1
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Johnson AL, Elder SS, McKendrick JG, Hegarty LM, Mercer E, Emmerson E. A single dose of radiation elicits comparable acute salivary gland injury to fractionated radiation. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050733. [PMID: 39086326 PMCID: PMC11361643 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands are often damaged during head and neck cancer radiotherapy. This results in chronic dry mouth, which adversely affects quality of life and for which there is no long-term cure. Mouse models of salivary gland injury are routinely used in regenerative research. However, there is no clear consensus on the radiation regime required to cause injury. Here, we analysed three regimes of γ-irradiation of the submandibular salivary gland. Transcriptional analysis, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry was used to profile DNA damage, gland architecture and immune cell changes 3 days after single doses of 10 or 15 Gy or three doses of 5 Gy. Irrespective of the regime, radiation induced comparable levels of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, loss of glandular architecture, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and a reduction in tissue-resident macrophages, relative to those observed in non-irradiated submandibular glands. Given these data, coupled with the fact that repeated anaesthetic can negatively affect animal welfare and interfere with saliva secretion, we conclude that a single dose of 10 Gy irradiation is the most refined method of inducing acute salivary gland injury in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Johnson
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sonia S. Elder
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - John G. McKendrick
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- The Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lizi M. Hegarty
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- The Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ella Mercer
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
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2
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Huang Y, Chen X, Jiang Z, Luo Q, Wan L, Hou X, Yu K, Zhuang J. Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Tgf-β-Mediated Noncoding RNA Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in DNA Damage in the 661W Photoreceptor Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2140. [PMID: 36421815 PMCID: PMC9691224 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (Tgf-β), a pleiotropic cytokine, can enhance DNA repair in various cells, including cancer cells and neurons. The noncoding regulatory system plays an important role in Tgf-β-mediated biological activities, whereas few studies have explored its role in DNA damage and repair. In this study, we suggested that Tgf-β improved while its inhibitor LSKL impaired DNA repair and cell viability in UV-irradiated 661W cells. Moreover, RNA-seq was carried out, and a total of 106 differentially expressed (DE)-mRNAs and 7 DE-lncRNAs were identified between UV/LSKL and UV/ctrl 661W cells. Gene ontology and Reactome analysis confirmed that the DE-mRNAs were enriched in multiple DNA damaged- and repair-related biological functions and pathways. We then constructed a ceRNA network that included 3 lncRNAs, 19 miRNAs, and 29 mRNAs with a bioinformatics prediction. Through RT-qPCR and further functional verification, 2 Tgf-β-mediated ceRNA axes (Gm20559-miR-361-5p-Oas2/Gbp7) were further identified. Gm20559 knockout or miR-361-5p mimics markedly impaired DNA repair and cell viability in UV-irradiated 661W cells, which confirms the bioinformatics results. In summary, this study revealed that Tgf-β could reduce DNA damage in 661W cells, provided a Tgf-β-associated ceRNA network for DNA damage and repair, and suggested that the molecular signatures may be useful candidates as targets of treatment for photoreceptor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhigao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Linxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiangtao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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3
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Mishra T, Bhardwaj V, Ahuja N, Gadgil P, Ramdas P, Shukla S, Chande A. Improved loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in human cells concomitant with inhibition of TGF-β signaling. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:202-218. [PMID: 35402072 PMCID: PMC8961078 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to modulate cellular DNA repair pathways hold immense potential to enhance the efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing platform. In the absence of a repair template, CRISPR-Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by the endogenous cellular DNA repair pathways to generate loss-of-function edits. Here, we describe a reporter-based assay for expeditious measurement of loss-of-function editing by CRISPR-Cas9. An unbiased chemical screen performed using this assay enabled the identification of small molecules that promote loss-of-function editing. Iterative rounds of screens reveal Repsox, a TGF-β signaling inhibitor, as a CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency enhancer. Repsox invariably increased CRISPR-Cas9 editing in a panel of commonly used cell lines in biomedical research and primary cells. Furthermore, Repsox-mediated editing enhancement in primary human CD4+ T cells enabled the generation of HIV-1-resistant cells with high efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of transiently targeting cellular pathways by small molecules to improve genome editing for research applications and is expected to benefit gene therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Mishra
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Vipin Bhardwaj
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Neha Ahuja
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Pallavi Gadgil
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Pavitra Ramdas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Ajit Chande
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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4
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De Mattia E, Canzonieri V, Polesel J, Mezzalira S, Dalle Fratte C, Dreussi E, Roncato R, Bignucolo A, Innocente R, Belluco C, Pucciarelli S, De Paoli A, Palazzari E, Toffoli G, Cecchin E. SMAD3 Host and Tumor Profiling to Identify Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients at High Risk of Poor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:778781. [PMID: 35002714 PMCID: PMC8740633 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.778781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying patients at risk of poor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is an emerging clinical need in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). SMAD3 is a key player in the chemoradio-resistance phenotype and its expression is both constitutive and locally induced. The aim was to investigate both host (genetic polymorphisms) and tumor SMAD3 profiling to predict response to nCRT. In a group of 76 LARC patients, SMAD3 and phosphorylated-SMAD3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in preoperative tumor tissue. In an expanded study group (n = 378), a set of SMAD3 polymorphisms (rs35874463, rs1065080, rs1061427, rs17228212, rs744910, and rs745103) was analyzed. Association with tumor regression grade (TRG) and patient prognosis (progression-free survival [PFS] and overall survival [OS]) was assessed. Patients with high tumor expression of SMAD3 had a significantly increased risk of poor response (TRG≥2) [cellularity >55% (OR:10.36, p = 0.0004), or moderate/high intensity (OR:5.20, p = 0.0038), or an H-score≥1 (OR:9.84, p = 0.0004)]. Patients carrying the variant SMAD3 rs745103-G allele had a poorer response (OR:0.48, p = 0.0093), a longer OS (HR:0.65, p = 0.0307), and a trend for longer PFS (HR:0.75, p = 0.0944). Patients who carried both high SMAD3 tumor expression and the wild-type rs745103-A allele had an extremely high risk of not achieving a complete response (OR:13.45, p = 0.0005). Host and tumor SMAD3 status might be considered to improve risk stratification of LARC patients to facilitate selection for alternative personalized neoadjuvant strategies including intensified regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Mattia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Silvia Mezzalira
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Chiara Dalle Fratte
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Eva Dreussi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Rossana Roncato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alessia Bignucolo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Roberto Innocente
- Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Claudio Belluco
- Surgical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Antonino De Paoli
- Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Elisa Palazzari
- Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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5
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Wang J, Xu Z, Wang Z, Du G, Lun L. TGF-beta signaling in cancer radiotherapy. Cytokine 2021; 148:155709. [PMID: 34597918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays key roles in regulating cellular proliferation and maintaining tissue homeostasis. TGF-β exerts tumor-suppressive effects in the early stages of carcinogenesis, but it also plays tumor-promoting roles in established tumors. Additionally, it plays a critical role in cancer radiotherapy. TGF-β expression or activation increases in irradiated tissues, and studies have shown that TGF-β plays dual roles in cancer radiosensitivity and is involved in ionizing radiation-induced fibrosis in different tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Furthermore, TGF-β promotes radioresistance by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), suppresses the immune system and facilitates cancer resistance. In particular, the links between TGF-β and the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) axis play a critical role in cancer therapeutic resistance. Growing evidence has shown that TGF-β acts as a radiation protection agent, leading to heightened interest in using TGF-β as a therapeutic target. The future of anti-TGF-β signaling therapy for numerous diseases appears bright, and the outlook for the use of TGF-β inhibitors in cancer radiotherapy as TME-targeting agents is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Guoqiang Du
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Limin Lun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China.
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6
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MRE11 as a molecular signature and therapeutic target for cancer treatment with radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:1-11. [PMID: 34022282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MRE11, the core of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, is one of key DNA damage response proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that its expression in cancer cells is critical to developing radioresistance; as such, MRE11 is an emerging marker for targeted radiosensitization strategies. Elevated MRE11 in tumor tissues has been associated with poor survival in patients undergoing radiotherapy, although in some cancer types, the opposite has been noted. The recent discovery of ionizing radiation-induced truncation of MRE11, which decreases its efficacy, may explain some of these paradoxical findings. The progress of research on the biological modulation of MRE11 expression is also discussed, with the potential application of small molecule or large molecule inhibitors of MRE11 for enhancing radiosensitivity. Current research has further highlighted both nuclease and non-nuclease activities of MRE11 in cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation, and differentiation between these is essential to verify the targeting effects of radiosensitizing agents. These updates clarify our understanding of how MRE11 expression may be utilized in future stratification of cancer patients for radiotherapy, and how it may be leveraged in shaping novel radiosensitization strategies.
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7
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Rodrigues-Junior DM, Tan SS, Lim SK, Leong HS, Melendez ME, Ramos CRN, Viana LDS, Tan DSW, Carvalho AL, Iyer NG, Vettore AL. Circulating extracellular vesicle-associated TGFβ3 modulates response to cytotoxic therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1452-1461. [PMID: 31436806 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) requires a multi-prong approach comprising surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy, yet outcomes are limited. This is largely due to a paucity of biomarkers that can predict response to specific treatment modalities. Here, we evaluated TGFβ3 protein levels in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by HNSCC cells as a predictor for response to chemoradiation therapy (CRT). To this end, specific EV-fractions were isolated from cell lines or HNSCC patient plasma, and TGFβ3 protein was quantified. In patients treated with CRT, TGFβ3 levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma EV-fractions or non-responders compared with responders. High levels of TGFβ3 levels in Annexin V-EVs were associated with the worst progression-free survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TGFβ3 silencing sensitized HNSCC cells to cytotoxic therapies, and this phenotype could be rescued by treatment with exogenous. In addition, specific EV-fractions shed by cisplatin-resistant cells were sufficient to transfer the resistant phenotype to sensitive cells through activation of TGFβ-signaling pathway. Therefore, our data show that TGFβ3 transmitted through EV plays a significant role in response to cytotoxic therapy, which can be exploited as a potential biomarker for CRT response in HNSCC patients treated with curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorival Mendes Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.,Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Sim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*-STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Hui Sun Leong
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Daniel S W Tan
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre Luiz Vettore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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8
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Farhood B, Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Motevaseli E, Mirtavoos-Mahyari H, Eleojo Musa A, Najafi M. TGF-β in radiotherapy: Mechanisms of tumor resistance and normal tissues injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104745. [PMID: 32145401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences show that changes in tumor stroma can adapt cancer cells to radiotherapy, thereby leading to a reduction in tumor response to treatment. On the other hand, radiotherapy is associated with severe reactions in normal tissues which limit the amount radiation dose received by tumor. These challenges open a window in radiobiology and radiation oncology to explore mechanisms for improving tumor response and also alleviate side effects of radiotherapy. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a well-known and multitasking cytokine that regulates a wide range of reactions and interactions within tumor and normal tissues. Within tumor microenvironment (TME), TGF-β is the most potent suppressor of immune system activity against cancer cells. This effect is mediated through stimulation of CD4+ which differentiates to T regulatory cells (Tregs), infiltration of fibroblasts and differentiation into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and also polarization of macrophages to M2 cells. These changes lead to suppression of cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells to kill cancer cells. TGF-β also plays a key role in the angiogenesis, invasion and DNA damage responses (DDR) in cancer cells. In normal tissues, TGF-β triggers the expression of a wide range of pro-oxidant and pro-fibrosis genes, leading to fibrosis, genomic instability and some other side effects. These properties of TGF-β make it a potential target to preserve normal tissues and sensitize tumor via its inhibition. In the current review, we aim to explain the mechanisms of upregulation of TGF-β and its consequences in both tumor and normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Mirtavoos-Mahyari
- Lung Transplantation Research Center (LTRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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9
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Tang Y, Hu M, Xu Y, Chen F, Chen S, Chen M, Qi Y, Shen M, Wang C, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Quan Y, Wang F, Su Y, Zeng D, Wang S, Wang J. Megakaryocytes promote bone formation through coupling osteogenesis with angiogenesis by secreting TGF-β1. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2229-2242. [PMID: 32104505 PMCID: PMC7019172 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The hematopoietic system and skeletal system have a close relationship, and megakaryocytes (MKs) may be involved in maintaining bone homeostasis. However, the exact role and underlying mechanism of MKs in bone formation during steady-state and stress conditions are still unclear. Methods: We first evaluated the bone phenotype with MKs deficiency in bone marrow by using c-Mpl-deficient mice and MKs-conditionally deleted mice. Then, osteoblasts (OBs) proliferation and differentiation and CD31hiEmcnhi tube formation were assessed. The expression of growth factors related to bone formation in MKs was detected by RNA-sequencing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Mice with specific depletion of TGF-β1 in MKs were used to further verify the effect of MKs on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Finally, MKs treatment of irradiation-induced bone injury was tested in a mouse model. Results: We found that MKs deficiency significantly impaired bone formation. Further investigations revealed that MKs could promote OBs proliferation and differentiation, as well as CD31hiEmcnhi vessels formation, by secreting high levels of TGF-β1. Consistent with these findings, mice with specific depletion of TGF-β1 in MKs displayed significantly decreased bone mass and strength. Importantly, treatment with MKs or thrombopoietin (TPO) substantially attenuated radioactive bone injury in mice by directly or indirectly increasing the level of TGF-β1 in bone marrow. MKs-derived TGF-β1 was also involved in suppressing apoptosis and promoting DNA damage repair in OBs after irradiation exposure. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that MKs contribute to bone formation through coupling osteogenesis with angiogenesis by secreting TGF-β1, which may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of irradiation-induced osteoporosis.
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10
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Jiang Z, Guo Y, Miao L, Han L, Zhang W, Jiang Y. SMAD3 silencing enhances DNA damage in radiation therapy by interacting with MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in glioma. J Biochem 2019; 165:317-322. [PMID: 30535026 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the major treatment modality for malignant glioma. However, the treatment response of radiotherapy is suboptimal due to resistance. Here we aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of Mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (SMAD3) silencing in sensitizing malignant glioma to radiotherapy. Clonogenic assay was used to evaluate the sensitivity of glioma cells to increasing doses of radiation. Glioma cells were transfected with small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to SMAD3. Overexpression of SMAD3 was achieved by transfecting expression plasmid encoding SMAD3 cDNA. Changes in MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 mRNA and protein levels were assessed through qPCR analysis and western blot analysis, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to confirm the interaction between SMAD3 and MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex. Silencing of SMAD3 increased sensitivity of glioma cells to radiotherapy. MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 were overexpressed in response to radiotherapy, which was attenuated by SMAD3 silencing while boosted by SMAD3 overexpression. ChIP analysis confirmed the interaction of SMAD3 with MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 under radiotherapy, which was inhibited by SMAD3 silencing. SMAD3 silencing is an effective strategy for sensitizing glioma to radiotherapy, which is mediated by the interaction of SMAD3 with the MRN complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Qingzhou, No. 1726 Linglongshan Road, Qingzhou, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People Hospital, No. 1751 Xinhu Street, Dezhou, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lizhang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, No. 4138 Linglongshan Road, Qingzhou, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuquan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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11
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Li MY, Liu JQ, Chen DP, Li ZY, Qi B, He L, Yu Y, Yin WJ, Wang MY, Lin L. Radiotherapy induces cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the ATM and Smad pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 18:681-693. [PMID: 28799829 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1360442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant neoplasm of the head and neck which is harmful to human's health. Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of NPC and it induces immediate cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Evidences suggested the activation of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and Smad pathway are 2 of the important crucial mediators in the function of radiotherapy. In this study, we performed in vitro assays with human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells and in vivo assays with nude mice to investigate the role of the ATM and Smad pathways in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with radiotherapy. The results suggested that radiation induced activation of ATM pathway by inducing expression of p-ATM, p-CHK1, p-CHK2, p15 and inhibiting expression of p-Smad3. In addition, Caspase3 expression was increased while CDC25A was decreased, leading to cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. On the other hand, activation of Smad3 can inhibited the ATM pathway and attenuated the efficacy of radiation. In summary, we suggest that both ATM and Smad pathways contribute to the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis during nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Li
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,b Guangzhou Institute of Oncology , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,c Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jin-Quan Liu
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,b Guangzhou Institute of Oncology , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,c Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhou-Yu Li
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Bin Qi
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Lu He
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Yi Yu
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Wen-Jin Yin
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Ling Lin
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
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12
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Furler RL, Nixon DF, Brantner CA, Popratiloff A, Uittenbogaart CH. TGF-β Sustains Tumor Progression through Biochemical and Mechanical Signal Transduction. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E199. [PMID: 29903994 PMCID: PMC6025279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling transduces immunosuppressive biochemical and mechanical signals in the tumor microenvironment. In addition to canonical SMAD transcription factor signaling, TGF-β can promote tumor growth and survival by inhibiting proinflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In this article, we review how TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation lies at the intersection of proinflammatory signaling by immune receptors and anti-inflammatory signaling by TGF-β receptors. Additionally, we discuss the role of TGF-β in the mechanobiology of cancer. Understanding how TGF-β dampens proinflammatory responses and induces pro-survival mechanical signals throughout cancer development is critical for designing therapeutics that inhibit tumor progression while bolstering the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Furler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Christine A Brantner
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Office of the Vice President for Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Office of the Vice President for Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB2, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Antognelli C, Cecchetti R, Riuzzi F, Peirce MJ, Talesa VN. Glyoxalase 1 sustains the metastatic phenotype of prostate cancer cells via EMT control. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2865-2883. [PMID: 29504694 PMCID: PMC5908125 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Effective therapeutic intervention in metastatic PCa is undermined by our poor understanding of its molecular aetiology. Defining the mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis may lead to insights into how to decrease morbidity and mortality in this disease. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) is the detoxification enzyme of methylglyoxal (MG), a potent precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) and argpyrimidine (AP) are AGEs originating from MG-mediated post-translational modification of proteins at arginine residues. AP is involved in the control of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial determinant of cancer metastasis and invasion, whose regulation mechanisms in malignant cells are still emerging. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism linking Glo1 to the maintenance of the metastatic phenotype of PCa cells by controlling EMT by engaging the tumour suppressor miR-101, MG-H1-AP and TGF-β1/Smad signalling. Moreover, circulating levels of Glo1, miR-101, MG-H1-AP and TGF-β1 in patients with metastatic compared with non-metastatic PCa support our in vitro results, demonstrating their clinical relevance. We suggest that Glo1, together with miR-101, might be potential therapeutic targets for metastatic PCa, possibly by metformin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Rodolfo Cecchetti
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Matthew J. Peirce
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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14
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Low-dose irradiation of mouse embryos increases Smad-p21 pathway activity and preserves pluripotency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1061-1069. [PMID: 29546598 PMCID: PMC6030001 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the outcomes of mouse preimplantation embryos irradiated with low doses of X-rays (≤ 1 Gy) and investigate apoptosis and pluripotency of the irradiated embryos. Methods Mouse embryos at the 2-cell stage were collected for in vitro culture. After reaching the 8-cell stage, embryos were irradiated with various low doses of X-rays (0–1 Gy). Blastocysts with a normal appearance were transferred into a pseudopregnant uterus. The developmental rate to blastocysts and the survival rate following embryo transfer were examined. Expression levels of p21, Smad2, Foxo1, Cdx2, Oct4, and Nanog genes were measured by RT-PCR. Apoptotic cells in mouse blastocysts were examined immunofluorescently by staining for cleaved caspase-3. Results More than 90% of non-irradiated and low-dose X-ray-irradiated preimplantation embryos developed to morphologically normal blastocysts that could be implanted and survive in the uterus. However, embryos irradiated with X-rays had more apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of p21, Smad2, and Foxo1 genes in X-ray-irradiated embryos was increased significantly, while expression of Cdx2, Oct4, and Nanog genes was maintained in comparison with non-irradiated embryos. Conclusions Although irradiated embryos contained apoptotic cells, the low doses of irradiation did not disturb development of 8-cell stage embryos to blastocysts or their survival in utero. The underlying mechanisms might involve anti-apoptotic systems, including the Smad-p21 pathway, and preservation of pluripotency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10815-018-1156-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Nakayama Y, Matsui S, Noda K, Yamazaki M, Iwai Y, Matsumura H, Izawa T, Tanaka E, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Amelotin gene expression is temporarily being upregulated at the initiation of apoptosis induced by TGFβ1 in mouse gingival epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2018; 21:1057-70. [PMID: 27502207 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is expressed and secreted by ameloblasts in the maturation stage of amelogenesis and persist with low levels in the junctional epithelium (JE) of erupted teeth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transcriptional regulation of the AMTN gene by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) in gingival epithelial (GE1) cells in the apoptosis phase. Apoptosis was evaluated by the fragmentation of chromosomal DNA and TUNEL staining. A real-time PCR was carried out to examine the AMTN mRNA levels induced by TGFβ1 and Smad3 overexpression. Transient transfection analyses were completed using the various lengths of mouse AMTN gene promoter constructs with or without TGFβ1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to investigate the Smad3 bindings to the AMTN gene promoter by TGFβ1. TGFβ1-induced apoptosis in GE1 cells were detected at 24 and 48 h by DNA fragmentation and TUNEL staining. AMTN mRNA levels increased at 6 h and reached maximum at 24 h in GE1 cells. Luciferase activities of the mouse AMTN gene promoter constructs were induced by TGFβ1. The results of the ChIP assays showed that there was an increase in Smad3 binding to Smad-binding element (SBE)#1 and SBE#2 after stimulation by TGFβ1. Immunohistochemical localization of AMTN was detected in the JE, and the AMTN protein levels in Smad3-deficient mice were decreased compared with wild-type mice. AMTN mRNA levels were induced at the initiation of apoptosis by TGFβ1, which mediated through the Smad3 bindings to SBEs in the mouse AMTN gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Sari Matsui
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Cytidine monophosphate kinase is inhibited by the TGF-β signalling pathway through the upregulation of miR-130b-3p in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cell Signal 2017; 35:197-207. [PMID: 28414100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine monophosphate kinase (CMPK), a member of the nucleoside monophosphate kinase family, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of nucleoside metabolism, DNA repair and tumour development. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that CMPK was overexpressed in human ovarian epithelial borderline and malignant tumours using tissue microarray. Knockdown of CMPK significantly inhibited epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, CMPK-shRNA inhibited PCNA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and vimentin expression, increased E-cadherin expression and arrested cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Suppression of CMPK resulted in a decrease of EOC cell microtissue formation and colony formation in vitro. Overexpression of miR-130b-3p decreased CMPK expression, whereas anti-miR-130b-3p increased CMPK expression. Moreover, TGF-β1 inhibited the expression of CMPK, which was blocked in the presence of a TGF-β type I receptor, SB431542, and was abolished by the inhibitor of miR-130b-3p, indicating that CMPK is regulated by the TGF-β signalling pathway through the upregulation of miR-130b-3p. Thus, our data identify that overexpression of CMPK occurs in EOC and reveal a mechanism underlying the regulation of CMPK by the TGF-β signalling pathway. We could consider CMPK as an EOC biomarker and targeting CMPK by decreasing its expression may be beneficial in patients with EOC.
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Fu J, Jiang M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xiang S, Xu X, Ye Q, Song H. MiR-495 functions as an adjuvant to radiation therapy by reducing the radiation-induced bystander effect. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1026-1033. [PMID: 27697751 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is an important factor in tumor radiation therapy because it may increase the probability of normal cellular injury and the likelihood of secondary cancers after radiotherapy. Here, we identified the role of miR-495 in alleviating RIBEs during radiotherapy. Luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that miR-495 regulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by targeting the Sp1 3'-untranslated region. Consequently, after radiation, tumor cells expressed less eNOS and Sp1 than controls. In vitro cell irradiation data based on flow-cytometric analysis and enzymed linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that nitric oxide (NO) and its downstream product transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were critical signaling factors contributing to RIBEs. Fewer normal LO2 liver cells were injured and fewer micronuclei were observed when treated with the medium of the miR-495 overexpressing HepG2 and ZR75-1 tumor cells. Accordingly, treatment with the miR-495 antagomir led to higher NO and TGF-β1 levels and more injured LO2 cells. In vivo experiments indicated that local irradiation of tumors overexpressing miR-495 produced fewer necrotic foci in non-irradiated liver tissue compared with controls. miR-495 was upregulated in clinical cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and radiation significantly reduced the expression level of miR-495 in carcinoma cell lines. In summary, miR-495 may have promise as an adjuvant for tumor radiation therapy to decrease RIBEs involving the Sp1/eNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shensi Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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