. These results shed light on the putative anti-cancer potential of Salvia officinalis. Carnosol, luteolin and cirsiliol were identified as STAT3 signal inhibitors in S. officinalis. Cirsiliol inhibited the STAT3-responsive reporter expression at 7.5 μM but showed low dose-dependency at higher doses. Cirsiliol at 90 μM showed almost no effect on phosphorylation of STAT3 and weakly suppressed total STAT3. Cirsiliol exhibited anti-proliferative activity at 3.6 μM against HepG2 cells and A549 cells but showed low dose-dependency. Cirsiliol activated NK cells by stimulating exocytosis of granules for cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Yanagimichi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Akiho Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kurodai
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kojima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nozomu Eto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Centre de Biotechnologie à la Technopole de Borj Cédria (CBBC), BP 901, 2050, Hammam-lif, Tunisia
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Akita
- Nippon Shinyaku CO., LTD., Kyoto, 601-8550, Japan
| | | | - Masaya Nagao
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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8
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Namdeo AG, Boddu SHS, Amawi H, Ashby CR, Tukaramrao DB, Trivedi P, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Flavonoids as Multi-Target Compounds: A Special Emphasis on their Potential as Chemo-adjuvants in Cancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1712-1728. [PMID: 32003663 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200128095248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are low molecular weight, polyphenolic phytochemicals, obtained from secondary metabolism of various plant compounds. They have a spectrum of pharmacological efficacies, including potential anticancer efficacy. Natural flavonoids are present in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. Flavonoids can attenuate or inhibit the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer by modulating various enzymes and receptors in diverse pathways that involve cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, in vitro, flavonoids have been shown to reverse multidrug resistance when used as chemo-adjuvants. Flavonoids (both natural and synthetic analogues) interact with several oncogenic targets through dependent and independent mechanisms to mediate their anticancer efficacy in different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay G Namdeo
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. BOX 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States
| | - Diwakar B Tukaramrao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Piyush Trivedi
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
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9
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Saito T, Abe D, Nogata Y. Nobiletin and related polymethoxylated flavones bind to and inhibit the nuclear export factor Exportin-1 in NK leukemia cell line KHYG-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:457-462. [PMID: 31676069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) are naturally occurring compounds that have biological effects on many cell types. We previously demonstrated that PMFs such as nobiletin potentiate the cytolytic activity of the human leukemic natural killer cell line KHYG-1 and increased level of the cytotoxic protein granzyme B (GrB) and the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ). However, the precise mechanisms by which this occurs remain to be elucidated. In this study, we sought to identify and investigate the function of intracellular primary targets of the PMFs in KHYG-1 cells. Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identified that 3'-hydroxy-4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) binds to the nuclear export factors Exportin-1 and -2 (XPO1 and XPO2) as TMF-binding proteins and demonstrated that nobiletin competes with TMF for XPO1 binding, suggesting that nobiletin also binds to XPO1. Treatment of KHYG-1 cells with leptomycin B, a specific XPO1 inhibitor, increased the expression of GrB and IFN-γ but did not potentiate lysis of specific target cells, suggesting that the cargo of XPO1 contributes to the expression of cytolytic genes but that this alone is insufficient to enhance cytolysis. Consistent with this, nobiletin and related PMFs induced the nuclear retention of NF-κB, a transcription factor that promotes GrB and IFN-γ expression. PMFs also induced the nuclear retention of the tumor suppressor protein p53, a known XPO1 cargo protein, resulting in KHYG-1 cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these results suggest that PMFs modulate KHYG-1 function, at least in part, by inhibiting XPO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Daigo Abe
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nogata
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, Kagawa, Japan.
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10
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Zhang H, Tian G, Zhao C, Han Y, DiMarco-Crook C, Lu C, Bao Y, Li C, Xiao H, Zheng J. Characterization of polymethoxyflavone demethylation during drying processes of citrus peels. Food Funct 2019; 10:5707-5717. [PMID: 31436765 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are found almost exclusively in citrus peel and have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Dried citrus peel is an important ingredient for applications in food and traditional Chinese medicine. However, the structural changes of PMFs during drying processes of citrus peel remain unknown. In this study, for the first time we discovered that four major permethoxylated PMFs, i.e. sinensetin, nobiletin, heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin, underwent demethylation at the 5-position on the A ring of their flavonoid structures to yield corresponding 5-demethylated PMFs during the drying process of citrus peel. Our results further demonstrated that the aforementioned PMF demethylation was through two mechanisms: acid hydrolysis and enzyme-mediated catalysis. PMF demethylation in citrus peels was systematically characterized during hot-air drying (HAD), vacuum-freeze drying (VFD) and sun drying (SD). The highest PMF demethylation was obtained in SD followed by HAD and VFD. This study provided a solid scientific basis for rational control of PMF demethylation in citrus peels, which could facilitate the production of high-quality citrus peel and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guifang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | | - Chang Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuming Bao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chengxiu Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Delnavazi MR, Saiyarsarai P, Jafari-Nodooshan S, Khanavi M, Tavakoli S, Hadavinia H, Yassa N. Cytotoxic Flavonoids from the Aerial Parts of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2018.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl is a herbaceous plant distributed in the west and south western Asia. Despite of the wide medicinal uses, there are some reports on toxicity potential of this plant. In present study we attempted to evaluate the toxicity and to characterize the cytotoxic principles of S. lavandulifolia. Methods: Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) was used to evaluate the general toxicity of the extracts and essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of S. lavandulifolia. Phytochemical constituents of the active extract were investigated using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. GC and GC-MS were also used to analyze the plant essential oil. GC and GC-MS were used to analyze the plant essential oil. Cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated using MTT assay method. Results: In brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), chloroform extract and the plant essential oil exhibited the most toxicity against Artemia salina larvae (LD50: 121.8±5.6 and 127.6±14.7 µg ml-1, respectively). GC and GC-MS analyses of essential oil led to the characterization of forty compounds of which α-bisabolol (23.85%) and thymol (17.88%) were identified as the main constituents. Nine flavonoids, Pachypodol (1), chrysosplenetin (2), kumatakenin (3), velutin (4), penduletin (5), viscosine (6), chrysoeriol (7), hydroxygenkwanin (8) and apigenin (9) were isolated from the chloroform extract of S. lavandulifolia. Among the isolated compounds, chrysosplenetin (2), a polymethoxylated flavonoid, was found as the most toxic compound toward MDA-MB-23 and HT-29 cells, with IC50 values of 88.23 and 116.50 µg ml-1, respectively. Furthermore, chrysosplenetin (2), kumatakenin (3) and viscosine (6) with selectivity indices of 2.70, 2.59 and 3.33, respectively, showed higher preferential toxicity against MDA-MB-23 cells in comparison with tamoxifen (SI:2.45). Conclusion: This study reports methoxylated flavonoids as compounds which could be involved in toxicity of S. lavandulifolia. The results of MTT assay also suggest some of these compounds as appropriate candidates for anti-cancer drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Delnavazi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Saiyarsarai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Jafari-Nodooshan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Khanavi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Tavakoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hormoz Hadavinia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narguess Yassa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen PY, Chen YT, Gao WY, Wu MJ, Yen JH. Nobiletin Down-Regulates c-KIT Gene Expression and Exerts Antileukemic Effects on Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13423-13434. [PMID: 30507186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nobiletin, a dietary citrus flavonoid, has been reported to possess several biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antileukemic effects of nobiletin and its underlying mechanisms on human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. We demonstrated that nobiletin (0-100 μM) significantly reduced cell viability from 100.0 ± 9.6% to 31.1 ± 2.8% in human AML THP-1 cell line. Nobiletin arrested cell cycle progression in G1 phase and induced myeloid cell differentiation in human AML cells. Microarray analysis showed that mRNA expression of the c- KIT gene, a critical proto-oncogene associated with leukemia progression, was dramatically reduced in nobiletin-treated AML cells. Furthermore, we verified that AML cells treated with nobiletin (40 and 80 μM) for 48 h markedly suppressed c-KIT mRNA expression (from 1.00 ± 0.07-fold to 0.62 ± 0.08- and 0.30 ± 0.05-fold) and reduced the level of c-KIT protein expression (from 1.00 ± 0.11-fold to 0.60 ± 0.15- and 0.34 ± 0.05-fold) by inhibition of KIT promoter activity. The knockdown of c-KIT expression by shRNA attenuated cancer cell growth and induced cell differentiation. Moreover, we found that the overexpression of c-KIT abolished nobiletin-mediated cell growth inhibition in leukemia cells. These results indicate that nobiletin exerts antileukemic effects through the down-regulation of c-KIT gene expression in AML cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the combination of a conventional AML chemotherapeutic agent, cytarabine, with nobiletin resulted in more reduction of cell viability in AML cells. Our current findings suggest that nobiletin is a novel c-KIT inhibitor and may serve as a chemo-preventive or -therapeutic agent against human AML.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/physiopathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics , Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yun Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology , Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717 , Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
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13
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Fu M, An K, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Yu Y, Zou B, Xiao G, Ti H. Effects of different temperature and humidity on bioactive flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Pericarpium Citri Reticulata (Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Bao CX, Chen HX, Mou XJ, Zhu XK, Zhao Q, Wang XG. RETRACTED: GZMB gene silencing confers protection against synovial tissue hyperplasia and articular cartilage tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis through the MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:346-354. [PMID: 29669300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. An Expression of Concern for this article was previously published while an investigation was conducted (see related editorial: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113812). This retraction notice supersedes the Expression of Concern published earlier. Concern was raised about the reliability of the Western blot data in Figure 7C, which appear to contain a similar phenotype to those found in other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/7DD2DDC979F8CE2B00555332B01F81; and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the associated raw data. The authors did not respond to this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Xia Bao
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Mou
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Taocun Central Hospital, Yantai 265301, PR China
| | - Xiang-Kui Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Oral Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Xin-Guang Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China.
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15
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Li Y, Hao N, Zou S, Meng T, Tao H, Ming P, Li M, Ding H, Li J, Feng S, Wang X, Wu J. Immune Regulation of RAW264.7 Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus via Activating the NF- κB Signalling Pathway. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7948068. [PMID: 29850637 PMCID: PMC5907389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7948068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed at investigating the effects of flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus (FAC) on the proliferation, the contents, and gene expression levels of cytokines, secretion of surface stimulating factors, cell cycle, and the expression level of the NF-κB signalling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Our results revealed that compared with control group, the contents of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO and the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS in FAC-treated groups significantly increased (p < 0.01). Moreover, FAC induced macrophage activation to release the above-mentioned mediators partly involved in NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways. Therefore, FAC regulates immune function in RAW264.7 cells via activating the NF-κB signalling pathway. FAC could be applicable for agriculture, drug research, and food industry as a potent immune-modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Suping Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huanqing Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pengfei Ming
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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16
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Peng M, Liu J, Liu Z, Fu B, Hu Y, Zhou M, Fu C, Gao B, Wang C, Li D, Xu N. Effect of citrus peel on phenolic compounds, organic acids and antioxidant activity of soy sauce. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Evaluation of bioactive flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae ( Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’) during storage. Food Chem 2017; 230:649-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Dietary flavonoids and modulation of natural killer cells: implications in malignant and viral diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:1-12. [PMID: 28182964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of secondary plant metabolites present in the diet with numerous potentially health-beneficial biological activities. In addition to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and many other biological functions reported in the literature, flavonoids appear to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and stimulate immune function. Although the immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids has been intensively investigated, only little is known about their impact on natural killer (NK) cells. Enhancing NK cell activity, however, would have strong implications for a possible clinical use of flavonoids, especially in the treatment and prevention of diseases like cancer and viral infections. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the currently available information on NK cell modulation by flavonoids. Many of the structurally diverse flavonoids stimulate NK cell activity and have thus great potential as diet-derived immune-modulatory chemopreventive agents and may even serve as therapeutic compounds or lead structures for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of both malignant and viral diseases.
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20
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The Multifunctional Effects of Nobiletin and Its Metabolites In Vivo and In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2918796. [PMID: 27761146 PMCID: PMC5059563 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2918796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nobiletin (NOB) chemically known as 5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone is a dietary polymethoxylated flavonoid found in Citrus fruits. Recent evidences show that NOB is a multifunctional pharmaceutical agent. The various pharmacological activities of NOB include neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, antimetabolic disorder, anticancer, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation. These events may be underpinned by modulation of signaling cascades, including PKA/ERK/MEK/CREB, NF-κB, MAPK, Ca2+/CaMKII, PI3K/Akt1/2, HIF-1α, and TGFβ signaling pathways. The metabolites may exhibit stronger beneficial effects than NOB on diseases pathogenesis. The biological activities of NOB have been clarified on many systems. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological effects of NOB with specific mechanisms of actions. NOB may become a promising candidate for potential drug development. However, further investigations of NOB on specific intracellular targets and clinical trials are still needed, especially for in vivo medical applications.
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Kuroda Y, Ikeda R, Yamazaki T, Ito K, Uda K, Wakabayashi K, Watanabe T. Activation of human bitter taste receptors by polymethoxylated flavonoids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2014-7. [PMID: 27379685 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1184558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tangeretin and nobiletin are polymethoxylated flavonoids in citrus peel. Both tangeretin and nobiletin are bitter; however, their bitterness has not been evaluated using human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs). We screened 25 kinds of hTAS2Rs and found that hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R46 received both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kuroda
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Riko Ikeda
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Toyomi Yamazaki
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Kazunari Uda
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- a Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
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