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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 PMCID: PMC11381001 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Jaykumar AB, Binns D, Taylor CA, Anselmo A, Birnbaum SG, Huber KM, Cobb MH. WNKs regulate mouse behavior and alter central nervous system glucose uptake and insulin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.09.598125. [PMID: 38915673 PMCID: PMC11195145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.09.598125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Certain areas of the brain involved in episodic memory and behavior, such as the hippocampus, express high levels of insulin receptors and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and are responsive to insulin. Insulin and neuronal glucose metabolism improve cognitive functions and regulate mood in humans. Insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking has been extensively studied in muscle and adipose tissue, but little work has demonstrated either how it is controlled in insulin-responsive brain regions or its mechanistic connection to cognitive functions. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of WNK (With-No-lysine (K)) kinases improves learning and memory in mice. Neuronal inhibition of WNK enhances in vivo hippocampal glucose uptake. Inhibition of WNK enhances insulin signaling output and insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in mice primary neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. Therefore, we propose that the extent of neuronal WNK kinase activity has an important influence on learning, memory and anxiety-related behaviors, in part, by modulation of neuronal insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita B. Jaykumar
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Derk Binns
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Clinton A. Taylor
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Shari G. Birnbaum
- Departments of Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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3
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Ying S, Guo Q, Zhang C. KLHL3-dependent WNK4 degradation affected by potassium through the neddylation and autophagy pathway. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:217. [PMID: 37481568 PMCID: PMC10362690 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies reported that kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3)-Cullin3(CUL3) E3 ligase ubiquitinated with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4). Impaired WNK4 ubiquitination plays a key role in Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt, also called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II) which results from overaction of thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport (NCC). In addition, researchers have also found that dietary potassium deficiency activates NCC along the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear about the relationship between potassium and WNK4. METHODS In the present study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to confirm that KLHL3-dependent WNK4 degradation is affected by potassium through the neddylation and autophagy pathway. In vitro, the WNK4 and KLHL3 plasmids were cotransfected into HEK293 cell lines by lipofectamine 2000, and then incubated with different potassium concentrations (1mmol/L and 10mmol/L) for 24 h, and further treated with MLN4924 or the autophagy inhibitor or both of MLN4924 and the autophagy inhibitor for another 24 h respectively. In vivo, we created mice that were fed with low or high potassium diets and then were injected MLN4924 in the experimental groups. The expression of WNK4, pWNK4, KLHL3, NEDD8, LC3 ,and P62 was detected by western blotting in vitro and vivo experiments. RESULTS We found that the abundance and phosphorylation of WNK4 increase when neddylation is inhibited both in vitro and vivo. Furthermore, the abundance of pWNK4, WNK4, NEDD8, and KLHL3 was increased in the low potassium (LK) group. Inhibiting autophagy can ameliorate the effect of potassium on the abundance and activity of WNK4 to some extent. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a complex regulation of potassium in the degradation of WNK4. Low potassium can activate WNK4, which may be related to neddylation and autophagy, but the mechanism needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ying
- Department of Nephrology, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Shi, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Shi, China.
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Uchida S, Mori T, Susa K, Sohara E. NCC regulation by WNK signal cascade. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081261. [PMID: 36685207 PMCID: PMC9845728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases have been identified as the causal genes for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare hereditary hypertension condition characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and thiazide-hypersensitivity. We thought that clarifying the link between WNK and NaCl cotransporter (NCC) would bring us new mechanism(s) of NCC regulation. For the first time, we were able to produce a knock-in mouse model of PHAII and anti-phosphorylated NCC antibodies against the putative NCC phosphorylation sites and discover that constitutive activation of NCC and increased phosphorylation of NCC are the primary pathogenesis of the disease in vivo. We have since demonstrated that this regulatory mechanism is mediated by the kinases oxidative stress-response protein 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) (WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling cascade) and that the signaling is not only important in the pathological condition of PHAII but also plays a crucial physiological role in the regulation of NCC.
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The Post-Translational Modification Networking in WNK-Centric Hypertension Regulation and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092169. [PMID: 36140271 PMCID: PMC9496095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase family, comprising four serine-threonine protein kinases (WNK1-4), were first linked to hypertension due to their mutations in association with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). WNK kinases regulate crucial blood pressure regulators, SPAK/OSR1, to mediate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of their downstream ion channel substrates, such as sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC), epithelial sodium chloride (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and Na/K/2Cl co-transporters (NKCCs). In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways dysregulating the WNKs and their downstream target renal ion transporters. We summarize each of the genetic variants of WNK kinases and the small molecule inhibitors that have been discovered to regulate blood pressure via WNK-triggered PTM cascades.
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Kelch-like protein 3 in human disease and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9813-9824. [PMID: 35585379 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) is a substrate adaptor of Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL3), and KLHL3-CUL3 complex plays a vital role in the ubiquitination of specific substrates. Mutations and abnormal post-translational modifications of KLHL3-CUL3 affect substrate ubiquitination and may related to the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome (GS), Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Pre-eclampsia (PE) and even cancers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the function and molecular mechanisms of KLHL3-CUL3 for the treatment of related diseases. In this review, we summary the structure and function of KLHL3-CUL3, the effect of KLHL3-CUL3 mutations and aberrant modifications in GS, PHPT, DM, CHD and PE. Moreover, we noted a possible role of KLHL3-CUL3 in carcinogenesis and provided ideas for targeting KLHL3-CUL3 for related disease treatment.
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Castañeda-Bueno M, D'Amico F, Heilig R, Manning CE, Sorrell FJ, D'Angiolella V, Fischer R, Mulder MPC, Gamba G, Alessi DR, Bullock AN. Sequence and structural variations determining the recruitment of WNK kinases to the KLHL3 E3 ligase. Biochem J 2022; 479:661-675. [PMID: 35179207 PMCID: PMC9022995 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The BTB-Kelch protein KLHL3 is a Cullin3-dependent E3 ligase that mediates the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of kinases WNK1-4 to control blood pressure and cell volume. A crystal structure of KLHL3 has defined its binding to an acidic degron motif containing a PXXP sequence that is strictly conserved in WNK1, WNK2 and WNK4. Mutations in the second proline abrograte the interaction causing the hypertension syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. WNK3 shows a diverged degron motif containing four amino acid substitutions that remove the PXXP motif raising questions as to the mechanism of its binding. To understand this atypical interaction, we determined the crystal structure of the KLHL3 Kelch domain in complex with a WNK3 peptide. The electron density enabled the complete 11-mer WNK-family degron motif to be traced for the first time revealing several conserved features not captured in previous work, including additional salt bridge and hydrogen bond interactions. Overall, the WNK3 peptide adopted a conserved binding pose except for a subtle shift to accommodate bulkier amino acid substitutions at the binding interface. At the centre, the second proline was substituted by WNK3 Thr541, providing a unique phosphorylatable residue among the WNK-family degrons. Fluorescence polarisation and structural modelling experiments revealed that its phosphorylation would abrogate the KLHL3 interaction similarly to hypertension-causing mutations. Together, these data reveal how the KLHL3 Kelch domain can accommodate the binding of multiple WNK isoforms and highlight a potential regulatory mechanism for the recruitment of WNK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyao Chen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Adrián R. Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesca D'Amico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Charlotte E. Manning
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Fiona J. Sorrell
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research U.K.. and Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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8
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Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Molecular mechanisms for the modulation of blood pressure and potassium homeostasis by the distal convoluted tubule. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 14:e14273. [PMID: 34927382 PMCID: PMC8819348 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical observations have shown that potassium ingestion is inversely correlated with arterial hypertension prevalence and cardiovascular mortality. The higher the dietary potassium, the lower the blood pressure and mortality. This phenomenon is explained, at least in part, by the interaction between salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and potassium secretion in the connecting tubule/collecting duct of the mammalian nephron: In order to achieve adequate K+ secretion levels under certain conditions, salt reabsorption in the DCT must be reduced. Because salt handling by the kidney constitutes the basis for the long‐term regulation of blood pressure, losing salt prevents hypertension. Here, we discuss how the study of inherited diseases in which salt reabsorption in the DCT is affected has revealed the molecular players, including membrane transporters and channels, kinases, and ubiquitin ligases that form the potassium sensing mechanism of the DCT and the processes through which the consequent adjustments in salt reabsorption are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Poulsen SB, Cheng L, Penton D, Kortenoeven MLA, Matchkov VV, Loffing J, Little R, Murali SK, Fenton RA. Activation of the kidney sodium chloride cotransporter by the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist salbutamol increases blood pressure. Kidney Int 2021; 100:321-335. [PMID: 33940111 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride-cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney distal convoluted tubule (DCT) plays an essential role in sodium and potassium homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that NCC activity is increased by the β2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol, a drug prevalently used to treat asthma. Relative to β1-adrenergic receptors, the β2-adrenergic receptors were greatly enriched in mouse DCT cells. In mice, administration of salbutamol increased NCC phosphorylation (indicating increased activity) within 30 minutes but also caused hypokalemia, which also increases NCC phosphorylation. In ex vivo kidney slices and isolated tubules, salbutamol increased NCC phosphorylation in the pharmacologically relevant range of 0.01-10 μM, an effect observed after 15 minutes and maintained at 60 minutes. Inhibition of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 4.1 or the downstream with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) and STE20/SPS1-related proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) pathway greatly attenuated, but did not prevent, salbutamol-induced NCC phosphorylation. Salbutamol increased cAMP in tubules, kidney slices and mpkDCT cells (model of DCT). Phosphoproteomics indicated that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) was a key upstream regulator of salbutamol effects. A role for PP1 and the PP1 inhibitor 1 (I1) was confirmed in tubules using inhibitors of PP1 or kidney slices from I1 knockout mice. On normal and high salt diets, salbutamol infusion increased systolic blood pressure, but this increase was normalized by thiazide suggesting a role for NCC. Thus, β2-adrenergic receptor signaling modulates NCC activity via I1/PP1 and WNK-dependent pathways, and chronic salbutamol administration may be a risk factor for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren B Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - David Penton
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Little
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Sathish K Murali
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.
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The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter and its roles in the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced cardiac diseases. Life Sci 2021; 270:119153. [PMID: 33539911 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue ischemia/hypoxia increases glycolysis and lactic acid accumulation in cardiomyocytes, leading to intracellular metabolic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate cotransporters (NBCs) play a vital role in modulating intracellular pH and maintaining sodium ion concentrations in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes mainly express electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), which has been demonstrated to participate in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This review outlines the structural and functional properties of NBCe1, summarizes the signaling pathways and factors that may regulate the activity of NBCe1, and reviews the roles of NBCe1 in the pathogenesis of I/R-induced cardiac diseases. Further studies revealing the regulatory mechanisms of NBCe1 activity should provide novel therapeutic targets for preventing I/R-induced cardiac diseases.
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11
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Guo Q, Zhang Y, Jiang GR, Zhang C. Decreased KLHL3 expression is involved in the activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC cascade in type 1 diabetic mice. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:185-196. [PMID: 33432425 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt; also called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II) is a hereditary hypertensive disease which can be caused by mutations in four genes: WNK1 [with no lysine (K) 1], WNK4, Kelch-like3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3). Decreased KLHL3 expression was identified as being involved in the pathogenesis of FHHt caused by cullin 3 disease mutations. Recent studies have revealed an increased WNK4 and hence Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) activity in the db/db mice, resulting from PKC-mediated KLHL3 phosphorylation, which impairs the degradation of its substrate, WNK4. However, whether WNK4 and NCC were activated in type 1 diabetes still remains unclear. We created streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice and revealed that renal WNK-oxidative stress response kinase-1/STE20/SPS1-related proline alanine-rich kinase (OSR1/SPAK)-NCC cascade was activated, whereas KLHL3 expression was markedly decreased and CUL3 was heavily neddylated. Moreover, decreased KLHL3 was reversed and WNK1 and WNK4 abundance increased by MLN4924, a neddylation inhibitor. In vitro, our study also showed decreased KLHL3 abundance without any significant change in phosphorylated KLHL3 under high glucose exposure. These results indicate that decreased KLHL3 likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of renal sodium reabsorption in hyperglycemic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Cullin Proteins/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Renal Reabsorption
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium/metabolism
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/metabolism
- Streptozocin
- Ubiquitination
- WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Geng-Ru Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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12
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The sodium/proton exchanger NHA2 regulates blood pressure through a WNK4-NCC dependent pathway in the kidney. Kidney Int 2020; 99:350-363. [PMID: 32956652 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NHA2 is a sodium/proton exchanger associated with arterial hypertension in humans, but the role of NHA2 in kidney function and blood pressure homeostasis is currently unknown. Here we show that NHA2 localizes almost exclusively to distal convoluted tubules in the kidney. NHA2 knock-out mice displayed reduced blood pressure, normocalcemic hypocalciuria and an attenuated response to the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium/chloride cotransporter NCC and its upstream activating kinase Ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine rich kinase (SPAK), as well as the abundance of with no lysine kinase 4 (WNK4), were significantly reduced in the kidneys of NHA2 knock-out mice. In vitro experiments recapitulated these findings and revealed increased WNK4 ubiquitylation and enhanced proteasomal WNK4 degradation upon loss of NHA2. The effect of NHA2 on WNK4 stability was dependent from the ubiquitylation pathway protein Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3). More specifically, loss of NHA2 selectively attenuated KLHL3 phosphorylation and blunted protein kinase A- and protein kinase C-mediated decrease of WNK4 degradation. Phenotype analysis of NHA2/NCC double knock-out mice supported the notion that NHA2 affects blood pressure homeostasis by a kidney-specific and NCC-dependent mechanism. Thus, our data show that NHA2 as a critical component of the WNK4-NCC pathway and is a novel regulator of blood pressure homeostasis in the kidney.
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Yamazaki O, Hirohama D, Ishizawa K, Shibata S. Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in the Regulation of Blood Pressure: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5358. [PMID: 32731518 PMCID: PMC7432568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney and the vasculature play crucial roles in regulating blood pressure. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), a multienzyme process mediating covalent conjugation of the 76-amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin to a substrate protein followed by proteasomal degradation, is involved in multiple cellular processes by regulating protein turnover in various tissues. Increasing evidence demonstrates the roles of UPS in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney, filtered sodium is reabsorbed through diverse sodium transporters and channels along renal tubules, and studies conducted till date have provided insights into the complex molecular network through which ubiquitin ligases modulate sodium transport in different segments. Components of these pathways include ubiquitin ligase neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4-2, Cullin-3, and Kelch-like 3. Moreover, accumulating data indicate the roles of UPS in blood vessels, where it modulates nitric oxide bioavailability and vasoconstriction. Cullin-3 not only regulates renal salt reabsorption but also controls vascular tone using different adaptor proteins that target distinct substrates in vascular smooth muscle cells. In endothelial cells, UPS can also contribute to blood pressure regulation by modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of UPS in blood pressure regulation, focusing on renal sodium reabsorption and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (O.Y.); (D.H.); (K.I.)
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14
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Furusho T, Uchida S, Sohara E. The WNK signaling pathway and salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:733-743. [PMID: 32286498 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distal nephron of the kidney has a central role in sodium and fluid homeostasis, and disruption of this homeostasis due to mutations of with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1), WNK4, Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), or Cullin 3 (CUL3) causes pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), an inherited hypertensive disease. WNK1 and WNK4 activate the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) at the distal convoluted tubule through oxidative stress-responsive gene 1 (OSR1)/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), constituting the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade. The level of WNK protein is regulated through degradation by the CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex. In the normal state, the activity of WNK signaling in the kidney is physiologically regulated by sodium intake to maintain sodium homeostasis in the body. In patients with PHAII, however, because of the defective degradation of WNK kinases, NCC is constitutively active and not properly suppressed by a high salt diet, leading to abnormally increased salt reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that potassium intake, insulin, and TNFα are also physiological regulators of WNK signaling, suggesting that they contribute to the salt-sensitive hypertension associated with a low potassium diet, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease, respectively. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that WNK signaling also has some unique roles in metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunological organs. Here, we review the recent literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms of the WNK signaling pathway and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Furusho
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Fu Y, Yuan P, Ke Y, Cao Y, Zhang Q, Hou Y, Wei Y, Gao L, Zheng X, feng W. Regulation of PI3k-WNK Pathway by Ethyl Acetate Partition Fraction of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino in SHR, NRK52e Cells, and IMCD3 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20920989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antihypertensive mechanism was studied of the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract (EAPF) of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino (GJRM). GJRM is a fake product of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ( G. jasminoides), but in China’s Henan province, the production of GJRM is much more than G. jasminoides’s, but its traditional usage is as a dye. Gardenia jasminoides can be used to reduce blood pressure and blood glucose levels. The chemical compositions of GJRM and G. jasminoides are similar, and we previously confirmed that GJRM can also reduce blood pressure. Here, we report that the EAPF of GJRM could activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats, thus increasing the content of nitric oxide and bradykinin in sera and decreasing endothelin-1 content. EAPF can also decrease the levels of with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) expression, WNK4 and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter and sodium chloride cotransporters mRNA and phosphorylation. To investigate the antihypertensive effects of the EAPF of GJRM, 5 monoterpenoids isolated from EAPF were studied for their effects on NRK52e and IMCD3 cells. These compounds inhibited the PI3K-WNK signaling pathway to varying degrees under hypotonic conditions; 4-methoxyrehmapicrogenin had the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Ke
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Penton D, Moser S, Wengi A, Czogalla J, Rosenbaek LL, Rigendinger F, Faresse N, Martins JR, Fenton RA, Loffing-Cueni D, Loffing J. Protein Phosphatase 1 Inhibitor-1 Mediates the cAMP-Dependent Stimulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:737-750. [PMID: 30902838 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of cAMP-elevating hormones stimulate phosphorylation (and hence activity) of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Evidence suggests that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and other protein phosphatases modulate NCC phosphorylation, but little is known about PP1's role and the mechanism regulating its function in the DCT. METHODS We used ex vivo mouse kidney preparations to test whether a DCT-enriched inhibitor of PP1, protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 (I1), mediates cAMP's effects on NCC, and conducted yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments in NCC-expressing MDCK cells to explore protein interactions. RESULTS Treating isolated DCTs with forskolin and IBMX increased NCC phosphorylation via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. Ex vivo incubation of mouse kidney slices with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and parathyroid hormone similarly increased NCC phosphorylation. The cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC phosphorylation strongly correlated with the phosphorylation of I1 at its PKA consensus phosphorylation site (a threonine residue in position 35). We also found an interaction between NCC and the I1-target PP1. Moreover, PP1 dephosphorylated NCC in vitro, and the PP1 inhibitor calyculin A increased NCC phosphorylation. Studies in kidney slices and isolated perfused kidneys of control and I1-KO mice demonstrated that I1 participates in the cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a complete signal transduction pathway by which cAMP increases NCC phosphorylation via a PKA-dependent phosphorylation of I1 and subsequent inhibition of PP1. This pathway might be relevant for the physiologic regulation of renal sodium handling by cAMP-elevating hormones, and may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension in patients with endocrine disorders or sympathetic hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Penton
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Moser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Wengi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czogalla
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Lindtoft Rosenbaek
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nourdine Faresse
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joana R Martins
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | | | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; .,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Karra AS, Cobb MH. WNK pathways in cancer signaling networks. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:72. [PMID: 30390653 PMCID: PMC6215617 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The with no lysine [K] (WNK) pathway consists of the structurally unique WNK kinases, their downstream target kinases, oxidative stress responsive (OSR)1 and SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and a multitude of OSR1/SPAK substrates including cation chloride cotransporters. Main body While the best known functions of the WNK pathway is regulation of ion transport across cell membranes, WNK pathway components have been implicated in numerous human diseases. The goal of our review is to draw attention to how this pathway and its components exert influence on the progression of cancer, specifically by detailing WNK signaling intersections with major cell communication networks and processes. Conclusion Here we describe how WNKs and associated proteins interact with and influence PI3K-AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling, as well as its unanticipated role in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Aroon S Karra
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA.
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18
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Wardak H, Tutakhel OAZ, Van Der Wijst J. Role of the alternative splice variant of NCC in blood pressure control. Channels (Austin) 2018; 12:346-355. [PMID: 30264650 PMCID: PMC6207291 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2018.1528820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC), located in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney, plays an important role in blood pressure regulation by fine-tuning sodium excretion. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms, of which only the third isoform (NCC3) has been extensively investigated so far. However, recent studies unraveled the importance of the isoforms 1 and 2, collectively referred to as NCC splice variant (NCCSV), in several (patho)physiological conditions. In the human kidney, NCCSV localizes to the apical membrane of the DCT and could constitute a functional route for renal sodium-chloride reabsorption. Analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), a non-invasive method for measuring renal responses, demonstrated that NCCSV abundance changes in response to acute water loading and correlates with patients’ thiazide responsiveness. Furthermore, a novel phosphorylation site at serine 811 (S811), exclusively present in NCCSV, was shown to play an instrumental role in NCCSV as well as NCC3 function. This review aims to summarize these new insights of NCCSV function in humans that broadens the understanding on NCC regulation in blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Wardak
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
| | - Omar A Z Tutakhel
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland.,b Department of Translational Metabolic Laboratory , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Van Der Wijst
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
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19
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Marshall WS, Cozzi RRF, Spieker M. WNK1 and p38-MAPK distribution in ionocytes and accessory cells of euryhaline teleost fish implies ionoregulatory function. Biol Open 2017; 6:956-966. [PMID: 28522431 PMCID: PMC5550910 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionocytes of euryhaline teleost fish secrete NaCl, under regulation by serine and threonine kinases, including with-no-lysine kinase (WNK1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) were acclimated to freshwater (FW), full strength seawater (SW) and hypersaline conditions (2SW). Immunocytochemistry of ionocytes in opercular epithelia of fish acclimated to SW and 2SW revealed that WNK1-anti-pT58 phosphoantibody localized strongly to accessory cells and was present in the cytosol of ionocytes, close to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the apical membrane and the sodium potassium 2 chloride cotransporter (NKCC) in the basolateral membrane. In FW acclimated fish, WNK1 localized to a sub-apical zone, did not colocalize with apical membrane-located sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), and typically was present in one cell of paired ionocytes and in some single ionocytes. Forskolin treatment (10 μM, 30 min) increased WNK1 immunofluorescence in SW ionocytes only, while hypertonicity had little effect, compared to controls. Anti-p38-MAPK antibody localized to the cytosolic compartment. The distribution of WNK1 and p38MAPK is consistent with a proximal position in regulatory cascades, rather than directly affecting transporters. The strong staining of accessory cells by WNK1 phosphoantibody infers an osmoregulatory function for WNK. Summary: Fish opercular epithelium ionocytes and accessory cells have WNK family kinases that may regulate paracellular and transcellular ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Marshall
- Biology Department, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - R R F Cozzi
- Biology Department, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - M Spieker
- Biology Department, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
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20
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Sasaki E, Susa K, Mori T, Isobe K, Araki Y, Inoue Y, Yoshizaki Y, Ando F, Mori Y, Mandai S, Zeniya M, Takahashi D, Nomura N, Rai T, Uchida S, Sohara E. KLHL3 Knockout Mice Reveal the Physiological Role of KLHL3 and the Pathophysiology of Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type II Caused by Mutant KLHL3. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00508-16. [PMID: 28052936 PMCID: PMC5359427 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00508-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1), WNK4, kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3) genes are known to cause the hereditary disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). It was recently demonstrated that this results from the defective degradation of WNK1 and WNK4 by the KLHL3/CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, the other physiological in vivo roles of KLHL3 remain unclear. Therefore, here we generated KLHL3-/- mice that expressed β-galactosidase (β-Gal) under the control of the endogenous KLHL3 promoter. Immunoblots of β-Gal and LacZ staining revealed that KLHL3 was expressed in some organs, such as brain. However, the expression levels of WNK kinases were not increased in any of these organs other than the kidney, where WNK1 and WNK4 increased in KLHL3-/- mice but not in KLHL3+/- mice. KLHL3-/- mice also showed PHAII-like phenotypes, whereas KLHL3+/- mice did not. This clearly demonstrates that the heterozygous deletion of KLHL3 was not sufficient to cause PHAII, indicating that autosomal dominant type PHAII is caused by the dominant negative effect of mutant KLHL3. We further demonstrated that the dimerization of KLHL3 can explain this dominant negative effect. These findings could help us to further understand the physiological roles of KLHL3 and the pathophysiology of PHAII caused by mutant KLHL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Araki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshizaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moko Zeniya
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiei Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
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22
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Phosphorylation by PKC and PKA regulate the kinase activity and downstream signaling of WNK4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E879-E886. [PMID: 28096417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) regulates electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. WNK4 phosphorylates the kinases SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase), which then phosphorylate and activate the renal Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). WNK4 levels are regulated by binding to Kelch-like 3, targeting WNK4 for ubiquitylation and degradation. Phosphorylation of Kelch-like 3 by PKC or PKA downstream of AngII or vasopressin signaling, respectively, abrogates binding. We tested whether these pathways also affect WNK4 phosphorylation and activity. By tandem mass spectrometry and use of phosphosite-specific antibodies, we identified five WNK4 sites (S47, S64, S1169, S1180, S1196) that are phosphorylated downstream of AngII signaling in cultured cells and in vitro by PKC and PKA. Phosphorylation at S64 and S1196 promoted phosphorylation of the WNK4 kinase T-loop at S332, which is required for kinase activation, and increased phosphorylation of SPAK. Volume depletion induced phosphorylation of these sites in vivo, predominantly in the distal convoluted tubule. Thus, AngII, in addition to increasing WNK4 levels, also modulates WNK4 kinase activity via phosphorylation of sites outside the kinase domain.
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23
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Ishizawa K, Xu N, Loffing J, Lifton RP, Fujita T, Uchida S, Shibata S. Potassium depletion stimulates Na-Cl cotransporter via phosphorylation and inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Kelch-like 3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:745-751. [PMID: 27942049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) is a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates blood pressure by targeting With-No-Lysine (WNK) kinases for degradation. Mutations in KLHL3 cause constitutively increased renal salt reabsorption and impaired K+ secretion, resulting in hypertension and hyperkalemia. Although clinical studies have shown that dietary K+ intake affects blood pressure, the mechanisms have been obscure. In this study, we demonstrate that the KLHL3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in the low-K+-mediated activation of Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney. In the distal convoluted tubules of mice eating a low-K+ diet, we found increased KLHL3 phosphorylation at S433 (KLHL3S433-P), a modification that impairs WNK binding, and also reduced total KLHL3 levels. These changes are accompanied by the accumulation of the target substrate WNK4, and activation of the downstream kinases SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive 1), resulting in NCC phosphorylation and its accumulation at the plasma membrane. Increased phosphorylation of S433 was explained by increased levels of active, phosphorylated protein kinase C (but not protein kinase A), which directly phosphorylates S433. Moreover, in HEK cells expressing KLHL3 and WNK4, we showed that the activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces KLHL3S433-P and increases WNK4 levels by abrogating its ubiquitination. These data demonstrate the role of KLHL3 in low-K+-mediated induction of NCC; this physiologic adaptation reduces distal electrogenic Na+ reabsorption, preventing further renal K+ loss but promoting increased blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ishizawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Wang L, Peng JB. Phosphorylation of KLHL3 at serine 433 impairs its interaction with the acidic motif of WNK4: a molecular dynamics study. Protein Sci 2016; 26:163-173. [PMID: 27727489 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between the acidic motif (AM) of protein kinase WNK4 and the Kelch domain of KLHL3 are involved in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, a hereditary form of hypertension. This interaction is disrupted by some disease-causing mutations in either WNK4 or KLHL3, or by angiotensin II- and insulin-induced phosphorylation of KLHL3 at serine 433, which is also a site frequently mutated in patients. However, the mechanism by which this phosphorylation disrupts the interaction is unclear. In this study, we approached this problem using molecular dynamics simulation with structural, dynamical and energetic analyses. Results from independent simulations indicate that when S433 was phosphorylated, the electrostatic potential became more negative in the AM binding site of KLHL3 and therefore was unfavorable for binding with the negatively charged AM. In addition, the intermolecular hydrogen bond network that kept the AM stable in the binding site of KLHL3 was disrupted, and the forces for the hydrophobic interactions between the AM of WNK4 and KLHL3 were also reduced. As a result, the weakened interactions were no longer capable of holding the AM of WNK4 at its binding site in KLHL3. In conclusion, phosphorylation of KLHL3 at S433 disrupts the hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the Kelch domain of KLHL3 and the AM of WNK4. This study provides a key molecular understanding of the KLHL3-mediated regulation of WNK4, which is an integrative regulator of electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in the kidney. Significances Statement: WNK4 is an integrative regulator of electrolyte homeostasis, which is important in the blood pressure regulation by the kidney. Interaction between WNK4 and KLHL3 is a key physiological process that is impaired in a hereditary form of hypertension. This study provides substantial new insights into the role of phosphorylation of KLHL3 in regulating the interaction with WNK4, and therefore advances our understanding of molecular pathogenesis of hypertension and the mechanism of blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Ji-Bin Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294.,Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
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25
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Dbouk HA, Huang CL, Cobb MH. Hypertension: the missing WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F16-27. [PMID: 27009339 PMCID: PMC4967160 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00358.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The With no Lysine [K] (WNK) family of enzymes are central in the regulation of blood pressure. WNKs have been implicated in hereditary hypertension disorders, mainly through control of the activity and levels of ion cotransporters and channels. Actions of WNKs in the kidney have been heavily investigated, and recent studies have provided insight into not only the regulation of these enzymes but also how mutations in WNKs and their interacting partners contribute to hypertensive disorders. Defining the roles of WNKs in the cardiovascular system will provide clues about additional mechanisms by which WNKs can regulate blood pressure. This review summarizes recent developments in the regulation of the WNK signaling cascade and its role in regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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