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Manser B, Zbinden H, Herren G, Steger J, Isaksson J, Bräunlich S, Wicker T, Keller B. Wheat zinc finger protein TaZF interacts with both the powdery mildew AvrPm2 protein and the corresponding wheat Pm2a immune receptor. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100769. [PMID: 37978798 PMCID: PMC11121201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses to pathogens are induced after direct or indirect perception of effector proteins or their activity on host proteins. In fungal-plant interactions, relatively little is known about whether, in addition to avirulence effectors and immune receptors, other proteins contribute to specific recognition. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pm2a in wheat recognizes the fungal powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. We found that the predicted wheat zinc finger TaZF interacts with both the fungal avirulence protein AvrPm2 and the wheat NLR Pm2a. We further demonstrated that the virulent AvrPm2-H2 variant does not interact with TaZF. TaZF silencing in wheat resulted in a reduction but not a loss of Pm2a-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Interaction studies showed that the leucine-rich repeat domain of Pm2a is the mediator of the interaction with TaZF. TaZF recruits both Pm2a and AvrPm2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, resulting in nuclear localization of Pm2a, TaZF, and AvrPm2 in wheat. We propose that TaZF acts as a facilitator of Pm2a-dependent AvrPm2 effector recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying effector host targets for characterization of NLR-mediated effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Steger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bräunlich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Xu B, Zhang J, Shi Y, Dai F, Jiang T, Xuan L, He Y, Zhang Z, Deng J, Zhang T, Hu Y, Si Z. GoSTR, a negative modulator of stem trichome formation in cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:389-403. [PMID: 37403589 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, the outward projection of plant epidermal tissue, provide an effective defense against stress and insect pests. Although numerous genes have been identified to be involved in trichome development, the molecular mechanism for trichome cell fate determination is not well enunciated. Here, we reported GoSTR functions as a master repressor for stem trichome formation, which was isolated by map-based cloning based on a large F2 segregating population derived from a cross between TM-1 (pubescent stem) and J220 (smooth stem). Sequence alignment revealed a critical G-to-T point mutation in GoSTR's coding region that converted codon 2 from GCA (Alanine) to TCA (Serine). This mutation occurred between the majority of Gossypium hirsutum with pubescent stem (GG-haplotype) and G. barbadense with glabrous stem (TT-haplotype). Silencing of GoSTR in J220 and Hai7124 via virus-induced gene silencing resulted in the pubescent stems but no visible change in leaf trichomes, suggesting stem trichomes and leaf trichomes are genetically distinct. Yeast two-hybrid assay and luciferase complementation imaging assay showed GoSTR interacts with GoHD1 and GoHOX3, two key regulators of trichome development. Comparative transcriptomic analysis further indicated that many transcription factors such as GhMYB109, GhTTG1, and GhMYC1/GhDEL65 which function as positive regulators of trichomes were significantly upregulated in the stem from the GoSTR-silencing plant. Taken together, these results indicate that GoSTR functions as an essential negative modulator of stem trichomes and its transcripts will greatly repress trichome cell differentiation and growth. This study provided valuable insights for plant epidermal hair initiation and differentiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyu Xu
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Fan Dai
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Lisha Xuan
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Ying He
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Jieqiong Deng
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
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3
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Castricum A, Bakker EH, de Vetten NCMH, Weemen M, Angenent GC, Immink RGH, Bemer M. HD-ZIP Transcription Factors and Brassinosteroid Signaling Play a Role in Capitulum Patterning in Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087655. [PMID: 37108818 PMCID: PMC10141471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a genus in the Asteraceae family containing numerous cut flower varieties with high ornamental value. It owes its beauty to the composite flower head, which resembles a compact inflorescence. This structure is also known as a capitulum, in which many ray and disc florets are densely packed. The ray florets are localized at the rim, are male sterile, and have large colorful petals. The centrally localized disc florets develop only a small petal tube but produce fertile stamens and a functional pistil. Nowadays, varieties with more ray florets are bred because of their high ornamental value, but, unfortunately, this is at the expense of their seed setting. In this study, we confirmed that the disc:ray floret ratio is highly correlated to seed set efficiency, and therefore, we further investigated the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of the disc:ray floret ratio. To this end, a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis was performed in two acquired mutants with a higher disc:ray floret ratio. Among the differentially regulated genes, various potential brassinosteroid (BR) signaling genes and HD-ZIP class IV homeodomain transcription factors stood out. Detailed follow-up functional studies confirmed that reduced BR levels and downregulation of HD-ZIP IV gene Chrysanthemum morifolium PROTODERMAL FACTOR 2 (CmPDF2) result in an increased disc:ray floret ratio, thereby providing ways to improve seed set in decorative chrysanthemum varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Castricum
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Erin H Bakker
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mieke Weemen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Feng X, Cheng H, Zuo D, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Lv L, Li S, Yu JZ, Song G. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GL2-interacting-repressor (GIR) genes during cotton fiber and fuzz development. PLANTA 2021; 255:23. [PMID: 34923605 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
GL2-interacting-repressor (GIR) family members may contribute to fiber/fuzz formation via a newly discovered unique pathway in Gossypium arboreum. There are similarities between cotton fiber development and the formation of trichomes and root hairs. The GL2-interacting-repressors (GIRs) are crucial regulators of root hair and trichome formation. The GaFzl gene, annotated as GaGIR1, is negatively associated with trichome development and fuzz initiation. However, there is relatively little available information regarding the other GIR genes in cotton, especially regarding their effects on cotton fiber development. In this study, 21 GIR family genes were identified in the diploid cotton species Gossypium arboreum; these genes were divided into three groups. The GIR genes were characterized in terms of their phylogenetic relationships, structures, chromosomal distribution and evolutionary dynamics. These GIR genes were revealed to be unequally distributed on 12 chromosomes in the diploid cotton genome, with no GIR gene detected on Ga06. The cis-acting elements in the promoter regions were predicted to be responsive to light, phytohormones, defense activities and stress. The transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR results revealed that most GIR genes were not differentially expressed between the wild-type control and the fuzzless mutant line. Moreover, 14 of 21 family genes were expressed at high levels, indicating these genes may play important roles during fiber development and fuzz formation. Furthermore, Ga01G0231 was predominantly expressed in root samples, suggestive of a role in root hair formation rather than in fuzz initiation and development. The results of this study have enhanced our understanding of the GIR genes and their potential utility for improving cotton fiber through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Limin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - John Z Yu
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Crop Germplasm Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA.
| | - Guoli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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5
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Yu L, Zhang S, Liu H, Wang Y, Wei Y, Ren X, Zhang Q, Rong J, Sun C. Genome-Wide Analysis of SRNF Genes in Gossypium hirsutum Reveals the Role of GhSRNF18 in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:731834. [PMID: 34630480 PMCID: PMC8494181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.731834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root systems are instrumental for water and nutrient uptake and the anchorage of plants in the soil. Root regulating GL2-interacting repressors (GIRs) contain a Short RING-like Zinc-Finger (SRNF) domain, but there has been no comprehensive characterization about this gene family in any plant species. Here, we renamed the GIR-like proteins as SRNF proteins due to their conserved domain and identified 140 SRNF genes from 16 plant species including 24 GhSRNF genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Phylogenetic analysis of the SRNFs revealed both similarities and divergences between five subfamilies. Notably, synteny analysis revealed that polyploidization and whole-genome duplication contribute to the expansion of the GhSRNF gene family. Various cis-acting regulatory elements were shown to be pertinent to light, phytohormone, defense responsive, and meristem regulation. Furthermore, GhSRNF2/15 were predominantly expressed in root, whereas the expression of GhSRNF18 is positively correlated with the primary root (PR) length in G. hirsutum, quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Over-expression of GhSRNF18 in Arabidopsis and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhSRNF18 in G. hirsutum has revealed the role of GhSRNF18 in PR growth. The over-expression of GhSRNF18 in Arabidopsis resulted in an increase of meristematic activities and auxin accumulations in PRs, which were consistent with the transcriptomic data. Our results suggested that GhSRNF18 positively regulates PR growth. This study increased our understanding of the SRNF gene family in plants and provided a novel rationale for the further investigation of cotton root morphogenesis regulated by the GhSRNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuojun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailun Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujiao Ren
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junkang Rong
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chendong Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang X, Miao Y, Cai Y, Sun G, Jia Y, Song S, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Fu G, Gao Q, Ji G, Wang P, Chen B, Peng Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Ding Y, Hu D, Geng X, Wang L, Pang B, Gong W, He S, Du X. Large-fragment insertion activates gene GaFZ (Ga08G0121) and is associated with the fuzz and trichome reduction in cotton (Gossypium arboreum). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1110-1124. [PMID: 33369825 PMCID: PMC8196653 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cotton seeds are typically covered by lint and fuzz fibres. Natural 'fuzzless' mutants are an ideal model system for identifying genes that regulate cell initiation and elongation. Here, using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified a ~ 6.2 kb insertion, larINDELFZ , located at the end of chromosome 8, composed of a ~ 5.0 kb repetitive sequence and a ~ 1.2 kb fragment translocated from chromosome 12 in fuzzless Gossypium arboreum. The presence of larINDELFZ was associated with a fuzzless seed and reduced trichome phenotypes in G. arboreum. This distant insertion was predicted to be an enhancer, located ~ 18 kb upstream of the dominant-repressor GaFZ (Ga08G0121). Ectopic overexpression of GaFZ in Arabidopsis thaliana and G. hirsutum suggested that GaFZ negatively modulates fuzz and trichome development. Co-expression and interaction analyses demonstrated that GaFZ might impact fuzz fibre/trichome development by repressing the expression of genes in the very-long-chain fatty acid elongation pathway. Thus, we identified a novel regulator of fibre/trichome development while providing insights into the importance of noncoding sequences in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Crop Information CenterCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Yingfan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Gaofei Sun
- College of Computer Science and Information EngineeringAnyang Institute of TechnologyAnyangChina
| | - Yinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Zhaoe Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Crop Information CenterCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Liyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Guoyong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Qiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Gaoxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Baojun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Zhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Daowu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Xiaoli Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Liru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Baoyin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Wenfang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non‐Wood Forest TreesMinistry of EducationCentral South University of Forestry and Technology, Ministry of EducationChangshaChina
| | - Shoupu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Xiongming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
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Harvey S, Kumari P, Lapin D, Griebel T, Hickman R, Guo W, Zhang R, Parker JE, Beynon J, Denby K, Steinbrenner J. Downy Mildew effector HaRxL21 interacts with the transcriptional repressor TOPLESS to promote pathogen susceptibility. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008835. [PMID: 32785253 PMCID: PMC7446885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is an oomycete pathogen causing Arabidopsis downy mildew. Effector proteins secreted from the pathogen into the plant play key roles in promoting infection by suppressing plant immunity and manipulating the host to the pathogen's advantage. One class of oomycete effectors share a conserved 'RxLR' motif critical for their translocation into the host cell. Here we characterize the interaction between an RxLR effector, HaRxL21 (RxL21), and the Arabidopsis transcriptional co-repressor Topless (TPL). We establish that RxL21 and TPL interact via an EAR motif at the C-terminus of the effector, mimicking the host plant mechanism for recruiting TPL to sites of transcriptional repression. We show that this motif, and hence interaction with TPL, is necessary for the virulence function of the effector. Furthermore, we provide evidence that RxL21 uses the interaction with TPL, and its close relative TPL-related 1, to repress plant immunity and enhance host susceptibility to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Harvey
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Institut für Phytopathologie, Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Hickman
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Runxuan Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Denby
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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8
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Wu ML, Cui YC, Ge L, Cui LP, Xu ZC, Zhang HY, Wang ZJ, Zhou D, Wu S, Chen L, Cui H. NbCycB2 represses Nbwo activity via a negative feedback loop in tobacco trichome development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1815-1827. [PMID: 31990970 PMCID: PMC7242068 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Woolly (Wo) and its downstream gene CycB2 have been shown to regulate trichome development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). It has been demonstrated that only the gain-of-function allele of Slwo (SlWoV, the Slwo woolly motif mutant allele) can increase the trichome density; however, it remains unclear why the two alleles function differently in trichome development. In this study, we used Nicotiana benthamiana as a model and cloned the homologues of Slwo and SlCycB2 (named Nbwo and NbCycB2). We also constructed a Nbwo gain-of-function allele with the same mutation site as SlWoV (named NbWoV). We found that both Nbwo and NbWoV directly regulate NbCycB2 and their own expression by binding to the promoter of NbCycB2 and their own genomic sequences. As form of a feedback regulation, NbCycB2 negatively regulates trichome formation by repressing Nbwo activity at the protein level. We also found that mutations in the Nbwo woolly motif can prevent repression of NbWoV by NbCycB2, which results in a significant increase in the amount of active Nbwo proteins and in increases in trichome density and the number of branches. Our results reveal a novel reciprocal regulation mechanism between NbCycB2 and Nbwo during trichome formation in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Liang Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chao Cui
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Ge
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Peng Cui
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Chen S, Wang S. GLABRA2, A Common Regulator for Epidermal Cell Fate Determination and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204997. [PMID: 31601032 PMCID: PMC6834157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal cell fate determination—including trichome initiation, root hair formation, and flavonoid and mucilage biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)—are controlled by a similar transcriptional regulatory network. In the network, it has been proposed that the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) activator complexes formed by an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, a bHLH transcription factor and the WD40-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) regulate the expression of downstream genes required for cell fate determination, flavonoid or mucilage biosynthesis, respectively. In epidermal cell fate determination and mucilage biosynthesis, the MBW activator complexes activate the expression of GLABRA2 (GL2). GL2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that promotes trichome initiation in shoots, mucilage biosynthesis in seeds, and inhibits root hair formation in roots. The MBW activator complexes also activate several R3 MYB genes. The R3 MYB proteins, in turn, competing with the R2R3 MYBs for binding bHLH transcription factors, therefore inhibiting the formation of the MBW activator complexes, lead to the inhibition of trichome initiation in shoots, and promotion of root hair formation in roots. In flavonoid biosynthesis, the MBW activator complexes activate the expression of the late biosynthesis genes in the flavonoid pathway, resulting in the production of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins. Research progress in recent years suggests that the transcriptional regulatory network that controls epidermal cell fate determination and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is far more complicated than previously thought. In particular, more regulators of GL2 have been identified, and GL2 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This review focuses on the research progress on the regulation of GL2 expression, and the roles of GL2 in the regulation of epidermal cell fate determination and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Shucai Wang
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Singh P, Mathew IE, Verma A, Tyagi AK, Agarwal P. Analysis of Rice Proteins with DLN Repressor Motif/S. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071600. [PMID: 30935059 PMCID: PMC6479872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation includes both activation and repression of downstream genes. In plants, a well-established class of repressors are proteins with an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression/EAR domain. They contain either DLNxxP or LxLxL as the identifying hexapeptide motif. In rice (Oryza sativa), we have identified a total of 266 DLN repressor proteins, with the former motif and its modifications thereof comprising 227 transcription factors and 39 transcriptional regulators. Apart from DLNxxP motif conservation, DLNxP and DLNxxxP motifs with variable numbers/positions of proline and those without any proline conservation have been identified. Most of the DLN repressome proteins have a single DLN motif, with higher relative percentage in the C-terminal region. We have designed a simple yeast-based experiment wherein a DLN motif can successfully cause strong repression of downstream reporter genes, when fused to a transcriptional activator of rice or yeast. The DLN hexapeptide motif is essential for repression, and at least two “DLN” residues cause maximal repression. Comparatively, rice has more DLN repressor encoding genes than Arabidopsis, and DLNSPP motif from rice is 40% stronger than the known Arabidopsis SRDX motif. The study reports a straightforward assay to analyze repressor activity, along with the identification of a strong DLN repressor from rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Iny Elizebeth Mathew
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Ankit Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, South Campus Delhi University, New Delhi-110021, India.
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Yang J, Liu Y, Yan H, Tian T, You Q, Zhang L, Xu W, Su Z. PlantEAR: Functional Analysis Platform for Plant EAR Motif-Containing Proteins. Front Genet 2018; 9:590. [PMID: 30555515 PMCID: PMC6283911 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motifs, which were initially identified in members of the Arabidopsis ethylene response factor (ERF) family, are transcriptional repression motifs in plants and are defined by the consensus sequence patterns of either LxLxL or DLNxxP. EAR motif-containing proteins can function as transcription repressors, thus interacting with co-repressors, such as TOPLESS and AtSAP18, affecting the structure of chromatin by histone modifications and thereby repressing gene transcription. EAR motif-containing proteins are highly conserved across diverse plant species and play important roles in hormone signal transduction, stress responses and development, but they have not been identified in most plants. In this study, we identified 20,542 EAR motif-containing proteins from 71 plant species based on a Hidden Markov Model and orthologous gene search, and then we constructed a functional analysis platform for plant EAR motif-containing proteins (PlantEAR, http://structuralbiology.cau.edu.cn/plantEAR) by integrating a variety of functional annotations and processed data. Several tools were provided as functional support for EAR motif-containing proteins, such as browse, search, co-expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis as well as cis-element analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). In addition, basing on the identified EAR motif-containing proteins, we also explored their distribution in various species and found that the numbers of EAR motif-containing proteins showed an increasing trend in evolution from algae to angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi You
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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