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Rahman MM, Jo YY, Kim YH, Park CK. Current insights and therapeutic strategies for targeting TRPV1 in neuropathic pain management. Life Sci 2024; 355:122954. [PMID: 39128820 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a common symptom of several disorders, exerts a substantial socioeconomic burden worldwide. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel predominantly ex-pressed in nociceptive neurons, plays a pivotal role in nociception, by detecting various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including heat, pro-inflammatory mediators, and physical stressors. Dysregulation of TRPV1 signaling further contributes to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Therefore, targeting TRPV1 is a promising strategy for developing novel analgesics with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Several pharmacological approaches to modulate TRPV1 activity, including agonists, antagonists, and biological TRPV1 RNA interference (RNAi, small interfering RNA [siRNA]) have been explored. Despite preclinical success, the clinical translation of TRPV1-targeted therapies has encountered challenges, including hyperthermia, hypothermia, pungency, and desensitization. Nevertheless, ongoing research efforts aim to refine TRPV1-targeted interventions through structural modifications, development of selective modulators, and discovery of natural, peptide-based drug candidates. Herein, we provide guidance for researchers and clinicians involved in the development of new interventions specifically targeting TRPV1 by reviewing the existing literature and highlighting current research activities. This study further discusses potential future research endeavors for enhancing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of TRPV1 candidates, and thereby facilitates the translation of these discoveries into effective clinical interventions to alleviate neuropathic pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Yi Jo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Chen J, Sun W, Zhu Y, Zhao F, Deng S, Tian M, Wang Y, Gong Y. TRPV1: The key bridge in neuroimmune interactions. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:442-452. [PMID: 39310069 PMCID: PMC11411435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems are crucial in fighting infections and inflammation and in maintaining immune homeostasis. The immune and nervous systems are independent, yet tightly integrated and coordinated organizations. Numerous molecules and receptors play key roles in enabling communication between the two systems. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel, recently shown to be widely expressed in the neuroimmune axis and implicated in neuropathic pain, autoimmune disorders, and immune cell function. TRPV1 is a key bridge in neuroimmune interactions, allowing for smooth and convenient communication between the two systems. Here, we discuss the coordinated cross-talking between the immune and nervous systems and the functional role and the functioning manner of the TRPV1 involved. We suggest that TRPV1 provides new insights into the collaborative relationship between the nervous and immune systems, highlighting exciting opportunities for advanced therapeutic approaches to treating neurogenic inflammation and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenqian Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Youjia Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shuixiang Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Hsu JCN, Tseng HW, Chen CH, Lee TS. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in macrophages. Exp Anim 2024; 73:336-346. [PMID: 38508727 PMCID: PMC11254490 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a ligand-gated cation channel, is a receptor for vanilloids on sensory neurons and is also activated by capsaicin, heat, protons, arachidonic acid metabolites, and inflammatory mediators on neuronal or non-neuronal cells. However, the role of the TRPV1 receptor in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and its potential regulatory mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has yet to be entirely understood. To investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of the TRPV1 receptor in regulating LPS-induced inflammatory responses, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) harvested from wild-type (WT) and TRPV1 deficient (Trpv1-/-) mice were used as the cell model. In WT BMDMs, LPS induced an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide, which were attenuated in Trpv1-/- BMDMs. Additionally, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-Bα and mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein 1, were all decreased in LPS-treated Trpv1-/- BMDMs. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that LPS treatment increased the formation of TRPV1-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) complex in WT BMDMs. Genetic deletion of TRPV1 in BMDMs impaired the LPS-triggered immune-complex formation of TLR4, myeloid differentiation protein 88, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, all of which are essential regulators in LPS-induced activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway. Moreover, genetic deletion of TRPV1 prevented the LPS-induced lethality and pro-inflammatory production in mice. In conclusion, the TRPV1 receptor may positively regulate the LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages by increasing the interaction with the TLR4-CD14 complex and activating the downstream signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Tseng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
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Vašek D, Fikarová N, Marková VN, Honc O, Pacáková L, Porubská B, Somova V, Novotný J, Melkes B, Krulová M. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases the sensitivity of the TRPV1 channel and promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype of capsaicin-activated macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38790047 PMCID: PMC11127439 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is well-established in neuronal function, yet its role in immune reactions remains enigmatic. The conflicting data on its inflammatory role, suggesting both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects upon TRPV1 stimulation in immune cells, adds complexity. To unravel TRPV1 immunomodulatory mechanisms, we investigated how the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes. RESULTS Changes in the surface molecules, cytokine production, and signaling cascades linked to the phenotype of M1 or M2 macrophages of the J774 macrophage cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages, treated with capsaicin before or after the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction were determined. The functional capacity of macrophages was also assessed by infecting the stimulated macrophages with the intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that TRPV1 activation yields distinct macrophage responses influenced by the inflammatory context. LPS pre-treatment followed by capsaicin activation prompted increased calcium influx, accompanied by a shift toward an anti-inflammatory M2b-like polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vašek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Natálie Fikarová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Nagy Marková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Honc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacáková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Bianka Porubská
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Somova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Melkes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Krulová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Ruchika, Bhardwaj N, Saneja A. Orally fast dissolving α-lipoic acid electrospun nanofibers mitigates lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130623. [PMID: 38447832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (LA), a dietary supplement known for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, faces challenges due to its poor aqueous solubility and thermal instability. To address these issues, herein methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD) was utilized to create inclusion complex (IC) of LA in 1:1 M stoichiometric ratio of M-β-CD to LA. The LA-M-β-CD-IC was further combined with pullulan (PUL), a non-toxic and water-soluble biopolymer, for the development of electrospun nanofibers (NF) by green and sustainable approach. The resulting PUL/LA/M-β-CD NF formed as a self-standing and flexible material with an average diameter of 569 ± 129 nm and encapsulation efficiency of ∼86.90 %. The developed NF demonstrated an accelerated release, quick dissolution, and disintegration when exposed to artificial saliva replicating the conditions of oral cavity. PUL/LA/M-β-CD NF attenuated the production of ROS and NO by downregulating pro-inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, PUL/LA/M-β-CD NF also significantly downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β along with suppression of NF-ĸB nuclear translocation in comparison to LA (at 250 μM). In nutshell, PUL/LA/M-β-CD NF demonstrated great potential as a rapid disintegrating delivery system for oral anti-inflammatory treatment due to the enhanced physicochemical characteristics of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ankit Saneja
- Formulation Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Yan Q, Gao C, Li M, Lan R, Wei S, Fan R, Cheng W. TRP Ion Channels in Immune Cells and Their Implications for Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2719. [PMID: 38473965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels act as cellular sensors and mediate a plethora of physiological processes, including somatosensation, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Under specific conditions, certain TRP channels are involved in inflammation and immune responses. Thus, focusing on the role of TRPs in immune system cells may contribute to resolving inflammation. In this review, we discuss the distribution of five subfamilies of mammalian TRP ion channels in immune system cells and how these ion channels function in inflammatory mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of TRP ion channels in mediating inflammation and may offer potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Yan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chuanzhou Gao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Rui Lan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shaohan Wei
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Runsong Fan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Varshney V, Kumar A, Parashar V, Kumar A, Goyal A, Garabadu D. Therapeutic Potential of Capsaicin in Various Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Focus on Nrf2 Signaling. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1693-1707. [PMID: 38173062 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010277933231122111244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, contributing to mitochondrial impairments, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and neuroinflammation resulting in synaptic loss and neuronal loss. These pathophysiological factors are a serious concern in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the symptoms of various neurodegenerative diseases, different treatments are available, but they have serious side effects and fail in clinical trials, too. Therefore, treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are still a challenge at present. Thus, it is important to study an alternative option. Capsaicin is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in capsicum. Besides the TRPV1 receptor activator in nociception, capsaicin showed a protective effect in brain-related disorders. Capsaicin also reduces the aggregation of misfolded proteins, improves mitochondrial function, and decreases ROS generation. Its antioxidant role is due to increased expression of an nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor, a transcription factor, which has a crucial role in maintaining the normal function of mitochondria and the cellular defense system against oxidative stress. Intriguingly, Nrf2 mediated pathway improved the upregulation of antioxidant genes and inhibition of microglial-induced inflammation, improved mitochondrial resilience and functions, leading to decreased ROS in neurodegenerative conditions, suggesting that Nrf2 activation could be a better therapeutic approach to target pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, the present review has evaluated the potential role of capsaicin as a pharmacological agent for the treatment and management of various neurodegenerative diseases via the Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhav Varshney
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Parashar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda- 151001, Punjab, India
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Qu Y, Fu Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Xu B, Zhang Q, Jiang P. The role of TRPV1 in RA pathogenesis: worthy of attention. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232013. [PMID: 37744324 PMCID: PMC10514908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca2+permeable, non-selective cation channel that is found primarily in sensory nerve fibres. Previous studies focused on pain transmission. However, recent studies have found that the TRPV1 channel, in addition to being associated with pain, also plays a role in immune regulation and their dysregulation frequently affects the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A thorough understanding of the mechanism will facilitate the design of new TRPV1-targeted drugs and improve the clinical efficacy of RA. Here, we provide an updated and comprehensive overview of how the TRPV1 channel intrinsically regulates neuronal and immune cells, and how alterations in the TRPV1 channel in synoviocytes or chondrocytes extrinsically affect angiogenesis and bone destruction. Rapid progress has been made in research targeting TRPV1 for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, but there is still much-uncharted territory regarding the therapeutic role of RA. We present a strategy for targeting the TRPV1 channel in RA therapy, summarising the difficulties and promising advances in current research, with the aim of better understanding the role of the TRPV1 channel in RA pathology, which could accelerate the development of TRPV1-targeted modulators for the design and development of more effective RA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Institute of Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanguo Liu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Science and Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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TRPV1 is involved in abdominal hyperalgesia in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis and influences the immune response via peripheral noradrenergic neurons. Life Sci 2023; 317:121472. [PMID: 36750138 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) not only plays a role as a nociceptor but also has some regulatory effects on the immune system. We investigated the effects of TRPV1 on abdominal pain and the immune system in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis and the association between TRPV1 and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. MAIN METHODS Experiments were performed in 8- to 14-week-old male wild-type (WT) and TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with a non-lethal dose of LPS. Pain assessment and investigation of changes in the immune system were performed. Denervation of sympathetic nerves and the noradrenergic splenic nerve was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. KEY FINDINGS The levels of serum cytokines were not significantly different in WT mice and TRPV1 KO mice. Abdominal mechanical hyperalgesia was greater in WT mice than in TRPV1 KO mice from 6 h to 3 days. The numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and CD4 T cells in the spleens of TRPV1 KO mice were significantly increased compared to those in WT mice 4 days after LPS administration. By noradrenergic denervation, the numbers of those cells in WT mice increased to levels comparable to those in TRPV1 KO mice. SIGNIFICANCE In LPS-induced peritonitis, abdominal inflammatory pain was transmitted via TRPV1. In addition, TRPV1 had an anti-inflammatory effect on the spleen in the late phase of peritonitis. This anti-inflammatory effect was thought to be mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and/or noradrenergic splenic nerve induced by TRPV1 activation.
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Chiocchetti R, Salamanca G, De Silva M, Gobbo F, Aspidi F, Cunha RZ, Galiazzo G, Tagliavia C, Sarli G, Morini M. Cannabinoid receptors in the inflammatory cells of canine atopic dermatitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:987132. [PMID: 36187821 PMCID: PMC9521433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.987132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common cutaneous inflammatory and pruritic diseases in dogs. Considering its multifactorial nature, AD can be a challenging disease to manage, and the therapeutic strategy must often be multimodal. In recent years, research has been moving toward the use of natural products which have beneficial effects on inflammation and itching, and no side effects. Cannabinoid receptors have been demonstrated to be expressed in healthy and diseased skin; therefore, one of the potential alternative therapeutic targets for investigating AD is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Objective To immunohistochemically investigate the expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R), and the cannabinoid-related receptors G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in mast cells (MCs), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and neutrophils of the skin of dogs with AD. Animals Samples of skin tissues were collected from eight dogs with AD (AD-dogs). Materials and methods The immunofluorescent stained cryosections of the skins of 8 dogs with AD having antibodies against CB2R, GPR55, TRPV1, TRPA1 were semiquantitatively evaluated. The inflammatory cells were identified using antibodies against tryptase (mast cells), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) (macrophages/DCs), CD3 (T cells), and calprotectin (neutrophils). The proportions of MCs, macrophages/DCs, T cells, and neutrophils expressing CB2R, GPR55, TRPV1 and TRPA1 were evaluated. Results The cells of the inflammatory infiltrate showed immunoreactivity (IR) for all or for some of the cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors studied. In particular, MCs and macrophages/DCs showed CB2R-, GPR55-, TRPA1-, and TRPV1-IR; T cells showed CB2R-, GPR55- and TRPA1-IR, and neutrophils expressed GPR55-IR. Co-localization studies indicated that CB2R-IR was co-expressed with TRPV1-, TRPA1-, and GPR55-IR in different cellular elements of the dermis of the AD-dogs. Conclusions and clinical importance Cannabinoid receptor 2, and cannabinoid-related receptors GPR55, TRPV1 and TRPA1 were widely expressed in the inflammatory infiltrate of the AD-dogs. Based on the present findings, the ECS could be considered to be a potential therapeutic target for dogs with AD, and may mitigate itch and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Aspidi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Zamith Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Località Piano D'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Selezneva A, Gibb AJ, Willis D. The contribution of ion channels to shaping macrophage behaviour. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970234. [PMID: 36160429 PMCID: PMC9490177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding roles of macrophages in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms now include normal tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration, including neuronal tissue; initiation, progression, and resolution of the inflammatory response and a diverse array of anti-microbial activities. Two hallmarks of macrophage activity which appear to be fundamental to their diverse cellular functionalities are cellular plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. Macrophage plasticity allows these cells to take on a broad spectrum of differing cellular phenotypes in response to local and possibly previous encountered environmental signals. Cellular plasticity also contributes to tissue- and stimulus-dependent macrophage heterogeneity, which manifests itself as different macrophage phenotypes being found at different tissue locations and/or after different cell stimuli. Together, plasticity and heterogeneity align macrophage phenotypes to their required local cellular functions and prevent inappropriate activation of the cell, which could lead to pathology. To execute the appropriate function, which must be regulated at the qualitative, quantitative, spatial and temporal levels, macrophages constantly monitor intracellular and extracellular parameters to initiate and control the appropriate cell signaling cascades. The sensors and signaling mechanisms which control macrophages are the focus of a considerable amount of research. Ion channels regulate the flow of ions between cellular membranes and are critical to cell signaling mechanisms in a variety of cellular functions. It is therefore surprising that the role of ion channels in the macrophage biology has been relatively overlooked. In this review we provide a summary of ion channel research in macrophages. We begin by giving a narrative-based explanation of the membrane potential and its importance in cell biology. We then report on research implicating different ion channel families in macrophage functions. Finally, we highlight some areas of ion channel research in macrophages which need to be addressed, future possible developments in this field and therapeutic potential.
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13
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Du Y, Chen J, Shen L, Wang B. TRP channels in inflammatory bowel disease: potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Takenaka Y, Tanaka R, Kitabatake K, Kuramochi K, Aoki S, Tsukimoto M. Profiling Differential Effects of 5 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on TLRs-Dependent and -Independent IL-6 Production in Immune Cells Identifies Fluoxetine as Preferred Anti-Inflammatory Drug Candidate. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:874375. [PMID: 35814203 PMCID: PMC9257214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.874375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proinflammatory cytokine production induced by abnormal activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, for example, by SARS-CoV-2 infection, can cause a fatal cytokine storm. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, used to treat depression, were recently reported to reduce the risk of severe disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs, and which SSRI would be most suitable as an anti-inflammatory drug, remain unclear. Here, we examined the inhibitory effects of 5 FDA-approved SSRIs, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline and escitalopram, on the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by stimulation with multiple TLR agonists in murine macrophages and dendritic cells, and on the production of cytokines induced by concanavalin A in murine lymphocytes. In J774.1 murine macrophage cells, pretreatment with SSRIs significantly suppressed IL-6 release induced by TLR3 agonist poly(I:C), TLR4 agonist LPS or TLR9 agonist CpG ODN, but did not affect IL-6 release induced by TLR7 agonists imiquimod or resiquimod. In accordance with the results obtained in J774.1 cells, pretreatment with SSRIs also suppressed IL-6 release induced by a TLR3, TLR4 or TLR9 agonist in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and peritoneal cells of C57BL/6 mice. On the other hand, interestingly, sertraline alone among the SSRIs amplified IL-6 production induced by TLR7 agonists in murine dendritic cells, though not in macrophages. Concanavalin A-induced production of IL-6 or IL-2 in murine lymphocytes was suppressed by SSRIs, suggesting that SSRIs also inhibit TLRs-independent IL-6 production. Since SSRIs suppressed both IL-6 production induced by multiple TLR agonists in macrophages or dendritic cells and TLR-independent IL-6 production in lymphocytes, they are promising candidates for treatment of patients with cytokine storm, which is mediated by overactivation of multiple TLRs in a complex manner, leading to the so-called IL-6 amplifier, an IL-6 overproduction loop. However, the 5 SSRIs examined here all showed different effects. Overall, our results suggest that fluoxetine may be the most promising candidate as an anti-inflammatory drug. An examination of the structural requirements indicated that the N-methyl group of fluoxetine has a critical role in the inhibition of IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takenaka
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryu Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kitabatake
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Department of Bioorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto,
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15
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Capsaicin and TRPV1 Channels in the Cardiovascular System: The Role of Inflammation. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010018. [PMID: 35011580 PMCID: PMC8750852 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is a potent agonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel and is a common component found in the fruits of the genus Capsicum plants, which have been known to humanity and consumed in food for approximately 7000-9000 years. The fruits of Capsicum plants, such as chili pepper, have been long recognized for their high nutritional value. Additionally, capsaicin itself has been proposed to exhibit vasodilatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and antinociceptive properties. However, a growing body of evidence reveals a vasoconstrictory potential of capsaicin acting via the vascular TRPV1 channel and suggests that unnecessary high consumption of capsaicin may cause severe consequences, including vasospasm and myocardial infarction in people with underlying inflammatory conditions. This review focuses on vascular TRPV1 channels that are endogenously expressed in both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells and emphasizes the role of inflammation in sensitizing the TRPV1 channel to capsaicin activation. Tilting the balance between the beneficial vasodilatory action of capsaicin and its unwanted vasoconstrictive effects may precipitate adverse outcomes such as vasospasm and myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of proinflammatory mediators.
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16
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Erin N, Akman M. Effects of in-vitro modulation of TRPV1 activity on immune response of mice bearing metastatic breast carcinoma: Enhanced inflammatory response may hinder therapeutic potentials of TRPV1 agonists. Life Sci 2021; 287:120115. [PMID: 34740578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels inhibits inflammation, enhance cytotoxic immune response, and may have therapeutic potential in treatment of cancer characterized by increased systemic inflammation. We here determined how activation of TRPV1 alters immune response of tumor-bearing mice. MAIN METHODS Three different metastatic subset of 4 T1 breast carcinoma cells were used to induce tumors in Balb-c mice. Mix leukocyte cultures (MLCs) using spleens and draining lymph nodes were prepared and stimulated with various challenges. Effects TRPV1 agonists including capsaicin, antagonist (AMG9810) and Gambogic Amide (GA), a TrkA agonist that sensitizes TRPV1, on secreted levels of cytokines were determined. KEY FINDINGS MLCs of tumor-bearing mice secreted markedly higher levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IFN-γ compared to control mice. We observed differential effects of TRPV1 agonists in control and mice bearing different subset of metastatic cells. TRPV1 increased IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in control mice while they markedly increased IL-6 secretion and suppressed IFN--γ secretion in tumor-bearing mice. Unexpectedly, AMG9810 acted as an inverse agonist and did not antagonize the effects of TRPV1 agonists. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate constitutive activity of TRPV1 in immune cells, suggesting cross activation. To prevent excessive chronic activation of TRPV1 in immune cells in the presence of metastatic breast carcinoma, lower doses of TRPV1 agonist should be considered. Unexpected findings further document that a drug can have multiple intrinsic activities depending on surrounding factors can act on the same receptor as an agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Muhlis Akman
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey
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17
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Kang SY, Seo SY, Bang SK, Cho SJ, Choi KH, Ryu Y. Inhibition of Spinal TRPV1 Reduces NMDA Receptor 2B Phosphorylation and Produces Anti-Nociceptive Effects in Mice with Inflammatory Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011177. [PMID: 34681836 PMCID: PMC8539417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been implicated in peripheral inflammation and is a mediator of the inflammatory response to various noxious stimuli. However, the interaction between TRPV1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the regulation of inflammatory pain remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice and to identify its interactions with NMDA receptors. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of 2% carrageenan in male ICR mice. To investigate the analgesic effects of capsazepine, pain-related behaviors were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a thermal stimulator placed on the hind paw. TRPV1 expression and NMDA receptor phosphorylation in the spinal cord and glutamate concentration in the spinal cord and serum were measured. Intrathecal treatment with capsazepine significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, carrageenan-enhanced glutamate and phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2B in the spinal cord were suppressed by capsazepine administration. These results indicate that TRPV1 and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord are associated with inflammatory pain transmission, and inhibition of TRPV1 may reduce inflammatory pain via NMDA receptors.
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18
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TRPV1 activation and internalization is part of the LPS-induced inflammation in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14689. [PMID: 34282193 PMCID: PMC8289830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-selective cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is expressed throughout the cardiovascular system. Recent evidence shows a role for TRPV1 in inflammatory processes. The role of TRPV1 for myocardial inflammation has not been established yet. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) from 4 healthy donors were incubated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 6 h), TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (CAP, 20 min) or the antagonist capsazepine (CPZ, 20 min). TRPV1 expression was studied by PCR and western blotting. TRPV1 internalization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and ERK were determined by ELISA. TRPV1-associated ion channel current was measured by patch clamp. TRPV1-mRNA and -protein were expressed in hiPSC-CM. TRPV1 was localized in the plasma membrane. LPS significantly increased secretion of IL-6 by 2.3-fold, which was prevented by pre-incubation with CPZ. LPS induced TRPV1 internalization. Phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 or JNK were not altered by TRPV1 stimulation or inhibition. LPS and IL-6 significantly lowered TRPV1-mediated ion channel current. TRPV1 mediates the LPS-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes, associated with changes of cellular electrophysiology. LPS-induced inflammation results in TRPV1 internalization. Further studies have to examine the underlying pathways and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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19
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Silverman HA, Chen A, Kravatz NL, Chavan SS, Chang EH. Involvement of Neural Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Peripheral Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590261. [PMID: 33193423 PMCID: PMC7645044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of non-selective cation channels that act as polymodal sensors in many tissues throughout mammalian organisms. In the context of ion channels, they are unique for their broad diversity of activation mechanisms and their cation selectivity. TRP channels are involved in a diverse range of physiological processes including chemical sensing, nociception, and mediating cytokine release. They also play an important role in the regulation of inflammation through sensory function and the release of neuropeptides. In this review, we discuss the functional contribution of a subset of TRP channels (TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8, and TRPA1) that are involved in the body’s immune responses, particularly in relation to inflammation. We focus on these five TRP channels because, in addition to being expressed in many somatic cell types, these channels are also expressed on peripheral ganglia and nerves that innervate visceral organs and tissues throughout the body. Activation of these neural TRP channels enables crosstalk between neurons, immune cells, and epithelial cells to regulate a wide range of inflammatory actions. TRP channels act either through direct effects on cation levels or through indirect modulation of intracellular pathways to trigger pro- or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, depending on the inflammatory disease context. The expression of TRP channels on both neural and immune cells has made them an attractive drug target in diseases involving inflammation. Future work in this domain will likely yield important new pathways and therapies for the treatment of a broad range of disorders including colitis, dermatitis, sepsis, asthma, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Silverman
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Adrian Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Nigel L Kravatz
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Eric H Chang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
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20
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Lowin T, Schneider M, Pongratz G. Joints for joints: cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2020; 31:271-278. [PMID: 30920973 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are using cannabis to treat their symptoms, although systematic studies regarding efficacy in RA are lacking. Within this review we will give an overview on the overall effects of cannabinoids in inflammation and why they might be useful in the treatment of RA. RECENT FINDINGS Peripherally, cannabinoids show anti-inflammatory effects by activating cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2) which decrease cytokine production and immune cell mobilization. In contrast, cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) activation on immune cells is proinflammatory while CB1 antagonism provides anti-inflammatory effects by increasing β2-adrenergic signaling in the joint and secondary lymphoid organs. In addition, the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrated antiarthritic effects independent of cannabinoid receptors. In addition to controlling inflammation, cannabinoids reduce pain by activating central and peripheral CB1, peripheral CB2 receptors and CBD-sensitive noncannabinoid receptor targets. SUMMARY Cannabinoids might be a suitable treatment for RA, but it is important to target the right receptors in the right place. For clinical studies, we propose a combination of a CB2 agonist to decrease cytokine production, a peripheral CB1 antagonist to prevent detrimental CB1 signaling and to support anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 via activation of β2-adrenergic receptors and CBD to induce cannabinoid-receptor-independent anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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21
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Pham TH, Jin SW, Lee GH, Park JS, Kim JY, Thai TN, Han EH, Jeong HG. Sesamin Induces Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation via Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3474-3484. [PMID: 32077699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sesamin, the most abundant lignan in sesame seed oil, has many biological activities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind the regulatory effects of sesamin on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) generation in endothelial cells (ECs) remain unclear. Sesamin induced the intracellular level of NO and eNOS phosphorylation in ECs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, sesamin induced levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) at Thr286, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKβ) at Ser511, protein kinase A (PKA) at Thr197, Akt at Ser473, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) at Thr172. In particular, blocking of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel by capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist), as well as TRPV1 knockdown via TRPV1 silencing RNA, abrogated sesamin-induced PKA, Akt, AMPK, CaMKII, CaMKKβ, and eNOS phosphorylation and NO level in ECs. Furthermore, sesamin inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB translocation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and monocyte adhesion. Sesamin triggered eNOS activity and NO production via activation of TRPV1-calcium signaling, which involved the phosphorylation of PKA, CaMKII, CaMKKβ, Akt, and AMPK. Sesamin may be useful for treating or preventing the endothelial dysfunction correlated with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hoa Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Song Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyet Ngan Thai
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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22
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Bujak JK, Kosmala D, Szopa IM, Majchrzak K, Bednarczyk P. Inflammation, Cancer and Immunity-Implication of TRPV1 Channel. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1087. [PMID: 31681615 PMCID: PMC6805766 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Process of inflammation and complex interactions between immune and cancer cells within tumor microenvironment are known to drive and shape the outcome of the neoplastic disease. Recent studies increasingly show that ion channels can be used as potential targets to modulate immune response and to treat inflammatory disorders and cancer. The action of both innate and adaptive immune cells is tightly regulated by ionic signals provided by a network of distinct ion channels. TRPV1 channel, known as a capsaicin receptor, was recently documented to be expressed on the cells of the immune system but also aberrantly expressed in the several tumor types. It is activated by heat, protons, proinflammatory cytokines, and associated with pain and inflammation. TRPV1 channel is not only involved in calcium signaling fundamental for many cellular processes but also takes part in cell-environment crosstalk influencing cell behavior. Furthermore, in several studies, activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin was associated with anti-cancer effects. Therefore, TRPV1 provides a potential link between the process of inflammation, cancer and immunity, and offers new treatment possibilities. Nevertheless, in many cases, results regarding TRPV1 are contradictory and need further refinement. In this review we present the summary of the data related to the role of TRPV1 channel in the process of inflammation, cancer and immunity, limitations of the studies, and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Bujak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kosmala
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Monika Szopa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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TRPV1 Antagonists as Novel Anti-Diabetic Agents: Regulation of Oral Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Secretion Through Reduction of Low-Grade Inflammation? Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7080082. [PMID: 31344877 PMCID: PMC6722836 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7080082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With a global prevalence among adults over 18 years of age approaching 9%, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached pandemic proportions and represents a major unmet medical need. To date, no disease modifying treatment is available for T2DM patients. Accumulating evidence suggest that the sensory nervous system is involved in the progression of T2DM by maintaining low-grade inflammation via the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV1 is directly involved in glucose homeostasis in rodents. TRPV1 receptor knockout mice (Trpv1−/−) and their wild-type littermates were kept on high-fat diet for 15 weeks. Moreover, Zucker obese rats were given the small molecule TRPV1 antagonist, N-(4-Tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC), per os twice-a-day or vehicle for eight days. Oral glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was improved by both genetic inactivation (Trpv1−/− mice) and pharmacological blockade (BCTC) of TRPV1. In the obese rat, the improved glucose tolerance was accompanied by a reduction in inflammatory markers in the mesenteric fat, suggesting that blockade of low-grade inflammation contributes to the positive effect of TRPV1 antagonism on glucose metabolism. We propose that TRPV1 could be a promising therapeutic target in T2DM by improving glucose intolerance and correcting dysfunctional insulin secretion.
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24
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Li YR, Gupta P. Immune aspects of the bi-directional neuroimmune facilitator TRPV1. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1499-1510. [PMID: 30554315 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly growing area of interest in biomedical science involves the reciprocal crosstalk between the sensory nervous and immune systems. Both of these systems are highly integrated, detecting potential environmental harms and restoring homeostasis. Many different cytokines, receptors, neuropeptides, and other proteins are involved in this bidirectional communication that are common to both systems. One such family of proteins includes the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) proteins. Though much progress has been made in understanding TRPV proteins in the nervous system, their functions in the immune system are not well elucidated. Hence, further understanding their role in the peripheral immune system and as regulators of neuroimmunity is critical for evaluating their potential as therapeutic targets for numerous inflammatory disorders, cancers, and other disease states. Here, we focus on the latest advancements in understanding TRPV1 and TRPV2's roles in the immune system, TRPV1 in neuroimmunity, and TRPV1's potential involvement in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Puneet Gupta
- School of Arts and Sciences, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, New York, 14778, USA. .,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20037, USA.
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25
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Moriuchi M, Nakano Y, Tsurekawa Y, Piruzyan M, Matsuyama S, Nohara H, Suico MA, Shuto T, Kai H. Taurine Inhibits TRPV-Dependent Activity to Overcome Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1672-1677. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Moriuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Program for Leading Graduate School of “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program,” Kumamoto University
| | - Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Program for Leading Graduate School of “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program,” Kumamoto University
| | - Yu Tsurekawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Program for Leading Graduate School of “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program,” Kumamoto University
| | - Mariam Piruzyan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Program for Leading Graduate School of “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program,” Kumamoto University
| | - Shingo Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Sciences
| | - Hirofumi Nohara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Program for Leading Graduate School of “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program,” Kumamoto University
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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Oliveira PDA, de Almeida TB, de Oliveira RG, Gonçalves GM, de Oliveira JM, Neves Dos Santos BB, Laureano-Melo R, Côrtes WDS, França TDN, Vasconcellos MLADA, Marinho BG. Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of piperic acid: Involvement of the cholinergic and vanilloid systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:54-64. [PMID: 30009814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Piperin is the active compound of black pepper (Piper nigrum). From the piperine was obtained the molecule of the piperic acid (PAC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory of the compound. The antinociceptive effects of PAC were evaluated by abdominal writhing, formalin, capsaicin and tail-flick tests; while the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by paw oedema and air pouch tests, and in vitro COX inhibition assay. The possible action mechanism of PAC was evaluated using naloxone, L-NAME, glibenclamide and atropine in tail flick test and by Cholinesterase activity assay and production of TNF-α and IL-1β. PAC significantly reduced the nociceptive effects induced by acetic acid or formalin in mice. PAC also demonstrated an antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick model. The muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine reduced the antinociceptive effect of PAC in the tail-flick model. PAC was able to inhibit capsaicin-induced nociception, showing involvement of TRPV1. The compound did not alter the motor capacity of the animals, not interfering in the nociceptive response. PAC also showed anti- inflammatory activity by inhibiting the formation of carrageenan-induced paw oedema, leukocyte migration, and cytokine production / release. Atropine reduced the activity of PAC on leukocyte migration, and cytokine production. The compound showed to be able to reduce the cytokine production stimulated by capsaicin. PAC inhibited the COX activity. The results presented suggest that the possible cholinomimetic action and vanilloid agonist of the piperic acid may be responsible by antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory effects; these effects are devoid of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana de Araujo Oliveira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Brito de Almeida
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal da Paraíba (LASOM-PB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ramon Guerra de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal da Paraíba (LASOM-PB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Mastrangelo Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce Mattos de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bartolomeu Benedito Neves Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Laureano-Melo
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wellington da Silva Côrtes
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ticiana do Nascimento França
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Guimarães Marinho
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Li X, Xu Y, Cheng Y, Wang R. α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor contributes to the alleviation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 stimulation. J Surg Res 2018; 230:164-174. [PMID: 30100034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) decreases lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) in rabbits and rats. Stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) protects against lung injury. Here we examined whether α7nAChRs contribute to TRPV1-mediated protection against LIRI. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and TRPV1-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to 1-h lung ischemia by clamping left hilum, followed by 2-h reperfusion. WT or KO mice were pretreated with vehicle, TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine, or α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987. Arterial blood and lung tissues were obtained for blood gas, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, interleukin (IL)1β, IL6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), apoptosis-related proteins (caspases, Bax, Fas), and pathologic scoring. RESULTS Capsaicin pretreatment reduced wet-to-dry ratio, pathologic score, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aDO2), and IL1β, IL6, and TNFα levels in WT mice, with no effects in KO mice. This reduction was reversed by TRPV1 blockade. Furthermore, α7nAChR blockade before capsaicin exacerbated LIRI as evidenced by enhanced alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, pathologic score, and IL1β, IL6, and TNFα levels, while α7nAChR agonist pretreatment under TRPV1 blockade showed opposite changes. Capsaicin also decreased cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3/9, and Bax protein expression, effects abolished by TRPV1 blockade. Similarly, α7nAChR blockade diminished capsaicin-induced downregulation of apoptotic proteins, and α7nAChR activation decreased expression levels even under TRPV1 blockade. CONCLUSIONS TRPV1 activation alleviates LIRI, partially dependent on α7nAChR activity. The α7nAChR stimulation with or without existence of TRPV1 alleviates LIRI. Thus, α7nAChR is involved in the pathway of TRPV1-mediated protection against LIRI and the specific mechanism remains to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rurong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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