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Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. Mitochondrial transport in symmetric and asymmetric axons with multiple branching junctions: a computational study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1071-1090. [PMID: 37424316 PMCID: PMC10776827 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2226787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aging has been proposed to be involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we explore the impact of multiple branching junctions in axons on the mean age of mitochondria and their age density distributions in demand sites. The study examined mitochondrial concentration, mean age, and age density distribution in relation to the distance from the soma. We developed models for a symmetric axon containing 14 demand sites and an asymmetric axon containing 10 demand sites. We investigated how the concentration of mitochondria changes when an axon splits into two branches at the branching junction. Additionally, we studied whether mitochondrial concentrations in the branches are affected by what proportion of mitochondrial flux enters the upper branch versus the lower branch. Furthermore, we explored whether the distributions of mitochondrial mean age and age density in branching axons are affected by how the mitochondrial flux splits at the branching junction. When the mitochondrial flux is unevenly split at the branching junction of an asymmetric axon, with a greater proportion of the flux entering the longer branch, the average age of mitochondria (system age) in the axon increases. Our findings elucidate the effects of axonal branching on the mitochondrial age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Kuznetsov
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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2
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Yoo H, Park H. Altered mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake in presynaptic terminals of cultured striatal and cortical neurons from the zQ175 knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 716:150010. [PMID: 38704892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) in mitochondria plays crucial roles in neurons including modulating metabolic processes. Moreover, excessive Ca2+ in mitochondria can lead to cell death. Thus, altered mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a progressive hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that results from abnormally expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide repeats in the huntingtin gene. One neuropathological hallmark of HD is neuronal loss in the striatum and cortex. However, mechanisms underlying selective loss of striatal and cortical neurons in HD remain elusive. Here, we measured the basal Ca2+ levels and Ca2+ uptake in single presynaptic mitochondria during 100 external electrical stimuli using highly sensitive mitochondria-targeted Ca2+ indicators in cultured cortical and striatal neurons of a knock-in mouse model of HD (zQ175 mice). We observed elevated presynaptic mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake during 100 electrical stimuli in HD cortical neurons compared with wild-type (WT) cortical neurons. We also found the highly elevated presynaptic mitochondrial basal Ca2+ level and Ca2+ uptake during 100 stimuli in HD striatal neurons. The elevated presynaptic mitochondrial basal Ca2+ level in HD striatal neurons and Ca2+ uptake during stimulation in HD striatal and cortical neurons can disrupt neurotransmission and induce mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, eventually leading to neuronal death in the striatum and cortex of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Yoo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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3
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Wu C, Yin H, Fu S, Yoo H, Zhang M, Park H. Altered anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria in cultured striatal neurons of a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 691:149246. [PMID: 38029540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of a cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin gene. One pathological feature of HD is neuronal loss in the striatum. Despite many efforts, mechanisms underlying neuronal loss in HD striatum remain elusive. It was suggested that the mutant huntingtin protein interacts mitochondrial proteins and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in striatal neurons. However, whether axonal transport of mitochondria is altered in HD striatal neurons remains controversial. Here, we examined axonal transport of single mitochondria labelled with Mito-DsRed2 in cultured striatal neurons of zQ175 knock-in mice (a knock-in mouse model of HD). We observed decreased anterograde axonal transport of proximal mitochondria in HD striatal neurons compared with wild-type (WT) striatal neurons. Decreased anterograde transport in HD striatal neurons was prevented by overexpressing mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 (Miro1). Our results offer a new insight into mechanisms underlying neuronal loss in the striatum in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Haoran Yin
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Songdi Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hanna Yoo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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4
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Xu C, Chen S, Chen X, Ho KH, Park C, Yoo H, Lee SH, Park H. Altered exocytosis of inhibitory synaptic vesicles at single presynaptic terminals of cultured striatal neurons in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1175522. [PMID: 37664244 PMCID: PMC10470468 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1175522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin gene, which encodes the mutant huntingtin protein containing an expanded polyglutamine tract. One of neuropathologic hallmarks of HD is selective degeneration in the striatum. Mechanisms underlying selective neurodegeneration in the striatum of HD remain elusive. Neurodegeneration is suggested to be preceded by abnormal synaptic transmission at the early stage of HD. However, how mutant huntingtin protein affects synaptic vesicle exocytosis at single presynaptic terminals of HD striatal neurons is poorly understood. Here, we measured synaptic vesicle exocytosis at single presynaptic terminals of cultured striatal neurons (mainly inhibitory neurons) in a knock-in mouse model of HD (zQ175) during electrical field stimulation using real-time imaging of FM 1-43 (a lipophilic dye). We found a significant decrease in bouton density and exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at single presynaptic terminals in cultured striatal neurons. Real-time imaging of VGAT-CypHer5E (a pH sensitive dye conjugated to an antibody against vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)) for inhibitory synaptic vesicles revealed a reduction in bouton density and exocytosis of inhibitory synaptic vesicles at single presynaptic terminals of HD striatal neurons. Thus, our results suggest that the mutant huntingtin protein decreases bouton density and exocytosis of inhibitory synaptic vesicles at single presynaptic terminals of striatal neurons, causing impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission, eventually leading to the neurodegeneration in the striatum of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sidong Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Hei Ho
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chungwon Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Construction Robotics (InnoHK-HKCRC), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hanna Yoo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Somani A, Ahmed Sekh A, Opstad IS, Birna Birgisdottir Å, Myrmel T, Singh Ahluwalia B, Horsch A, Agarwal K, Prasad DK. Virtual labeling of mitochondria in living cells using correlative imaging and physics-guided deep learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5495-5516. [PMID: 36425635 PMCID: PMC9664879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.464177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism. This paper presents a novel method to visualize mitochondria in living cells without the use of fluorescent markers. We propose a physics-guided deep learning approach for obtaining virtually labeled micrographs of mitochondria from bright-field images. We integrate a microscope's point spread function in the learning of an adversarial neural network for improving virtual labeling. We show results (average Pearson correlation 0.86) significantly better than what was achieved by state-of-the-art (0.71) for virtual labeling of mitochondria. We also provide new insights into the virtual labeling problem and suggest additional metrics for quality assessment. The results show that our virtual labeling approach is a powerful way of segmenting and tracking individual mitochondria in bright-field images, results previously achievable only for fluorescently labeled mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Somani
- Bio-AI Lab, Department of Computer Science,
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Arif Ahmed Sekh
- Computer Science and Engineering, XIM University, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Ida S. Opstad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Åsa Birna Birgisdottir
- Cardiovascular group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Truls Myrmel
- Cardiovascular group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | | | - Alexander Horsch
- Bio-AI Lab, Department of Computer Science,
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Krishna Agarwal
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Dilip K. Prasad
- Bio-AI Lab, Department of Computer Science,
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
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Park H, Niu G, Wu C, Park C, Liu H, Park H, Kwok RTK, Zhang J, He B, Tang BZ. Precise and long-term tracking of mitochondria in neurons using a bioconjugatable and photostable AIE luminogen. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2965-2970. [PMID: 35382465 PMCID: PMC8905947 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking mitochondrial movement in neurons is an attractive but challenging research field as dysregulation of mitochondrial motion is associated with multiple neurological diseases. To realize accurate and long-term tracking of mitochondria in neurons, we elaborately designed a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active luminogen, TPAP-C5-yne, where we selected a cationic pyridinium moiety to target mitochondria and employed an activated alkyne terminus to achieve long-term tracking through bioconjugation with amines on mitochondria. For the first time, we successfully achieved the accurate analysis of the motion of a single mitochondrion in live primary hippocampal neurons and the long-term tracking of mitochondria for up to a week in live neurons. Therefore, this new AIEgen can be used as a potential tool to study the transport of mitochondria in live neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Guangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Chungwon Park
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Haixiang Liu
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- Department of Physics, HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Benzhao He
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Zhuhai 519085 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District Shenzhen City Guangdong 518172 China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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7
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Real-time three-dimensional tracking of single vesicles reveals abnormal motion and pools of synaptic vesicles in neurons of Huntington's disease mice. iScience 2021; 24:103181. [PMID: 34703988 PMCID: PMC8521108 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although defective synaptic transmission was suggested to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, the dynamics and vesicle pools of synaptic vesicles during neurodegeneration remain elusive. Here, we performed real-time three-dimensional tracking of single synaptic vesicles in cortical neurons from a mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). Vesicles in HD neurons had a larger net displacement and radius of gyration compared with wild-type neurons. Vesicles with high release probability (Pr) were interspersed with low-Pr vesicles in HD neurons, whereas high-Pr vesicles were closer to fusion sites than low-Pr in wild-type neurons. Non-releasing vesicles in HD neurons had an abnormally high prevalence of irregular oscillatory motion. These abnormal dynamics and vesicle pools were rescued by overexpressing Rab11, and the abnormal irregular oscillatory motion was rescued by jasplakinolide. Our studies reveal the abnormal dynamics and pools of synaptic vesicles in the early stages of HD, suggesting a possible pathogenic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Automated segmentation and tracking of mitochondria in live-cell time-lapse images. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1091-1102. [PMID: 34413523 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria display complex morphology and movements, which complicates their segmentation and tracking in time-lapse images. Here, we introduce Mitometer, an algorithm for fast, unbiased, and automated segmentation and tracking of mitochondria in live-cell two-dimensional and three-dimensional time-lapse images. Mitometer requires only the pixel size and the time between frames to identify mitochondrial motion and morphology, including fusion and fission events. The segmentation algorithm isolates individual mitochondria via a shape- and size-preserving background removal process. The tracking algorithm links mitochondria via differences in morphological features and displacement, followed by a gap-closing scheme. Using Mitometer, we show that mitochondria of triple-negative breast cancer cells are faster, more directional, and more elongated than those in their receptor-positive counterparts. Furthermore, we show that mitochondrial motility and morphology in breast cancer, but not in normal breast epithelia, correlate with metabolic activity. Mitometer is an unbiased and user-friendly tool that will help resolve fundamental questions regarding mitochondrial form and function.
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Zhao Q, Shen Y, Li X, Tian F, Yu X, Yobas L, Park H, Duan Y, Huang P. Analyzing protein-protein interactions in rare cells using microbead-based single-molecule pulldown assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3137-3149. [PMID: 34165117 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For studying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in general, a powerful and commonly used technique is conventional coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP/pulldown) followed by western blotting. However, the technique does not provide precise information regarding the kinetics and stoichiometry of PPIs. Another drawback is that the sensitivity of conventional co-IP is not suitable for examining PPIs in rare cells such as sensory hair cells, circulating tumor cells, embryonic stem cells, and subsets of immune cells. The current single-molecule pulldown (SiMPull) assay can potentially be used for studying PPIs in rare cells but its wide application is hindered by the high technical barrier and time consumption. We report an innovative, agarose microbead-based approach for SiMPull. We used commercially available, pre-surface-functionalized agarose microbeads to capture the protein of interest together with its binding partners specifically from cell extracts and observed these interactions under a microscope at the single-molecule level. Relative to the original method, microbead-based SiMPull is considerably faster, easier to use, and more reproducible and yet provides similar sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio; specifically, with the new method, sample-preparation time is substantially decreased (from ∼10 to ∼3 h). These crucial features should facilitate wide application of the powerful and versatile SiMPull method in common biological and clinical laboratories. Notably, by exploiting the simplicity and ultrahigh sensitivity of microbead-based SiMPull, we used the method in the study of rare auditory hair cells and γδ T cells for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhao
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yusheng Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. and Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and Hong Kong Branch of Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Unique dynamics and exocytosis properties of GABAergic synaptic vesicles revealed by three-dimensional single vesicle tracking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022133118. [PMID: 33622785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for proper function of the central nervous system. Inhibitory synaptic transmission plays an important role in maintaining this balance. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., predominantly inhibitory) vesicles together with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of single GABAergic vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-dimensional trajectories, we found that GABAergic synaptic vesicles traveled a shorter distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our analysis revealed that GABAergic synaptic vesicles move more straightly to their release sites than Syt1-labeled vesicles. Finally, we found that GABAergic vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and exocytosis properties to support rapid synaptic inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated coordination between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.
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11
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Otomo A, Ono S, Sato K, Mitsui S, Shimakura K, Kimura H, Hadano S. High-throughput quantitative analysis of axonal transport in cultured neurons from SOD1 H46R ALS mice by using a microfluidic device. Neurosci Res 2021; 174:46-52. [PMID: 34352295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons. We have previously shown that autophagosome-like vesicular structures are progressively accumulated in the spinal axons of an ALS mouse model, overexpressing human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutant, prior to the onset of motor symptoms. This suggests that axonal transport perturbation can be an early sign of neuronal dysfunction. However, the exact causal relationship between axonal transport deficits and neurodegeneration is not fully understood. To clarify whether axonal transport of organelles even in neurons at early developmental stages was affected by overexpression of mutant SOD1, we conducted a microfluidic device-based high-throughput quantitative analysis of the axonal transport of acidic vesicles and mitochondria in primary cultured cortical neurons established from SOD1H46R transgenic mice. Compared to wild-type (WT), a significantly increased number of motile acidic vesicles, i.e., autophagosomes and/or late-endosomes, was observed in the axons of SOD1H46R neurons. By contrast, mitochondria moving along the axons were significantly decreased in SOD1H46R compared to WT. Since such phenotypes, where the axonal transport of these organelles is differently affected by mutant SOD1 expression, emerge before axonal degeneration, axonal transport deficits could dysregulate axon homeostasis, thereby ultimately accelerating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Otomo
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan; Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Suzuka Ono
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kai Sato
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shun Mitsui
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kento Shimakura
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Shinji Hadano
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan; Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan; Research Center for Brain and Nervous Diseases, Tokai University Graduate School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
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12
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Qin X, Yoo H, Man Cheng HC, Nguyen QQ, Li J, Liu X, Prunetti L, Chen X, Liu T, Sweeney HL, Park H. Simultaneous tracking of two motor domains reveals near simultaneous steps and stutter steps of myosin 10 on actin filament bundles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:S0006-291X(20)30305-3. [PMID: 32081426 PMCID: PMC7429334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo10) has several unique design features including dimerization via an anti-parallel coiled coil and a long lever arm, which allow it to preferentially move on actin bundles. To understand the stepping behavior of single Myo10 on actin bundles, we labeled two heads of Myo10 dimers with different fluorophores. Unlike previously described for myosin V (Myo5) and VI (Myo6), which display alternating hand-over-hand stepping, Myo10 frequently took near simultaneous steps of both heads, and less frequently, 2-3 steps of one head before the other head stepped. We suggest that this behavior results from the unusual kinetic features of Myo10, in conjunction with the structural properties of the motor domain/lever arm, which will favor movement on actin bundles rather than on single filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hanna Yoo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Harry Chun Man Cheng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Quang Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laurence Prunetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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13
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Lee SK, Lee MH, Jeong SJ, Qin X, Lee AR, Park H, Park CY. The inactivation domain of STIM1 acts through intramolecular binding to the coiled-coil domain in the resting state. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.237354. [PMID: 31831524 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major Ca2+ influx pathway that is controlled by the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1. Abnormal activation of STIM1 directly influences Ca2+ influx, resulting in severe diseases such as Stormorken syndrome. The inactivation domain of STIM1 (IDstim) has been identified as being essential for Ca2+-dependent inactivation of STIM1 (CDI) after SOCE occurs. However, it is unknown whether IDstim is involved in keeping STIM1 inactive before CDI. Herein, we show that IDstim helps STIM1 keep inactive through intramolecular binding with the coiled-coil domain. Between IDstim and the coiled-coil domain, we found a short conserved linker whose extension or mutation leads to the constitutive activation of STIM1. We have demonstrated that IDstim needs the coiled-coil domain 1 (CC1) to inhibit the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) activation domain (CAD) activity and binds to a CC1-CAD fragment. Serial deletion of CC1 revealed that CC1α1 is a co-inhibitory domain of IDstim. CC1α1 deletion or leucine mutation, which abolishes the closed conformation, impaired the inhibitory effect and binding of IDstim. These results suggest that IDstim cooperates with CC1α1 to help STIM1 keep inactive under resting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kwon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hsun Lee
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Su Ji Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ah Reum Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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14
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Qin X, Liu L, Lee SK, Alsina A, Liu T, Wu C, Park H, Yu C, Kim H, Chu J, Triller A, Tang BZ, Hyeon C, Park CY, Park H. Increased Confinement and Polydispersity of STIM1 and Orai1 after Ca 2+ Store Depletion. Biophys J 2019; 118:70-84. [PMID: 31818466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STIM1 (a Ca2+ sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane) and Orai1 (a pore-forming subunit of the Ca2+-release-activated calcium channel in the plasma membrane) diffuse in the ER membrane and plasma membrane, respectively. Upon depletion of Ca2+ stores in the ER, STIM1 translocates to the ER-plasma membrane junction and binds Orai1 to trigger store-operated Ca2+ entry. However, the motion of STIM1 and Orai1 during this process and its roles to Ca2+ entry is poorly understood. Here, we report real-time tracking of single STIM1 and Orai1 particles in the ER membrane and plasma membrane in living cells before and after Ca2+ store depletion. We found that the motion of single STIM1 and Orai1 particles exhibits anomalous diffusion both before and after store depletion, and their mobility-measured by the radius of gyration of the trajectories, mean-square displacement, and generalized diffusion coefficient-decreases drastically after store depletion. We also found that the measured displacement distribution is non-Gaussian, and the non-Gaussian parameter drastically increases after store depletion. Detailed analyses and simulations revealed that single STIM1 and Orai1 particles are confined in the compartmentalized membrane both before and after store depletion, and the changes in the motion after store depletion are explained by increased confinement and polydispersity of STIM1-Orai1 complexes formed at the ER-plasma membrane junctions. Further simulations showed that this increase in the confinement and polydispersity after store depletion localizes a rapid increase of Ca2+ influx, which can facilitate the rapid activation of local Ca2+ signaling pathways and the efficient replenishing of Ca2+ store in the ER in store-operated Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kwon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Adolfo Alsina
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Hojeong Park
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Hajin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jun Chu
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antoine Triller
- Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse N&P, IBENS, Institut de Biologie de L'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changbong Hyeon
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Division of Life Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Son T, Lee D, Lee C, Moon G, Ha GE, Lee H, Kwak H, Cheong E, Kim D. Superlocalized Three-Dimensional Live Imaging of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurons Using Plasmonic Nanohole Arrays. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3063-3074. [PMID: 30802028 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the transport of neuronal mitochondria using superlocalized near-fields with plasmonic nanohole arrays (PNAs). Compared to traditional imaging techniques, PNAs create a massive array of superlocalized light beams and allow 3D mitochondrial dynamics to be sampled and extracted almost in real time. In this work, mitochondrial fluorescence excited by the PNAs was captured by an optical microscope using dual objective lenses, which produced superlocalized dynamics while minimizing light scattering by the plasmonic substrate. It was found that mitochondria move with an average velocity 0.33 ± 0.26 μm/s, a significant part of which, by almost 50%, was contributed by the movement along the depth axis ( z-axis). Mitochondrial positions were acquired with superlocalized precision (σ x = 5.7 nm and σ y = 11.8 nm) in the lateral plane and σ z = 78.7 nm in the z-axis, which presents an enhancement by 12.7-fold in resolution compared to confocal fluorescence microscopy. The approach is expected to serve as a way to provide 3D information on molecular dynamics in real time.
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16
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Chen S, Yu C, Rong L, Li CH, Qin X, Ryu H, Park H. Altered Synaptic Vesicle Release and Ca 2+ Influx at Single Presynaptic Terminals of Cortical Neurons in a Knock-in Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:478. [PMID: 30618623 PMCID: PMC6311661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which leads to progressive loss of neurons starting in the striatum and cortex. One possible mechanism for this selective loss of neurons in the early stage of HD is altered neurotransmission at synapses. Despite the recent finding that presynaptic terminals play an important role in HD, neurotransmitter release at synapses in HD remains poorly understood. Here, we measured synaptic vesicle release in real time at single presynaptic terminals during electrical field stimulation. We found the increase in synaptic vesicle release at presynaptic terminals in primary cortical neurons in a knock-in mouse model of HD (zQ175). We also found the increase in Ca2+ influx at presynaptic terminals in HD neurons during the electrical stimulation. Consistent with increased Ca2+-dependent neurotransmission in HD neurons, the increase in vesicle release and Ca2+ influx was rescued with Ca2+ chelators or by blocking N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, suggesting N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels play an important role in HD. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased synaptic vesicles release due to increased Ca2+ influx at presynaptic terminals in cortical neurons contributes to the selective neurodegeneration of these neurons in early HD and provide a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidong Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chenglong Yu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Rong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Hei Li
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Yu C, Li CH, Chen S, Yoo H, Qin X, Park H. Decreased BDNF Release in Cortical Neurons of a Knock-in Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16976. [PMID: 30451892 PMCID: PMC6242964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by an increase in CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). The striatum is one of the most vulnerable brain regions in HD, and altered delivery of BDNF to the striatum is believed to underlie this high vulnerability. However, the delivery of BDNF to the striatum in HD remains poorly understood. Here, we used real-time imaging to visualize release of BDNF from cortical neurons cultured alone or co-cultured with striatal neurons. BDNF release was significantly decreased in the cortical neurons of zQ175 mice (a knock-in model of HD), and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed several release patterns of single BDNF-containing vesicles, with distinct kinetics and prevalence, in co-cultured cortical HD neurons. Notably, a smaller proportion of single BDNF-containing vesicles underwent full release in HD neurons than in wild-type neurons. This decreased release of BDNF in cortical neurons might lead to decreased BDNF levels in the striatum because the striatum receives BDNF mainly from the cortex. In addition, we observed a decrease in the total travel length and speed of BDNF-containing vesicles in HD neurons, indicating altered transport of these vesicles in HD. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism for the vulnerability of striatal neurons in HD and offer new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the degeneration of neurons in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Hei Li
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sidong Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanna Yoo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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