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Drzazga A, Bernat P, Nowak A, Szustak M, Korkus E, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Koziołkiewicz M. N-acyl glycines produced by commensal bacteria potentiate GLP-1 secretion as GPCR ligands. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 180:117467. [PMID: 39362066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbiota is crucial for nutrient digestion and production of biologically active molecules, many of which mimic endogenous ligands of human GPCRs. Bacteroides spp. are among the most abundant bacteria residing in the human gut and their absence has been positively correlated with metabolic disorders. In the present study, we focused on N-acylated glycines (NAGlys) as products of Bacteroides spp. and potential GPCR ligands modulating GLP-1 secretion. Representative strains of the most abundant commensal Bacteroides were cultured in either yeast- or animal-based nutrient broths. The broths post-culture were investigated in terms of the contents of NAGlys and stimulatory effects towards GLP-1 production in GLUTag and NCI-H716 cell lines. Pure preparations of the detected NAGlys were further studied to evaluate stimulation of GLP-1 production and related cellular signalling evoked. The most potent NAGlys were also tested as ligands of key lipid GPCRs involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: GPR40/FFAR1, GPR55, GPR119, and GPR120/FFAR4. We found that Bacteroides potentiate GLP-1 production, depending on the strain and provided nutrient mix. Long-chain unsaturated oleoyl and arachidonoyl glycines, produced by B. thetaiotaomicron and B. intestinalis in the animal-based broth, were particularly effective in stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. They served as agonists of all the receptors under study expressed in GLP-1-producing cells. The obtained results broaden the knowledge of microbial signalling molecules and their role in regulation of carbohydrate homeostasis. They also emphasise the importance of balanced diet as a source of building blocks for commensal bacteria to produce efficient agonists of lipid GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha Street 12/16, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska Street 171/173, Lodz 90-530, Poland
| | - Marcin Szustak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Eliza Korkus
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Maria Koziołkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
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Tang TYC, Kim JS, Das A. Role of omega-3 and omega-6 endocannabinoids in cardiopulmonary pharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 97:375-422. [PMID: 37236765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are derived from dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and play an important role in regulation of inflammation, development, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. They elicit this effect via interactions with cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 which are also targeted by plant derived cannabinoid from cannabis. The evidence of the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in cardiopulmonary function comes from studies that show that cannabis consumption leads to cardiovascular effect such as arrythmia and is beneficial in lung cancer patients. Moreover, omega-3 and omega-6 endocannabinoids play several important roles in cardiopulmonary system such as causing airway relaxation, suppressing atherosclerosis and hypertension. These effects are mediated via the cannabinoids receptors that are abundant in the cardiopulmonary system. Overall, this chapter reviews the known role of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in the cardiopulmonary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y-C Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Justin S Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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3
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Bradshaw HB, Johnson CT. Measuring the Content of Endocannabinoid-Like Compounds in Biological Fluids: A Critical Overview of Sample Preparation Methodologies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:21-40. [PMID: 36152175 PMCID: PMC10845095 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Different mass spectrometric techniques have been used over the past decade to quantify endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related lipids. Even with the level of molecular fingerprinting accuracy of an instrument like the most advanced triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, if one is not getting the most optimized sample to the detector in a way that this improved technology can be of use, then advancements can be stymied. Here, our focus is on review and discussion of sample preparation methodologies used to isolate the eCB anandamide and its close congeners N-acyl ethanolamines and structural congeners (i.e., lipo amino acids, lipoamines, N-acyl amides) in biological fluids. Most of our focus will be on the analysis of these lipids in plasma/serum, but we will also discuss how the same techniques can be used for the analysis of saliva and breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Pulgar VM, Howlett AC, Eldeeb K. WIN55212-2 Modulates Intracellular Calcium via CB 1 Receptor-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms in Neuroblastoma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:2947. [PMID: 36230909 PMCID: PMC9563019 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and extracellular calcium (eCa2+)-stimulated Calcium Sensing receptor (CaSR) can exert cellular signaling by modulating levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). We investigated the mechanisms involved in the ([Ca2+]i) increase in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells, which endogenously express both receptors. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured in cells exposed to 0.25 or 2.5 mM eCa2+ by a ratiometric method (Fura-2 fluorescence) and expressed as the difference between baseline and peak responses (ΔF340/380). The increased ([Ca2+]i) in cells exposed to 2.5 mM eCa2+ was blocked by the CaSR antagonist, NPS2143, this inhibition was abrogated upon stimulation with WIN55212-2. WIN55212-2 increased [Ca2+]i at 0.25 and 2.5 mM eCa2+ by 700% and 350%, respectively, but this increase was not replicated by CP55940 or methyl-anandamide. The store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) blocker, MRS1845, attenuated the WIN55212-2-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i at both levels of eCa2+. Simultaneous perfusion with the CB1 antagonist, SR141716 or NPS2143 decreased the response to WIN55212-2 at 0.25 mM but not 2.5 mM eCa2+. Co-perfusion with the non-CB1/CB2 antagonist O-1918 attenuated the WIN55212-2-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase at both eCa2+ levels. These results are consistent with WIN55212-2-mediated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization from store-operated calcium channel-filled sources that could occur via either the CB1R or an O-1918-sensitive non-CB1R in coordination with the CaSR. Intracellular pathway crosstalk or signaling protein complexes may explain the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- Biomedical Research and Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allyn C. Howlett
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Khalil Eldeeb
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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Sihag J, Di Marzo V. (Wh)olistic (E)ndocannabinoidome-Microbiome-Axis Modulation through (N)utrition (WHEN) to Curb Obesity and Related Disorders. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:9. [PMID: 35027074 PMCID: PMC8759188 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is evolving gradually with yet to be elucidated functional lipid mediators and receptors. The diet modulates these bioactive lipids and the gut microbiome, both working in an entwined alliance. Mounting evidence suggests that, in different ways and with a certain specialisation, lipid signalling mediators such as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs), and N-acyl-amino acids (NAAs), along with endocannabinoids (eCBs), can modulate physiological mechanisms underpinning appetite, food intake, macronutrient metabolism, pain sensation, blood pressure, mood, cognition, and immunity. This knowledge has been primarily utilised in pharmacology and medicine to develop many drugs targeting the fine and specific molecular pathways orchestrating eCB and eCBome activity. Conversely, the contribution of dietary NAEs, 2-MAGs and eCBs to the biological functions of these molecules has been little studied. In this review, we discuss the importance of (Wh) olistic (E)ndocannabinoidome-Microbiome-Axis Modulation through (N) utrition (WHEN), in the management of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sihag
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of the National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy.
- Joint International Research Unit between the Italian National Research Council (CNR) and University of Laval, for Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Quebec, Canada.
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6
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Boczek T, Zylinska L. Receptor-Dependent and Independent Regulation of Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels and Ca 2+-Permeable Channels by Endocannabinoids in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158168. [PMID: 34360934 PMCID: PMC8348342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of specific populations of neurons in different brain areas makes decisions regarding proper synaptic transmission, the ability to make adaptations in response to different external signals, as well as the triggering of specific regulatory pathways to sustain neural function. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) appears to be a very important, highly expressed, and active system of control in the central nervous system (CNS). Functionally, it allows the cells to respond quickly to processes that occur during synaptic transmission, but can also induce long-term changes. The endocannabinoids (eCBs) belong to a large family of bioactive lipid mediators that includes amides, esters, and ethers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are produced “on demand” from the precursors located in the membranes, exhibit a short half-life, and play a key role as retrograde messengers. eCBs act mainly through two receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily (GPCRs), but can also exert their action via multiple non-receptor pathways. The action of eCBs depends on Ca2+, but eCBs can also regulate downstream Ca2+ signaling. In this short review, we focus on the regulation of neuronal calcium channels by the most effective members of eCBs-2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA) and originating from AEA-N-arachidonoylglycine (NAGly), to better understand the contribution of ECS to brain function under physiological conditions.
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7
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Function and therapeutic potential of N-acyl amino acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 239:105114. [PMID: 34217720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) are amphiphilic molecules, with different potential fatty acid and head group moieties. NAAs are the largest family of anandamide congener lipids discovered to date. In recent years, several NAAs have been identified as potential ligands, engaging novel binding sites and mechanisms for modulation of membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs), nuclear receptors, ion channels, and transporters. NAAs play a key role in a variety of physiological functions as lipid signaling molecules. Understanding the structure, function roles, and pharmacological potential of these NAAs is still in its infancy, and the biochemical roles are also mostly unknown. This review will provide a summary of the literature on NAAs and emphasize their therapeutic potential.
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8
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Mannekote Thippaiah S, Iyengar SS, Vinod KY. Exo- and Endo-cannabinoids in Depressive and Suicidal Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:636228. [PMID: 33967855 PMCID: PMC8102729 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (marijuana) has been known to humans for thousands of years but its neurophysiological effects were sparsely understood until recently. Preclinical and clinical studies in the past two decades have indisputably supported the clinical proposition that the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the etiopathogeneses of many neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood and addictive disorders. In this review, we discuss the existing knowledge of exo- and endo-cannabinoids, and role of the endocannabinoid system in depressive and suicidal behavior. A dysfunction in this system, located in brain regions such as prefrontal cortex and limbic structures is implicated in mood regulation, impulsivity and decision-making, may increase the risk of negative mood and cognition as well as suicidality. The literature discussed here also suggests that the endocannabinoid system may be a viable target for treatments of these neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinagesh Mannekote Thippaiah
- Valleywise Behavioral Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sloka S Iyengar
- The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
| | - K Yaragudri Vinod
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Morales P, Lago-Fernandez A, Hurst DP, Sotudeh N, Brailoiu E, Reggio PH, Abood ME, Jagerovic N. Therapeutic Exploitation of GPR18: Beyond the Cannabinoids? J Med Chem 2020; 63:14216-14227. [PMID: 32914978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GPR18 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that belongs to the orphan class A family. Even though it shares low sequence homology with the cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R, a growing body of research suggests its relationship with the endocannabinoid system, not only because it is able to recognize cannabinoid ligands but also because of its expression and ability to heteromerize with CBRs. In this review, we aim to analyze the biological relevance, reported modulators, and structural features of GPR18. In order to guide future drug design in this field, highlights from molecular modeling of GPR18 will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lago-Fernandez
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, 1400 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Noori Sotudeh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, 1400 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, 1400 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Thompson KJ, Tobin AB. Crosstalk between the M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and the endocannabinoid system: A relevance for Alzheimer's disease? Cell Signal 2020; 70:109545. [PMID: 31978506 PMCID: PMC7184673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which accounts for 60-70% of the 50 million worldwide cases of dementia and is characterised by cognitive impairments, many of which have long been associated with dysfunction of the cholinergic system. Although the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) is considered a promising drug target for AD, ligands targeting this receptor have so far been unsuccessful in clinical trials. As modulatory receptors to cholinergic transmission, the endocannabinoid system may be a promising drug target to allow fine tuning of the cholinergic system. Furthermore, disease-related changes have been found in the endocannabinoid system during AD progression and indeed targeting the endocannabinoid system at specific disease stages alleviates cognitive symptoms in numerous mouse models of AD. Here we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in AD, and its crosstalk with mAChRs as a potential drug target for cholinergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Thompson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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11
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Inhibition of store-operated calcium channels by N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly): no evidence for the involvement of lipid-sensing G protein coupled receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2649. [PMID: 32060392 PMCID: PMC7021695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous lipid deriving from the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Identified as a ligand of several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), it can however exert biological responses independently of GPCRs. NAGly was recently shown to depress store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) but its mechanism of action remains elusive. The major aim of this study was to gain a better knowledge on the NAGly-dependent impairment of SOCE in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) from mice. First, we examined the expression of genes encoding for putative lipid sensing GPCRs using transcriptomic data publicly available. This analysis showed that the most abundant GPCRs transcripts present in the cerebral cortices of embryonic brains were coding for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptors. Next, the presence of functional receptors was assessed with live-cell calcium imaging experiments. In primary cortical cells S1P and LPA mobilize Ca2+ from internal stores via a mechanism sensitive to the S1P and LPA receptor antagonists Ex26, H2L5186303, or Ki16425. However, none of these compounds prevented or attenuated the NAGly-dependent impairment of SOCE. We found no evidence for the requirement of lipid sensing GPCRs in this inhibitory process, indicating that NAGly is an endogenous modulator interfering with the core machinery of SOCE. Moreover, these data also raise the intriguing possibility that the depression of SOCE could play a role in the central effects of NAGly.
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12
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Goñi FM. Reflections on BBRC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:676. [PMID: 31761071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Goñi
- University of the Basque Country, Biochemistry, B. Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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13
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Battista N, Bari M, Bisogno T. N-Acyl Amino Acids: Metabolism, Molecular Targets, and Role in Biological Processes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120822. [PMID: 31817019 PMCID: PMC6995544 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid signal is becoming increasingly crowded as increasingly fatty acid amide derivatives are being identified and considered relevant therapeutic targets. The identification of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine as endogenous ligand of cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors as well as the development of different–omics technologies have the merit to have led to the discovery of a huge number of naturally occurring N-acyl-amines. Among those mediators, N-acyl amino acids, chemically related to the endocannabinoids and belonging to the complex lipid signaling system now known as endocannabinoidome, have been rapidly growing for their therapeutic potential. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms for the biosynthesis and inactivation of the N-acyl amino acids, as well as the various molecular targets for some of the N-acyl amino acids described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
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14
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Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A. Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids & their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106337. [PMID: 31085370 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor activation is involved in homeostatic regulation of the body. These receptors are activated by cannabinoids, that include the active constituents of Cannabis sativa, as well as endocannabinoids (eCBs). The eCBs are endogenously synthesized from the omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids shifts the balance towards a higher proportion of omega-3 eCBs, whose physiological functions warrants further investigation. Herein, we review the discovery of omega-3 fatty acid derived eCBs that are generated from long chain omega-3 PUFAs - docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHA-EA or synaptamide), docosahexanoyl-glycerol (DHG), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPA-EA) and eicosapentanoylglycerol (EPG). Furthermore, we outline the lesser known omega-3 eCB-like molecules that arise from the conjugation of omega-3 fatty acids with neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine - DHA-serotonin (DHA-5HT), DHA-dopamine (DHA-DA), EPA-serotonin (EPA-5HT) and EPA-dopamine (EPA-DA). Additionally, we describe the role of omega-3 eCBs and their derivatives in different disease states, such as pain, inflammation and cancer. Moreover, we detail the formation and potential physiological roles of the oxidative metabolites that arise from the metabolism of omega-3 eCBs by eicosanoid synthesizing enzymes - cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP450). In summary, we outline the novel findings regarding a growing class of signaling molecules that can control the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin S Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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15
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Hill JD, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Gajghate S, Winfield M, Sriram U, Persidsky Y, Persidsky Y. Activation of GPR55 induces neuroprotection of hippocampal neurogenesis and immune responses of neural stem cells following chronic, systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:165-181. [PMID: 30465881 PMCID: PMC6398994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously produced by neural stem cells (NSCs) within the adult hippocampus. Numerous diseases, including major depressive disorder and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder, are associated with decreased rates of adult neurogenesis. A hallmark of these conditions is a chronic release of neuroinflammatory mediators by activated resident glia. Recent studies have shown a neuroprotective role on NSCs of cannabinoid receptor activation. Yet, little is known about the effects of GPR55, a candidate cannabinoid receptor, activation on reductions of neurogenesis in response to inflammatory insult. In the present study, we examined NSCs exposed to IL-1β in vitro to assess inflammation-caused effects on NSC differentiation and the ability of GPR55 agonists to attenuate NSC injury. NSC differentiation and neurogenesis was determined via immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis of NSC markers (Nestin, Sox2, DCX, S100β, βIII Tubulin, GFAP). GPR55 agonist treatment protected against IL-1β induced reductions in neurogenesis rates. Moreover, inflammatory cytokine receptor mRNA expression was down regulated by GPR55 activation in a neuroprotective manner. To determine inflammatory responses in vivo, we treated C57BL/6 and GPR55-/- mice with LPS (0.2 mg/kg/day) continuously for 14 days via osmotic mini-pump. Reductions in NSC survival (as determined by BrdU incorporation), immature neurons, and neuroblast formation due to LPS were attenuated by concurrent direct intrahippocampal administration of the GPR55 agonist, O-1602 (4 µg/kg/day). Molecular analysis of the hippocampal region showed a suppressed ability to regulate immune responses by GPR55-/- animals manifesting in a prolonged inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) after chronic, systemic inflammation as compared to C57BL/6 animals. Taken together, these results suggest a neuroprotective role of GPR55 activation on NSCs in vitro and in vivo and that GPR55 provides a novel therapeutic target against negative regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Guerrero-Alba R, Barragán-Iglesias P, González-Hernández A, Valdez-Moráles EE, Granados-Soto V, Condés-Lara M, Rodríguez MG, Marichal-Cancino BA. Some Prospective Alternatives for Treating Pain: The Endocannabinoid System and Its Putative Receptors GPR18 and GPR55. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1496. [PMID: 30670965 PMCID: PMC6331465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Marijuana extracts (cannabinoids) have been used for several millennia for pain treatment. Regarding the site of action, cannabinoids are highly promiscuous molecules, but only two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) have been deeply studied and classified. Thus, therapeutic actions, side effects and pharmacological targets for cannabinoids have been explained based on the pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptors. However, the accumulation of confusing and sometimes contradictory results suggests the existence of other cannabinoid receptors. Different orphan proteins (e.g., GPR18, GPR55, GPR119, etc.) have been proposed as putative cannabinoid receptors. According to their expression, GPR18 and GPR55 could be involved in sensory transmission and pain integration. Methods: This article reviews select relevant information about the potential role of GPR18 and GPR55 in the pathophysiology of pain. Results: This work summarized novel data supporting that, besides cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, GPR18 and GPR55 may be useful for pain treatment. Conclusion: There is evidence to support an antinociceptive role for GPR18 and GPR55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Paulino Barragán-Iglesias
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Eduardo E Valdez-Moráles
- Cátedras CONACYT, Departamento de Cirugía, Centro de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Condés-Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Martín G Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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17
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Leishman E, Murphy MN, Murphy MI, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Broad and Region-Specific Impacts of the Synthetic Cannabinoid CP 55,940 in Adolescent and Adult Female Mouse Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:436. [PMID: 30542263 PMCID: PMC6277767 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940 (CP) is significantly more potent and efficacious at cannabinoid receptors, the primary targets for endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs). eCBs belong to a large, interconnected lipidome of bioactive signaling molecules with a myriad of effects in optimal and pathological function. Recreational use of highly potent and efficacious synthetic cannabinoids is common amongst adolescents, potentially impacting brain development. Knowledge of the molecular outcomes of synthetic cannabinoid use will be important to develop more targeted therapies for synthetic cannabinoid intoxication and to prevent long-term disruption to the CNS. Here, we test the hypothesis that CP has age and region-dependent effects on the brain lipidome. Adolescent [post-natal day (PND) 35 and PND 50] and young adult female mice were given either an acute dose of CP or vehicle and brains were collected 2 h later. Eight brain regions were dissected and levels of ∼80 lipids were screened from each region using HPLC/MS/MS. CP had widespread effects on the brain lipidome in all age groups. Interestingly, more changes were observed in the PND 35 mice and more were reductions in a lipid’s concentration, including region-dependent lowering of eCB levels. CP levels were highest in the cortex at PND 35, the hippocampus at PND 50, and in the cerebellum in the adult. These data provide novel insights into how high-potency, synthetic cannabinoids drive different, age-dependent, cellular signaling effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Michelle N Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Michelle I Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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18
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Abstract
Bioactive lipids control a wide variety of physiologic processes. We have recently identified a branch of bioactive lipid signaling mediated by N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) and the circulating enzyme peptidase M20 domain-containing 1 (PM20D1). Here we generate and characterize mice globally deficient in PM20D1. These PM20D1-KO mice have bidirectional changes in NAA levels in blood and tissues and exhibit a variety of metabolic and nociceptive phenotypes. Our findings elucidate the endogenous physiologic functions for NAA signaling in vivo and suggest PM20D1 inhibitors might be useful for the treatment of pain. N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) are a structurally diverse class of bioactive signaling lipids whose endogenous functions have largely remained uncharacterized. To clarify the physiologic roles of NAAs, we generated mice deficient in the circulating enzyme peptidase M20 domain-containing 1 (PM20D1). Global PM20D1-KO mice have dramatically reduced NAA hydrolase/synthase activities in tissues and blood with concomitant bidirectional dysregulation of endogenous NAAs. Compared with control animals, PM20D1-KO mice exhibit a variety of metabolic and pain phenotypes, including insulin resistance, altered body temperature in cold, and antinociceptive behaviors. Guided by these phenotypes, we identify N-oleoyl-glutamine (C18:1-Gln) as a key PM20D1-regulated NAA. In addition to its mitochondrial uncoupling bioactivity, C18:1-Gln also antagonizes certain members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) calcium channels including TRPV1. Direct administration of C18:1-Gln to mice is sufficient to recapitulate a subset of phenotypes observed in PM20D1-KO animals. These data demonstrate that PM20D1 is a dominant enzymatic regulator of NAA levels in vivo and elucidate physiologic functions for NAA signaling in metabolism and nociception.
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19
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Leishman E, Murphy M, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol changes the brain lipidome and transcriptome differentially in the adolescent and the adult. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:479-492. [PMID: 29408467 PMCID: PMC5987162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposing the adolescent brain to drugs of abuse is associated with increased risk for adult onset psychopathologies. Cannabis use peaks during adolescence, with largely unknown effects on the developing brain. Cannabis' major psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alters neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial signaling. Therefore, multiple cellular and signaling pathways are affected with a single dose of THC. The endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are members of an interconnected lipidome that includes an emerging class of AEA structural analogs, the lipoamines, additional 2-acyl glycerols, free fatty acids, and prostaglandins (PGs). Lipids in this lipidome share many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, yet have diverse signaling properties. Here, we show that acute THC drives age-dependent changes in this lipidome across 8 regions of the female mouse brain. Interestingly, most changes are observed in the adult, with eCBs and related lipids predominately decreasing. Analysis of THC and metabolites reveals an unequal distribution across these brain areas; however, the highest levels of THC were measured in the hippocampus (HIPP) in all age groups. Transcriptomic analysis of the HIPP after acute THC showed that like the lipidome, the adult transcriptome demonstrated significantly more changes than the adolescent. Importantly, the regulation of 31 genes overlapped between the adolescent and the adult, suggesting a conserved transcriptomic response in the HIPP to THC exposure independent of age. Taken together these data illustrate that the first exposure to a single dose of THC has profound effects on signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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20
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Bouron A. Phyto and endocannabinoids exert complex actions on calcium and zinc signaling in mouse cortical neurons. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:244-251. [PMID: 29630867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging experiments were performed with the fluorescent Ca2+ and Zn2+ probes Fluo-4 and FluoZin-3 on cultured cortical neurons dissociated from embryonic mice to investigate the effects of the cannabinoids anandamide (AEA), cannabidiol (CBD), and N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) on neuronal store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). When tested individually AEA, CBD or NAGly inhibited SOCE. CBD and NAGly also released Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, NAGly mobilized Zn2+ from a store distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and up-regulated the thapsigargin-evoked Ca2+ release. All these effects developed in a cannabinoid receptor CB1/2 independent manner via an intracellular pathway sensitive to the GPR55 antagonist ML193. Evidence is presented that cannabinoids influence Ca2+ and Zn2+ signaling in central nervous system neurons. The lipid sensing receptor GPR55 seems to be a central actor governing these responses. In addition, the alteration of the cytosolic Zn2+ levels produced by NAGly provides support for the existence of a connection between endocannabinoids and Zn2+ signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, BIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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21
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Alhouayek M, Masquelier J, Muccioli GG. Lysophosphatidylinositols, from Cell Membrane Constituents to GPR55 Ligands. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:586-604. [PMID: 29588059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs) are membrane constituents that alter the properties of said membranes. However, recent data showing that the once orphan receptor, GPR55, can act as a receptor for LPIs has sparked a renewed interest in LPIs as bioactive lipids. As evidence supporting the importance of LPIs and/or GPR55 is continuously accumulating and because LPI levels are altered in a number of pathologies such as obesity and cancer, the coming years should bring new, exciting discoveries to this field. In this review, we discuss the recent work on LPIs and on their molecular target, the GPR55 receptor. First, we summarize the metabolism of LPIs before outlining the cellular pathways activated by GPR55. Then, we review the actions of LPIs and GPR55 that could have potential pharmacological or therapeutic applications in several pathophysiological settings, such as cancer, obesity, pain, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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ANDERSON RYANL, MERKLER DAVIDJ. N-FATTY ACYLGLYCINES: UNDERAPPRECIATED ENDOCANNABINOID-LIKE FATTY ACID AMIDES? JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND NATURE 2018; 8:156-165. [PMID: 29607420 PMCID: PMC5878051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain N-fatty acylglycines, R-CO-NH-CH2-COOH (where "R" refers to an unsaturated or saturated alkyl chain of at least 14 carbons) are found in mammals and insects and are structurally related to the cell-signaling, lipid-like, N-fatty acylethanolamines, R-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-OH (where "R" refers to an alkyl chain of at least 14 carbons). Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the N-fatty acylglycines have important cellular functions, but much work remains in order to fully appreciate and understand these biomolecules including: (a) more work on their functions in vivo, (b) measuring their concentrations in the cell, (c) defining the pathways for the biosynthesis and degradation, and (d) understanding the metabolic interconversion(s) between the N-fatty acylglycines and other fatty acid amides. The purpose of reviewing the current state-of-knowledge about the N-fatty acylglycines is to stimulate future research about this intriguing family of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- RYAN L. ANDERSON
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa FL33620, USA
| | - DAVID J. MERKLER
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa FL33620, USA
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