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Song Y, Wei D, Raza SHA, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Song X, Wu H, Wang X, Luoreng Z, Ma Y. Research progress of intramuscular fat formation based on co-culture. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3216-3236. [PMID: 36200856 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2127410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is closely related to the meat quality of livestock and poultry. As a new cell culture technique in vitro, cell co-culture has been gradually applied to the related research of IMF formation because it can simulate the changes of microenvironment in vivo during the process of IMF cell formation. In the co-culture model, in addition to studying the effects of skeletal muscle cells on the proliferation and differentiation of IMF, we can also consider the role of many secretion factors in the formation of IMF, thus making the cell research in vitro closer to the real level in vivo. This paper reviewed the generation and origin of IMF, summarized the existing co-culture methods and systems, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as the challenges faced in the establishment of the system, with emphasis on the current status of research on the formation of IMF for human and animal based on co-culture technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Dawei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Yiang Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingping Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhuoma Luoreng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yin Chuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia University, Ningxia Yinchuan, China
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Zhong Q, Zheng K, Li W, An K, Liu Y, Xiao X, Hai S, Dong B, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Post-translational regulation of muscle growth, muscle aging and sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 37127279 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle makes up 30-40% of the total body mass. It is of great significance in maintaining digestion, inhaling and exhaling, sustaining body posture, exercising, protecting joints and many other aspects. Moreover, muscle is also an important metabolic organ that helps to maintain the balance of sugar and fat. Defective skeletal muscle function not only limits the daily activities of the elderly but also increases the risk of disability, hospitalization and death, placing a huge burden on society and the healthcare system. Sarcopenia is a progressive decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function with age caused by environmental and genetic factors, such as the abnormal regulation of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). To date, many studies have shown that numerous PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, glycation, methylation, S-nitrosylation, carbonylation and S-glutathionylation, are involved in the regulation of muscle health and diseases. This article systematically summarizes the post-translational regulation of muscle growth and muscle atrophy and helps to understand the pathophysiology of muscle aging and develop effective strategies for diagnosing, preventing and treating sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanmeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhao Y, Yang L, Chen M, Gao F, Lv Y, Li X, Liu H. Study on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin in Improving Cognitive Function of Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating PI3K-AKT-GSK/3β Signaling Pathwaythrough medical images. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37036954 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2199238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to clarify the effect of Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) on cognitive function in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This research reviewed the cognitive function of 35 diabetic patients, 33 non-diabetic patients and the serum levels of Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) in patients. What's more, we analyzed the correlation between serum ucOC levels and cognitive function. Diabetic rats were treated with high (30 μg·kg-1·d-1) and low (10 μg·kg-1·d-1) doses of ucOC to investigate its effects in regulating ucOC on blood lipid, blood glucose and cognitive function. We systematically detected the phosphorylation levels of cognitive level-related proteins (PI3K, AKT, and GSK/3β) in the hippocampus by Western Blot. Finally, PI3K-Akt pathway involved in regulating cognitive function in diabetic rats by ucOC was verified with AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002. MoCA score and serum ucOC levels were significantly reduced in patients with diabetes mellitus. ucOC could concentration-dose-dependently decrease the blood glucose and lipid levels, and improve glucose metabolism and weaken insulin resistance in diabetic rats (P < 0.001). In addition, escape latency in diabetic rats was significantly higher than that of normal rats in the Morris maze test, and ucOC dose-dependently shortened the escape latency in diabetic rats (all with P < 0.05). After using AKT pathway inhibitor, ucOC failed to shorten the escape latency in diabetic rats. In conclusion, this study explored the relevant mechanisms in inducing cognitive dysfunction of T2DM, suggesting the potential value of ucOC as a drug to improve cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yinghui Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Nursing, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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Jannas-Vela S, Espinosa A, Candia AA, Flores-Opazo M, Peñailillo L, Valenzuela R. The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040871. [PMID: 36839229 PMCID: PMC9965797 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body, comprising approximately 40% of body mass. After damage or injury, a healthy skeletal muscle is often fully regenerated; however, with aging and chronic diseases, the regeneration process is usually incomplete, resulting in the formation of fibrotic tissue, infiltration of intermuscular adipose tissue, and loss of muscle mass and strength, leading to a reduction in functional performance and quality of life. Accumulating evidence has shown that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their lipid mediators (i.e., oxylipins and endocannabinoids) have the potential to enhance muscle regeneration by positively modulating the local and systemic inflammatory response to muscle injury. This review explores the process of muscle regeneration and how it is affected by acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, focusing on the potential role of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives as positive modulators of skeletal muscle healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2170000, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Candia
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Yudhani RD, Sari Y, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Sholikhah EN, Rochmanti M, Purba AKR, Khotimah H, Nugrahenny D, Mustofa M. In Vitro Insulin Resistance Model: A Recent Update. J Obes 2023; 2023:1964732. [PMID: 36714242 PMCID: PMC9876677 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1964732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, which affects insulin-sensitive tissues, including adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, and the liver, is the central pathophysiological mechanism underlying type 2 diabetes progression. Decreased glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues disrupts insulin signaling pathways, particularly the PI3K/Akt pathway. An in vitro model is appropriate for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance because it is easy to maintain and the results can be easily reproduced. The application of cell-based models for exploring the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance as well as for developing drugs for these conditions is well known. However, a comprehensive review of in vitro insulin resistance models is lacking. Therefore, this review was conducted to provide a comprehensive overview and summary of the latest in vitro insulin resistance models, particularly 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte), C2C12 (skeletal muscle), and HepG2 (liver) cell lines induced with palmitic acid, high glucose, or chronic exposure to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih D. Yudhani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Sari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia
| | - Dwi A. A. Nugrahaningsih
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Eti N. Sholikhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Maftuchah Rochmanti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia
| | - Abdul K. R. Purba
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia
| | - Husnul Khotimah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dian Nugrahenny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Harley BK, Amponsah IK, Ben IO, Mireku-Gyimah NA, Anokwah D, Neglo D, Amengor CDK, Fleischer TC. Hypoglycaemic activity of Oleanonic acid, a 3-oxotriterpenoid isolated from Aidia Genipiflora (DC.) Dandy, involves inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and promotion of glucose uptake. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112833. [PMID: 35316751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antidiabetic activities of the 70% ethanol stem bark extract of Aidia genipiflora (AGB) and one of its constituents, oleanonic acid in streptozotocin (40 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. In vitro assays of glucose uptake and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes were then used to investigate their mechanism(s) of hypoglycaemic action. In silico evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the compound was also carried out. Administration of AGB (100-400 mg/kg) and oleanonic acid (15 - 60 mg/kg) resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.001) in the blood glucose and considerable decrease (p < 0.05) in the elevated lipid parameters of the diabetic animals. AGB activity at 200 and 400 mg/kg; and oleanonic acid at 60 mg/kg were comparable to glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). The extract and its isolate strongly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity with IC50 values of (10.48 ± 1.39 µg/mL and 14.51 ± 1.26 µg/mL) and (36.52 ± 1.95 µM and 105.84 ± 1.08 µM) respectively. The glucose uptake assays showed that AGB and oleanonic acid exerted both insulin-dependent and independent promotional effect of glucose transport into the periphery by upregulating the expression of PI3K and PPARγ transcripts with a concomitant increase in GLUT-4 transcripts. Although oleanonic acid was predicted to be teratogenic, it was found to be generally non-lethal with favourable pharmacokinetics properties making it suitable for further studies. The study has shown that the stem bark of A. genipiflora is a source of new hypoglycaemic agents and that oleanonic acid possesses hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kingsley Harley
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Isaac Kingsley Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Inemesit Okon Ben
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nana Ama Mireku-Gyimah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Anokwah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, Ghana
| | - David Neglo
- Department of Basic Science, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Cedric Dzidzor K Amengor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Christian Fleischer
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Li M, Xu F, Liu Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Zhu G, Shen X. TNF Signaling Acts Downstream of MiR-322/-503 in Regulating DM1 Myogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:843202. [PMID: 35464065 PMCID: PMC9021394 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.843202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by the expanded CUG repeats and usually displays defective myogenesis. Although we previously reported that ectopic miR-322/-503 expression improved myogenesis in DM1 by targeting the toxic RNA, the underlying pathways regulating myogenesis that were aberrantly altered in DM1 and rescued by miR-322/-503 were still unknown. Here, we constructed DM1 and miR-322/-503 overexpressing DM1 myoblast models, which were subjected to in vitro myoblast differentiation along with their corresponding controls. Agreeing with previous findings, DM1 myoblast showed remarkable myogenesis defects, while miR-322/-503 overexpression successfully rescued the defects. By RNA sequencing, we noticed that Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling was the only pathway that was significantly and oppositely altered in these two experimental sets, with it upregulated in DM1 and inhibited by miR-322/-503 overexpression. Consistently, hyperactivity of TNF signaling was detected in two DM1 mouse models. Blocking TNF signaling significantly rescued the myogenesis defects in DM1. On the contrary, TNF-α treatment abolished the rescue effect of miR-322/-503 on DM1 myogenesis. Taking together, these results implied that TNF signaling mediated the myogenesis defects in DM1 and might act downstream of miR-322/-503 in regulating the myogenesis in DM1. Moreover, the inhibition of TNF signaling benefiting myogenesis in DM1 provided us with a novel therapeutic strategy for DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongxian Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopeng Shen, ; Guoping Zhu,
| | - Xiaopeng Shen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopeng Shen, ; Guoping Zhu,
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8
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Rivera ME, Vaughan RA. Comparing the effects of palmitate, insulin, and palmitate-insulin co-treatment on myotube metabolism and insulin resistance. Lipids 2021; 56:563-578. [PMID: 34382222 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown various metabolic stressors such as saturated fatty acids (SFA) and excess insulin promote insulin resistance in metabolically meaningful cell types (such as skeletal muscle). Additionally, these stressors have been linked with suppressed mitochondrial metabolism, which is also a common characteristic of skeletal muscle of diabetics. This study characterized the individual and combined effects of excess lipid and excess insulin on myotube metabolism and related metabolic gene and protein expression. C2C12 myotubes were treated with either 500 μM palmitate (PAM), 100 nM insulin (IR), or both (PAM-IR). qRT-PCR and western blot were used to measure metabolic gene and protein expression, respectively. Oxygen consumption was used to measure mitochondrial metabolism. Glycolytic metabolism and insulin-mediated glucose uptake were measured via extracellular acidification rate. Cellular lipid and mitochondrial content were measured using Nile Red and NAO staining, respectively. IR and PAM-IR treatments led to reductions in p-Akt expression. IR treatment reduced insulin mediated glucose metabolism while PAM and PAM-IR treatment showed increases with concurrent reductions in mitochondrial metabolism. All three treatments showed suppression in mitochondrial metabolism. PAM and PAM-IR also showed increases in glycolytic metabolism. While PAM and PAM-IR significantly increased lipid content, expression of inflammatory and lipogenic proteins were unaltered. Lastly, PAM-IR reduced BCAT2 protein expression, a regulator of BCAA metabolism. Both stressors independently reduced insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, and cell metabolism, however, only PAM-IR co-treatment significantly reduced the expression of regulators of metabolism not seen with individual stressors, suggesting an additive effect of stressors on metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E Rivera
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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Jeong H, Yang D, Zhao J, Seo JH, Shin DG, Cha JD, Lim CW, Kim JW, Kim B. Ethanol Extract of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (Crassulaceae) Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes by Reducing Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Inflammation in Mice. J Med Food 2021; 24:464-478. [PMID: 34009023 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a threaten human health problem, and accompanied by hyperglycemia and disorder of insulin secretion, is a major cause of abnormalities in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Also, low-grade inflammation, as well as insulin resistance (IR), is a common feature in patients with T2D. Numerous causes of the outbreak of T2D have been suggested by researchers, who indicate that genetic background and epigenetic predisposition, such as overnutrition and deficient physical activity, hasten the promotion of T2D milieu. Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (O. japonicus) is a herbal and remedial plant whose various activities include hemostatic, antidotal, febrile, and anti-inflammatory. Hence, we designed to evaluate the antidiabetic efficacy of ethanol extracts of O. japonicus (OJE). Six-week-old C57BL/Ksj-db/db (db/db) mice were used. The results showed that mice given various concentrations of OJE (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day) for 8 weeks showed significantly reduced hyperglycemia, IR, and liver injury, confirmed by measuring diabetic parameters, serum, and hepatic biochemicals. Furthermore, the treatment of OJE markedly decreased the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, lipid accumulation, and gluconeogenesis-related genes. Consistently, western blot analysis indicated that mice treated with OJE showed increased levels of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, phospho-Akt, glucose transporters 2 and 4 (GLUT2 and GLUT4) in T2D mice. Likewise, much the same results were obtained in in vitro experiments. Taken together, OJE had hopeful advantage in sustaining the glucose homeostasis and diminishing IR, and could be a safe alternative remedy for treating T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Daram Yang
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Seo
- Research & Development Center of General Bio Co., Ltd, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Dong Gue Shin
- Research & Development Center of General Bio Co., Ltd, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jeong-Dan Cha
- Research & Development Center of General Bio Co., Ltd, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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10
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Alipourfard I, Bakhtiyari S, Gheysarzadeh A, Di Renzo L, De Lorenzo A, Mikeladze D, Khamoushi A. The Key Role of Akt Protein Kinase in Metabolic-Inflammatory Pathways Cross-Talk: TNF-α Down-Regulation and Improving of Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cell Line. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:257-264. [PMID: 32338219 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200427102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of plasma free fatty acids as a principal aspect of type 2 diabetes maintains etiologically insulin insensitivity in target cells. TNF-α inhibitory effects on key insulin signaling pathway elements remain to be verified in insulinresistant hepatic cells. Thus, TNF-α knockdown effects on the key elements of insulin signaling were investigated in the palmitate-induced insulin-resistant hepatocytes. The Akt serine kinase, a key protein of the insulin signaling pathway, phosphorylation was monitored to understand the TNF-α effect on probable enhancing of insulin resistance. METHODS Insulin-resistant HepG2 cells were produced using 0.5 mM palmitate treatment and shRNA-mediated TNF-α gene knockdown and its down-regulation confirmed using ELISA technique. Western blotting analysis was used to assess the Akt protein phosphorylation status. RESULTS Palmitate-induced insulin resistance caused TNF-α protein overexpression 1.2-, 2.78, and 2.25- fold as compared to the control cells at post-treatment times of 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h, respectively. In the presence of palmitate, TNF-α expression showed around 30% reduction in TNF-α knockdown cells as compared to normal cells. In the TNF-α down-regulated cell, Akt phosphorylation was approximately 62% more than control cells after treatment with 100 nM insulin in conjugation with 0.5 mM palmitate. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data demonstrated that TNF-α protein expression reduction improved insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the HepG2 cells and decreased lipidinduced insulin resistance of the diabetic hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Gheysarzadeh
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Antonio De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - David Mikeladze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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11
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Harley BK, Amponsah IK, Ben IO, Adongo DW, Mireku-Gyimah NA, Baah MK, Mensah AY, Fleischer TC. Myrianthus libericus: Possible mechanisms of hypoglycaemic action and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile of its bioactive metabolite, friedelan-3-one. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111379. [PMID: 33761602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects of the 70% ethanol stem bark extract of Myrianthus libericus (MLB), used traditionally in the management of diabetes in Ghana, was evaluated in this study using streptozotocin (45 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. In vitro hypoglycaemic activities of the extract and one of its principal compounds, friedelan-3-one were then investigated using α-amylase inhibitory and glucose uptake assay in C2C12 myotubes. In silico analysis of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the compound was also performed. MLB significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the elevated blood glucose levels and corrected considerably (p < 0.01) the altered serum lipid profiles of the diabetic rats which was comparable to glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Together with friedelan-3-one, the extract markedly inhibited the activity of α-amylase and promoted glucose uptake in C2C12 cells. Whereas MLB significantly (p < 0.001) up-regulated PI3K and PPARγ transcripts with a corresponding increase in GLUT-4 transcripts within the muscle cells, friedelan-3-one only up-regulated PI3K and GLUT-4 transcripts to promote glucose transport. Friedelan-3-one was shown to be non-carcinogenic, non-hepatotoxic, has decent oral bioavailability and a good compound for optimisation into a drug candidate. The study has demonstrated that MLB possess hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activities and could be used as a therapeutic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kingsley Harley
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Isaac Kingsley Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Inemesit Okon Ben
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Donatus Wewura Adongo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nana Ama Mireku-Gyimah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Kwesi Baah
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Abraham Yeboah Mensah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Christian Fleischer
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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12
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Carranza-Naval MJ, Vargas-Soria M, Hierro-Bujalance C, Baena-Nieto G, Garcia-Alloza M, Infante-Garcia C, del Marco A. Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020262. [PMID: 33578998 PMCID: PMC7916805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epidemiological studies show the association between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Dietary habits and lifestyle, that are risk factors in both diseases, strongly modulate gut microbiota composition. Also, the brain-gut axis plays a relevant role in AD, diabetes and inflammation, through products of bacterial metabolism, like short-chain fatty acids. We provide a comprehensive review of current literature on the relation between dysbiosis, altered inflammatory cytokines profile and microglia in preclinical models of AD, T2DM and models that reproduce both diseases as commonly observed in the clinic. Increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are widely detected. Microbiome analysis shows alterations in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes phyla, among others. Altered α- and β-diversity is observed in mice depending on genotype, gender and age; therefore, alterations in bacteria taxa highly depend on the models and approaches. We also review the use of pre- and probiotic supplements, that by favoring a healthy microbiome ameliorate AD and T2DM pathologies. Whereas extensive studies have been carried out, further research would be necessary to fully understand the relation between diet, microbiome and inflammation in AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Salus Infirmorum, Universidad de Cadiz, 11005 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Hierro-Bujalance
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Gloria Baena-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology, Jerez Hospital, Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Infante-Garcia
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Angel del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
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13
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Li Y, Ma Q, Li P, Wang J, Wang M, Fan Y, Wang T, Wang C, Wang T, Zhao B. Proteomics reveals different pathological processes of adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle under insulin resistance. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6441-6461. [PMID: 32115712 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes, and insulin resistance (IR) is its core pathological mechanism. Proteomics is an ingenious and promising Omics technology that can comprehensively describe the global protein expression profiling of body or specific tissue, and is widely applied to the study of molecular mechanisms of diseases. In this paper, we focused on insulin target organs: adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle, and analyzed the different pathological processes of IR in these three tissues based on proteomics research. By literature studies, we proposed that the main pathological processes of IR among target organs were diverse, which showed unique characteristics and focuses. We further summarized the differential proteins in target organs which were verified to be related to IR, and discussed the proteins that may play key roles in the emphasized pathological processes, aiming at discovering potentially specific differential proteins of IR, and providing new ideas for pathological mechanism research of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quantao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Guo Q, Wei X, Hu H, Yang D, Zhang B, Fan X, Liu J, He H, Oh Y, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu C, Gu N. The saturated fatty acid palmitate induces insulin resistance through Smad3-mediated down-regulation of FNDC5 in myotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:619-626. [PMID: 31623832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels are associated with insulin resistance and can cause lipotoxicity in skeletal muscles. In response to FFAs, skeletal muscle can secrete a variety of cytokines. Irisin, one such muscle-secreted cytokine, can improve glucose tolerance, glucose uptake, and lipid metabolism. It is produced by the transmembrane protein fibronectin type Ⅲ domain containing 5 (FNDC5) by specific proteases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of the FNDC5 response to palmitate and their relationships with insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. RNA sequencing analysis results from C2C12 myotubes treated with palmitate showed that palmitate could activate the TGF-β signaling pathway. Palmitate directly affected the expression of Smad3, but not its phosphorylation level, in C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, knockdown and knockout of Smad3 alleviated the inhibitory effect of palmitate on the expression of FNDC5. In contrast, overexpression of Smad3 aggravated the inhibition of FNDC5 expression. There is a Smad3 binding motif in the -660 bp to -649 bp region of the Fndc5 promoter. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of this region also alleviated the inhibition of FNDC5 expression in response to palmitate. More importantly, inhibition of FNDC5 expression mediated by Smad3 led to a decrease in insulin sensitivity in C2C12 myotubes. Collectively, these findings suggest that palmitate could induce insulin resistance through Smad3-mediated down-regulation of the Fndc5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangjuan Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - DaQian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xingpei Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjuan He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuri Oh
- Faculty of Education, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Changlin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanpeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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15
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Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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16
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Huang S, Xu Y, Peng WF, Cheng J, Li HH, Shen LS, Xia LL. Asymmetric dimethylarginine targets MAPK pathway to regulate insulin resistance in liver by activating inflammation factors. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7474-7481. [PMID: 30506883 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with impaired glucose uptake and altered protein kinase B (Akt) signaling. Previous studies have suggested asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and inflammation are two distinguish factors that correlate with insulin resistance (IR). How ADMA and inflammation factors interact and synchronize in the regulation of IR in liver remain to be elucidated. In this study, we systematically investigated whether ADMA is involved in IR using primary hepatocytes, if yes, by via which molecular mechanism. Our results demonstrated that ADMA inhibits insulin sensitivity in a concentration-dependent manner by activating inflammation factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in primary hepatocytes. Further analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway act downstream of ADMA and inflammation factors, and inhibition of MAPK pathway rescued the IR. Furthermore, metformin effects has been found which could reverse ADMA-induced IR by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway. To our knowledge, we, for the first time, unveiled the complicated regulatory network and interactions among ADMA, inflammation, and MAPK signaling pathway, which advanced current research on the development and regulation of IR in liver. This study also certainly provided novel insights on comprehensive diagonistics roles of ADMA as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Wen-Fang Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Bakhtiyari S, Zaherara M, Haghani K, Khatami M, Rashidinejad A. The Phosphorylation of IRS1 S307 and Akt S473 Molecules in Insulin-Resistant C2C12 Cells Induced with Palmitate Is Influenced by Epigallocatechin Gallate from Green Tea. Lipids 2019; 54:141-148. [PMID: 30891789 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current investigation, the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the phosphorylation of IRS1S307 and AktS473 molecules in insulin-resistant C2C12 muscle cells induced with palmitate was studied and compared with the effect of the antidiabetic drug, rosiglitazone. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and differentiated into myotubes using horse serum and the creatine kinase test was used to confirm their differentiation. The treatment of C2C12 myotubes was carried out with palmitate, where albumin was used as the conjugator. The Western blot technique was used to check the useful phosphorylation of IRS1S307 and AktS473 in C2C12 myotubes, in the presence or absence of palmitate. There was a significant (p < 0.00) and linear increase in the activity of creatine kinase over time (0 to 96 h after differentiation) with everyday myoblast formation. While neither EGCG nor rosiglitazone showed a significant (p > 0.05) effect on palmitate content during 96 h of incubation of IRS1S307 , EGCG alone or combined with rosiglitazone increased the phosphorylation of AktS473 , leading to the increase of glucose uptake into C2C12 cells. Thus, it can be concluded that EGCG alone or in combination with rosiglitazone may show some therapeutic effects for the prevention or treatment of Type 2 diabetes owing to its substantial effect on increasing the phosphorylation of AktS473 and the subsequent glucose uptake into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Pajouhesh Blv., Ilam 6939177143, Iran
| | - Motahareh Zaherara
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars, Bam 76617136699, Iran
| | - Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Pajouhesh Blv., Ilam 6939177143, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars, Bam 76617136699, Iran.,NanoBioElectrochemistry Research Centre, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidinejad
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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18
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TNF- α Downregulation Modifies Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) in Metabolic Signaling of Diabetic Insulin-Resistant Hepatocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3560819. [PMID: 30863203 PMCID: PMC6378771 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3560819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance (IR) which can induce free fatty acids like palmitate. In hepatic cell, as an insulin target tissue, insulin resistance can be stimulated by inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The interaction of intracellular TNF-α signal with the insulin signaling pathway is not well identified. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effect of TNF-α elimination on the diabetic model of palmitate-induced insulin-resistant hepatocytes (HepG2). The changes of phosphorylation rate in IRS-1 protein are determined to know the effect of TNF-α on this key protein of the insulin signaling pathway. HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 Mm palmitate, and TNF-α gene knockdown was performed by shRNA-mediated technique. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the phosphorylated activity of the insulin signaling pathway. Palmitate-induced IR could increase TNF-α protein expression 1.2-, 2.78-, and 2.25-fold compared to the control cells at times of 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h, respectively. TNF-α expression in downregulated cells transfected with shRNA-TNF-α is approximately 47.0% of normal cells and 49.0% in the case of scrambled cells. IRS-1 phosphorylation in TNF-α-downregulated and stimulated cells with 100 nM insulin, after treatment and in the absence of palmitate, was 45% and 29% higher than the normal cells. These data support the evidence that TNF-α downregulation strategy contributes to the improvement of IRS-1 phosphorylation after insulin stimulation and insulin response in HepG2 liver cells.
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19
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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20
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Aqueous-Methanol Extracts of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato ( Ipomoeabatatas) Ameliorate Oxidative Stress and Modulate Type 2 Diabetes Associated Genes in Insulin Resistant C2C12 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082058. [PMID: 30126082 PMCID: PMC6222700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible plants such as sweet potato are sources of natural antioxidants that can be exploited in the management and treatment of insulin resistance. This present study investigated the effects of the extracts of an orange-fleshed sweet potato on oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione status and lipid peroxidation) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in palmitate-induced insulin resistant C2C12 cells. The intracellular antioxidant status of the cells was also measured using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Furthermore, this study determined the effect of the extracts on the regulation of some type 2 diabetes associated genes; glucose transporter 4 (glut4), Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (nrf1), Myocyte enhanced factor 2A (mef2a), Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (acc2). The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in intracellular GSH level, a significant reduction in the level of malonaldehyde and a significant improvement in the intracellular antioxidant status upon treatment of the insulin resistant cells with the extracts. The extracts were also able to positively modulate the expression levels of the type 2 diabetes associated genes. On the other hand, HPLC-MS analysis of the extracts showed the presence of polyphenols which could have contributed to the bioactivity of the extracts through their antioxidant effects.
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21
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Sun B, Zhong Z, Wang F, Xu J, Xu F, Kong W, Ling Z, Shu N, Li Y, Wu T, Zhang M, Zhu L, Liu X, Liu L. Atorvastatin impaired glucose metabolism in C2C12 cells partly via inhibiting cholesterol-dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:108-119. [PMID: 29338971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 75% of glucose disposal in body and statins impair glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on glucose metabolism in C2C12 cells. Glucose metabolism and expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase II (HXKII) were measured following incubation with atorvastatin or pravastatin. Roles of cholesterol in atorvastatin-induced glucose metabolism impairment were investigated via adding cholesterol or mevalonic acid and confirmed by cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Hypercholesterolemia mice induced by high fat diet (HFD) feeding, orally received atorvastatin (6 and 12 mg/kg) or pravastatin (12 mg/kg) for 22 days. Results showed that atorvastatin not pravastatin concentration-dependently impaired glucose consumption, glucose uptake and GLUT4 membrane translocation in C2C12 cells without affecting expression of HXKII or total GLUT4 protein. The atorvastatin-induced alterations were reversed by cholesterol or mevalonic acid. Cholesterol depletion exerted similar impact to atorvastatin, which could be alleviated by cholesterol supplement. Glucose consumption or GLUT4 translocation was positively associated with cellular cholesterol levels. In HFD mice, atorvastatin not pravastatin significantly increased blood glucose levels following glucose or insulin dose and decreased expression of membrane not total GLUT4 protein in muscle. Glucose exposure following glucose or insulin dose was negatively correlated to muscular free cholesterol concentration. Expression of membrane GLUT4 protein was positively related to free cholesterol in muscle. In conclusion, atorvastatin impaired glucose utilization in muscle cells partly via inhibiting GLUT4 membrane translocation due to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by atorvastatin, at least, partly contributing to glucose intolerance in HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhaoli Ling
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nan Shu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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22
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Peck B, Huot J, Renzi T, Arthur S, Turner MJ, Marino JS. Mice lacking PKC-θ in skeletal muscle have reduced intramyocellular lipid accumulation and increased insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R468-R477. [PMID: 29187383 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) is a lipid-sensitive molecule associated with lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Rodent models have not cohesively supported that PKC-θ impairs insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to generate mice that lack PKC-θ in skeletal muscle and determine how lipid accumulation and insulin responsiveness are affected in that tissue. Mice lacking PKC-θ in skeletal muscle (SkMPKCθKO) and controls (SkMPKCθWT) were placed on a regular diet (RD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 wk, followed by determination of food intake, fasting glucose levels, lipid accumulation, and insulin responsiveness. There were no differences between SkMPKCθWT and SkMPKCθKO mice on a RD. SkMPKCθKO mice on a HFD gained less weight from 10 through 15 wk of dietary intervention ( P < 0.05). This was likely due to less caloric consumption ( P = 0.0183) and fewer calories from fat ( P < 0.001) compared with SkMPKCθWT mice on a HFD. Intramyocellular lipid accumulation ( P < 0.0001), fatty acid binding protein 4, and TNF-α mRNA levels ( P < 0.05) were markedly reduced in SkMPKCθKO compared with SkMPKCθWT mice on a HFD. As a result, fasting hyperglycemia was mitigated and insulin responsiveness, as indicated by Akt phosphorylation, was maintained in SkMPKCθKO on a HFD. Liver lipid accumulation was not affected by genotype, suggesting the deletion of PKC-θ from skeletal muscle has a tissue-specific effect. PKC-θ is a regulator of lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, the effects of this mutation may be tissue specific. Further work is warranted to comprehensively evaluated whole body metabolic responses in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Peck
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Josh Huot
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Tim Renzi
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Susan Arthur
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Turner
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Joseph S Marino
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina
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23
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Nieuwoudt S, Mulya A, Fealy CE, Martelli E, Dasarathy S, Naga Prasad SV, Kirwan JP. In vitro contraction protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C575-C583. [PMID: 28835436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00123.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in understanding mechanisms that govern the protective role of exercise against lipid-induced insulin resistance, a key driver of type 2 diabetes. In this context, cell culture models provide a level of abstraction that aid in our understanding of cellular physiology. Here we describe the development of an in vitro myotube contraction system that provides this protective effect, and which we have harnessed to investigate lipid-induced insulin resistance. C2C12 myocytes were differentiated into contractile myotubes. A custom manufactured platinum electrode system and pulse stimulator, with polarity switching, provided an electrical pulse stimulus (EPS) (1 Hz, 6-ms pulse width, 1.5 V/mm, 16 h). Contractility was assessed by optical flow flied spot noise mapping and inhibited by application of ammonium acetate. Following EPS, myotubes were challenged with 0.5 mM palmitate for 4 h. Cells were then treated with or without insulin for glucose uptake (30 min), secondary insulin signaling activation (10 min), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-α (PI3Kα) activity (5 min). Prolonged EPS increased non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (83%, P = 0.002), Akt (Thr308) phosphorylation (P = 0.005), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated PI3Kα activity (P = 0.048). Palmitate reduced insulin-specific action on glucose uptake (-49%, P < 0.001) and inhibited insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation (P = 0.049) and whole cell PI3Kα activity (P = 0.009). The inhibitory effects of palmitate were completely absent with EPS pretreatment at the levels of glucose uptake, insulin responsiveness, Akt phosphorylation, and whole cell PI3Kα activity. This model suggests that muscle contraction alone is a sufficient stimulus to protect against lipid-induced insulin resistance as evidenced by changes in the proximal canonical insulin-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nieuwoudt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Ciarán E Fealy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Elizabeth Martelli
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | | | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; .,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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24
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Chanon S, Durand C, Vieille-Marchiset A, Robert M, Dibner C, Simon C, Lefai E. Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28671646 DOI: 10.3791/55743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest glucose deposit in mammals and largely contributes to glucose homeostasis. Assessment of insulin sensitivity of muscle cells is of major relevance for all studies dedicated to exploring muscle glucose metabolism and characterizing metabolic alterations. In muscle cells, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) proteins translocate to the plasma membrane in response to insulin, thus allowing massive entry of glucose into the cell. The ability of muscle cells to respond to insulin by increasing the rate of glucose uptake is one of the standard readouts to quantify muscle cell sensitivity to insulin. Human primary myotubes are a suitable in vitro model, as the cells maintain many features of the donor phenotype, including insulin sensitivity. This in vitro model is also suitable for the test of any compounds that could impact insulin responsiveness. Measurements of the glucose uptake rate in differentiated myotubes reflect insulin sensitivity. In this method, human primary muscle cells are cultured in vitro to obtain differentiated myotubes, and glucose uptake rates with and without insulin stimulation are measured. We provide a detailed protocol to quantify passive and active glucose transport rates using radiolabeled [3H] 2-deoxy-D-Glucose ([3H]2dG). Calculation methods are provided to quantify active basal and insulin-stimulated rates, as well as stimulation fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maud Robert
- Department of digestive and bariatric surgery, Obesity Integrated Center, University Hospital of Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University
| | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, University of Lyon
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, University of Lyon;
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25
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Cho KA, Park M, Kim YH, Woo SY, Ryu KH. Conditioned media from human palatine tonsil mesenchymal stem cells regulates the interaction between myotubes and fibroblasts by IL-1Ra activity. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:130-141. [PMID: 27619557 PMCID: PMC5192826 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) act as lipid mediators and induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Specifically, in obesity‐related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, FFAs directly reduce insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the knowledge of how FFAs mediate inflammation and subsequent tissue disorders, including fibrosis in skeletal muscle, is limited. FFAs are a natural ligand for toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, and induce chronic low‐grade inflammation that directly stimulates skeletal muscle tissue. However, persistent inflammatory stimulation in tissues could induce pro‐fibrogenic processes that ultimately lead to perturbation of the tissue architecture and dysfunction. Therefore, blocking the link between inflammatory primed skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue might be an efficient therapeutic option for treating obesity‐induced muscle inactivity. In this study, we investigated the impact of conditioned medium obtained from human palatine tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (T‐MSCs) on the interaction between skeletal muscle cells stimulated with palmitic acid (PA) and fibroblasts. We found that PA‐treated skeletal muscle cells actively secreted interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and augmented the migration, proliferation and expression of fibronectin in L929 fibroblasts. Furthermore, T‐CM inhibited the skeletal muscle cell‐derived pro‐fibrogenic effect via the production of the interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra), which is an inhibitor of IL‐1 signalling. Taken together, our data provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential of T‐MSC‐mediated therapy for the treatment of pathophysiological processes that occur in skeletal muscle tissues under chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhwa Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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