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Yu X, Zhang Y, Luo F, Zhou Q, Zhu L. The role of microRNAs in the gastric cancer tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:170. [PMID: 39164671 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors with unknown pathogenesis. Due to its treatment resistance, high recurrence rate, and lack of reliable early detection techniques, a majority of patients have a poor prognosis. Therefore, identifying new tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets is essential. This review aims to provide fresh insights into enhancing the prognosis of patients with GC by summarizing the processes through which microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and highlighting their critical role in the TME. MAIN TEXT A comprehensive literature review was conducted by focusing on the interactions among tumor cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells within the GC TME. The role of noncoding RNAs, known as miRNAs, in modulating the TME through various signaling pathways, cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes was specifically examined. Tumor formation, metastasis, and therapy in GC are significantly influenced by interactions within the TME. miRNAs regulate tumor progression by modulating these interactions through multiple signaling pathways, cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes. Dysregulation of miRNAs affects critical cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance, contributing to the pathogenesis of GC. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs play a crucial role in the regulation of the GC TME, influencing tumor progression and patient prognosis. By understanding the mechanisms through which miRNAs control the TME, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets can be identified to improve the prognosis of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Cancer Center, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Sichuan Province, No. 10 Qinyun Nan Street, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Cancer Center, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Cancer Center, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang C, Tang Y, Zhang C, Yu D, Hou S, Lin N. Comprehensive analysis of CYBB as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in glioma: A bioinformatics approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29549. [PMID: 38655339 PMCID: PMC11036048 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the central nervous system, glioma is the most common malignant tumor, and patients have a poor prognosis. Identification of novel marker genes and establishment of prognostic models are important for early diagnosis and prognosis determination. Methods Download glioma data from the CGGA and TCG databases. Application of bioinformatics to analyze the impact of CYBB on the clinicopathological characteristics, immunological features and prognosis of gliomas. Using single-cell sequencing data from 7 glioblastoma patients in the CGGA database, the role of CYBB in the tumor microenvironment was analyzed. In addition, a prognostic model was constructed based on CYBB high and low differentially expressed genes and mitochondrial genes. Results The expression of CYBB is closely related to various clinical features, immune cell infiltration level, immune checkpoint and survival time of patients. A 10-gene prediction model was constructed based on the differentially expressed genes of low and high CYBB and mitochondria-related genes. Glioma patients with higher risk scores had significantly lower survival probabilities. Receiver operating characteristic curves and nomograms were plotted over time to show the predictive accuracy and predictive value of the 10-gene prognostic model. Conclusions Our study shows that CYBB is strongly correlated with clinical characteristics features and prognosis of glioma patients, and can be used as a potential therapeutic target. Prognostic models based on CYBB and mitochondrial genes have good performance in predicting prognosis of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Yuhang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, 239000, China
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Salnikov MY, MacNeil KM, Mymryk JS. The viral etiology of EBV-associated gastric cancers contributes to their unique pathology, clinical outcomes, treatment responses and immune landscape. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358511. [PMID: 38596668 PMCID: PMC11002251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen known to cause a number of malignancies, often taking years for them to develop after primary infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is one such malignancy, and is an immunologically, molecularly and pathologically distinct entity from EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). In comparison with EBVnGCs, EBVaGCs overexpress a number of immune regulatory genes to help form an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), have improved prognosis, and overall have an "immune-hot" phenotype. This review provides an overview of the histopathology, clinical features and clinical outcomes of EBVaGCs. We also summarize the differences between the TMEs of EBVaGCs and EBVnGCs, which includes significant differences in cell composition and immune infiltration. A list of available EBVaGC and EBVnGC gene expression datasets and computational tools are also provided within this review. Finally, an overview is provided of the various chemo- and immuno-therapeutics available in treating gastric cancers (GCs), with a focus on EBVaGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Salnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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4
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Baral B, Kandpal M, Ray A, Jana A, Yadav DS, Sachin K, Mishra A, Baig MS, Jha HC. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cell polarity alterations. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:41-57. [PMID: 37672163 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetrical distribution of the cellular organelles inside the cell is maintained by a group of cell polarity proteins. The maintenance of polarity is one of the vital host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and the loss of it contributes to infection facilitation and cancer progression. Studies have suggested that infection of viruses and bacteria alters cell polarity. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are group I carcinogens involved in the progression of multiple clinical conditions besides gastric cancer (GC) and Burkitt's lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, the coinfection of both these pathogens contributes to a highly aggressive form of GC. H. pylori and EBV target the host cell polarity complexes for their pathogenesis. H. pylori-associated proteins like CagA, VacA OipA, and urease were shown to imbalance the cellular homeostasis by altering the cell polarity. Similarly, EBV-associated genes LMP1, LMP2A, LMP2B, EBNA3C, and EBNA1 also contribute to altered cell asymmetry. This review summarized all the possible mechanisms involved in cell polarity deformation in H. pylori and EBV-infected epithelial cells. We have also discussed deregulated molecular pathways like NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and β-catenin in H. pylori, EBV, and their coinfection that further modulate PAR, SCRIB, or CRB polarity complexes in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhadev Baral
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Anushka Ray
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Ankit Jana
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh Yadav
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Pune, DFSS, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Talegaon MIDC Phase-1, Near JCB Factory, Pune, Maharashtra, 410506, India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 016, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65 Nagaur Road, Karwar, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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5
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Wang L, Howell MEA, Hensley CR, Ning K, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. The master antioxidant defense is activated during EBV latent infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095323. [PMID: 37877721 PMCID: PMC10688347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00953-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report delineating the activation of the master antioxidant defense during EBV latency. We show that EBV-triggered reactive oxygen species production activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway in EBV-transformed cells, and LMP1 plays a major role in this event, and the stress-related kinase TBK1 is required for NRF2 activation. Moreover, we show that the Keap1-NRF2 pathway is important for cell proliferation and EBV latency maintenance. Our findings disclose how EBV controls the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, which greatly improve our understanding of EBV latency and pathogenesis and may be leveraged to opportunities toward the improvement of therapeutic outcomes in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary E. A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Culton R. Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katharine Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Shan C, Liang Y, Wang K, Li P. Noncoding RNAs in cancer ferroptosis: From biology to clinical opportunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115053. [PMID: 37379641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered pattern of programmed cell death that is nonapoptotic and irondependent. It is involved in lipid peroxidation dependent on reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis has been verified to play a crucial regulatory role in a variety of pathological courses of disease, in particularly cancer. Emerging research has highlighted the potential of ferroptosis in tumorigenesis, cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy. However, the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis remains unclear, which limits the application of ferroptosis in cancer treatment. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are noncoding transcripts that regulate gene expression in various ways to affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. At present, the biological function and underlying regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis have been partially elucidated. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the central regulatory network of ferroptosis, with a focus on the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis. The clinical application and prospects of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and anticancer therapies are also discussed. Elucidating the function and mechanism of ncRNAs in ferroptosis, along with assessing the clinical significance of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs, provides new perspectives for understanding cancer biology and treatment approaches, which may benefit numerous cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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8
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Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Regulation of NOX-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010067. [PMID: 36670929 PMCID: PMC9854495 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NADPH oxidases (NOX) and the ensuing formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a vital aspect of antimicrobial defense but may also promote tumorigenesis. Enhanced NOX activity has been associated with aberrant activation of oncogenic cascades such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which is upregulated in several malignancies. In this review, we examine the role of PI3K on the regulation of NOX-induced ROS formation in cancer.
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9
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NOX as a Therapeutic Target in Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102038. [PMID: 36290761 PMCID: PMC9598239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase (NADPH oxidase or NOX) plays a critical role in the inflammatory response and fibrosis in several organs such as the lungs, pancreas, kidney, liver, and heart. In the liver, NOXs contribute, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), to hepatic fibrosis by acting through multiple pathways, including hepatic stellate cell activation, proliferation, survival, and migration of hepatic stellate cells; hepatocyte apoptosis, enhancement of fibrogenic mediators, and mediation of an inflammatory cascade in both Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells. ROS are overwhelmingly produced during malignant transformation and hepatic carcinogenesis (HCC), creating an oxidative microenvironment that can cause different and various types of cellular stress, including DNA damage, ER stress, cell death of damaged hepatocytes, and oxidative stress. NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4, members of the NADPH oxidase family, have been linked to the production of ROS in the liver. This review will analyze some diseases related to an increase in oxidative stress and its relationship with the NOX family, as well as discuss some therapies proposed to slow down or control the disease's progression.
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10
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Stieg DC, Wang Y, Liu LZ, Jiang BH. ROS and miRNA Dysregulation in Ovarian Cancer Development, Angiogenesis and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126702. [PMID: 35743145 PMCID: PMC9223852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse repertoires of cellular mechanisms that progress certain cancer types are being uncovered by recent research and leading to more effective treatment options. Ovarian cancer (OC) is among the most difficult cancers to treat. OC has limited treatment options, especially for patients diagnosed with late-stage OC. The dysregulation of miRNAs in OC plays a significant role in tumorigenesis through the alteration of a multitude of molecular processes. The development of OC can also be due to the utilization of endogenously derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Both miRNAs and ROS are involved in regulating OC angiogenesis through mediating multiple angiogenic factors such as hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The NAPDH oxidase subunit NOX4 plays an important role in inducing endogenous ROS production in OC. This review will discuss several important miRNAs, NOX4, and ROS, which contribute to therapeutic resistance in OC, highlighting the effective therapeutic potential of OC through these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Stieg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (D.C.S.); (L.-Z.L.)
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (D.C.S.); (L.-Z.L.)
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ivey A, Pratt H, Boone BA. Molecular pathogenesis and emerging targets of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1079-1095. [PMID: 35481910 PMCID: PMC9069999 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is a devastating disease and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This heterogeneous disease has several different classification systems that consider histological appearance and genomic alterations. Understanding the etiology of GC, including infection, hereditary conditions, and environmental factors, is of particular importance and is discussed in this review. To improve survival in GC, we also must improve our therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss new targets that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Ivey
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hillary Pratt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brian A Boone
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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12
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NOX2-Induced High Glycolytic Activity Contributes to the Gain of COL5A1-Mediated Mesenchymal Phenotype in GBM. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030516. [PMID: 35158782 PMCID: PMC8833670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of glioma and exhibits extensive heterogeneity and poor prognosis with a high recurrence rate. Among the genetic alterations in GBM with different phenotypic states, a mesenchymal subtype has been associated with a worse outcome in patients with GBM. The mechanisms for the gain of the mesenchymal subtype in GBM remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether NOX2-induced high glycolytic activity could contribute to the gain of the mesenchymal phenotype in GBM. We revealed that NOX2-induced high glycolytic activity can induce the gain of the COL5A1-mediated mesenchymal phenotype in GBM. Our findings will provide the molecular mechanism by which NOX2 contributes to the gain of mesenchymal phenotype in GBM. Abstract The alteration of the cellular metabolism is a hallmark of glioma. The high glycolytic phenotype is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of high-grade glioma, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM has been stratified into three subtypes as the proneural, mesenchymal, and classical subtypes. High glycolytic activity was found in mesenchymal GBM relative to proneural GBM. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) has been linked to cellular metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumors. The role of NOX2 in the regulation of the high glycolytic phenotype and the gain of the mesenchymal subtype in glioma remain unclear. Here, our results show that the levels of NOX2 were elevated in patients with GBM. NOX2 induces hexokinase 2 (HK2)-dependent high glycolytic activity in U87MG glioma cells. High levels of NOX2 are correlated with high levels of HK2 and glucose uptake in patients with GBM relative to benign glioma. Moreover, NOX2 increases the expression of mesenchymal-subtype-related genes, including COL5A1 and FN1 in U87MG glioma cells. High levels of NOX2 are correlated with high levels of COL5A1 and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in patients with GBM relative to benign glioma. Furthermore, high levels of HK2 are correlated with high levels of COL5A1 in patients with GBM relative to benign glioma. Our results suggest that NOX2-induced high glycolytic activity contributes to the gain of the COL5A1-mediated mesenchymal phenotype in GBM.
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13
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The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of Virus Replication and Resultant Cellular Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020815. [PMID: 35055001 PMCID: PMC8775676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs, particularly lncRNAs and miRNAs, have recently been shown to regulate different steps in viral infections and induction of immune responses against viruses. Expressions of several host and viral lncRNAs have been found to be altered during viral infection. These lncRNAs can exert antiviral function via inhibition of viral infection or stimulation of antiviral immune response. Some other lncRNAs can promote viral replication or suppress antiviral responses. The current review summarizes the interaction between ncRNAs and herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr infections. The data presented in this review helps identify viral-related regulators and proposes novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of viral infection.
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14
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MicroRNA and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153909. [PMID: 34359809 PMCID: PMC8345394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a direct causative agent in around 1.5% of all cancers. The oncogenic properties of EBV are related to its ability to activate processes needed for cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and immune evasion. The EBV latency program is required for the immortalization of infected B cells and involves the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including viral microRNAs. These ncRNAs have different functions that contribute to virus persistence in the asymptomatic host and to the development of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the function and potential clinical utility of EBV microRNAs and other ncRNAs in EBV-associated malignancies. This review is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to provide examples of the importance of ncRNAs.
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15
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Non-Coding RNAs and Reactive Oxygen Species–Symmetric Players of the Pathogenesis Associated with Bacterial and Viral Infections. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections can be triggered by a wide range of pathogens. However, there are few strains of bacteria that cause illness, but some are quite life-threatening. Likewise, viral infections are responsible for many human diseases, usually characterized by high contagiousness. Hence, as bacterial and viral infections can both cause similar symptoms, it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a specific infection, and this limitation is critical. However, recent scientific advances have geared us up with the proper tools required for better diagnoses. Recent discoveries have confirmed the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating the pathogenesis of certain bacterial or viral infections. Moreover, the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also known as a common infection trait that can be used to achieve a more complete description of such pathogen-driven conditions. Thus, this opens further research opportunities, allowing scientists to explore infection-associated genetic patterns and develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the implication of ncRNAs and ROS in bacterial and viral infections, with great emphasis on their symmetry but, also, on their main differences.
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16
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Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF, Neoh HM. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:533. [PMID: 34203649 PMCID: PMC8232153 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.A.H.); (E.A.M.H.); (S.-F.C.)
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17
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Abstract
Viral infections lead to the death of more than a million people each year around the world, both directly and indirectly. Viruses interfere with many cell functions, particularly critical pathways for cell death, by affecting various intracellular mediators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major example of these mediators because they are involved in many (if not most) cellular mechanisms. Virus-regulated miRNAs have been implicated in three cell death pathways, namely, apoptosis, autophagy, and anoikis. Several molecules (e.g., BECN1 and B cell lymphoma 2 [BCL2] family members) are involved in both apoptosis and autophagy, while activation of anoikis leads to cell death similar to apoptosis. These mechanistic similarities suggest that common regulators, including some miRNAs (e.g., miR-21 and miR-192), are involved in different cell death pathways. Because the balance between cell proliferation and cell death is pivotal to the homeostasis of the human body, miRNAs that regulate cell death pathways have drawn much attention from researchers. miR-21 is regulated by several viruses and can affect both apoptosis and anoikis via modulating various targets, such as PDCD4, PTEN, interleukin (IL)-12, Maspin, and Fas-L. miR-34 can be downregulated by viral infection and has different effects on apoptosis, depending on the type of virus and/or host cell. The present review summarizes the existing knowledge on virus-regulated miRNAs involved in the modulation of cell death pathways. Understanding the mechanisms for virus-mediated regulation of cell death pathways could provide valuable information to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many viral diseases.
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18
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He P, Cheng S, Hu F, Ma Z, Xia Y. Up-regulation of DGAT1 in cancer tissues and tumor-infiltrating macrophages influenced survival of patients with gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:252. [PMID: 33750350 PMCID: PMC7941926 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diacylglycerol-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays an important role in the energy storage and is involved in cancer progression. A growing number of evidences showed that elevated expression of DGAT1 in cancer tissue indicated a poor outcome in cancer patients. However, the relationship between DGAT1 and gastric cancer is still unclear. Thus, Transcriptomic analysis and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the role of DGAT1 in gastric cancer, as well as the potential therapy target in gastric cancer treatment. Methods We screened the public cancer datasets to identify the expression and function of DGAT1 in gastric cancer and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Then we testified the DGAT1 expression and function after sodium oleate treatment in AGS and MKN45 cell line. Finally, we analyzed ration of apoptosis, necrosis in gastric cancer cells by using flow cytometry after administration of DGAT1 inhibitor. Results Our results showed a highly expression of DGAT1 in gastric cancer tissues (n = 5, p = 0.0004), and tumor-infiltrating macrophages with elevated DGAT1 expression is associated with poor overall survival in gastric cancer patients. In addition, gastric cell lines AGS (n = 3, p < 0.05) and MKN45 (n = 3, p < 0.01) expressed higher level of DGAT1 than human gastric mucosal epithelial cell line GES-1. Administration of DGAT1 inhibitor effectively suppressed functional factors expression and induced cell death in MKN45. Conclusion The findings of this research provide an in-depth insight into the potential role and influences involved in DGAT1 in the gastric cancer patients. And higher expression of DGAT1 leads to lower overall survival (OS) rate in patients with poorly differentiated gastric cancer. Our findings suggest a potential role for DGAT1 in the gastric cancer progression and inhibiting DGAT1 might be a promising strategy in gastric cancer treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07976-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Shihuan Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Second Part of First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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19
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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20
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Sun K, Jia K, Lv H, Wang SQ, Wu Y, Lei H, Chen X. EBV-Positive Gastric Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583463. [PMID: 33381453 PMCID: PMC7769310 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignant tumor and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. With the improved understanding of gastric cancer, a subset of gastric cancer patients infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been identified. EBV-positive gastric cancer is a type of tumor with unique genomic aberrations, significant clinicopathological features, and a good prognosis. After EBV infects the human body, it first enters an incubation period in which the virus integrates its DNA into the host and expresses the latent protein and then affects DNA methylation through miRNA under the action of the latent protein, which leads to the occurrence of EBV-positive gastric cancer. With recent developments in immunotherapy, better treatment of EBV-positive gastric cancer patients appears achievable. Moreover, studies show that treatment with immunotherapy has a high effective rate in patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer. This review summarizes the research status of EBV-positive gastric cancer in recent years and indicates areas for improvement of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijun Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Re VD, Brisotto G, Repetto O, De Zorzi M, Caggiari L, Zanussi S, Alessandrini L, Canzonieri V, Miolo G, Puglisi F, Belluco C, Steffan A, Cannizzaro R. Overview of Epstein-Barr-Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer Correlated with Prognostic Classification and Development of Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9400. [PMID: 33321820 PMCID: PMC7764600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis that is characterized by heterogeneity. New classifications based on histologic features, genotypes, and molecular phenotypes, for example, the Cancer Genome Atlas subtypes and those by the Asian Cancer Research Group, help understand the carcinogenic differences in GC and have led to the identification of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related GC subtype (EBVaGC), providing new indications for tailored treatment and prognostic factors. This article provides a review of the features of EBVaGC and an update on the latest insights from EBV-related research with a particular focus on the strict interaction between EBV infection and the gastric tumor environment, including the host immune response. This information may help increase our knowledge of EBVaGC pathogenesis and the mechanisms that sustain the immune response of patients since this mechanism has been demonstrated to offer a survival advantage in a proportion of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Ombretta Repetto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Mariangela De Zorzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Laura Caggiari
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Stefania Zanussi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Lara Alessandrini
- Pathology, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, 61-35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Surgical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, University of Trieste Medical School, 34100 Trieste, Italy;
- Pathology, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Belluco
- Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Bioproteomic Facility, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33077 Aviano, Italy; (G.B.); (O.R.); (M.D.Z.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
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22
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NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7095902. [PMID: 33312338 PMCID: PMC7721506 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7095902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the myeloid cell NADPH oxidase NOX2 is critical for the destruction of engulfed microorganisms. However, recent studies imply that ROS, formed by NOX2+ myeloid cells in the malignant microenvironment, exert multiple actions of relevance to the growth and spread of neoplastic cells. By generating ROS, tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and NOX2+ leukemic myeloid cells may thus (i) compromise the function and viability of adjacent cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, (ii) oxidize DNA to trigger cancer-promoting somatic mutations, and (iii) affect the redox balance in cancer cells to control their proliferation and survival. Here, we discuss the impact of NOX2-derived ROS for tumorigenesis, tumor progression, regulation of antitumor immunity, and metastasis. We propose that NOX2 may be a targetable immune checkpoint in cancer.
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23
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Ning S, Wang L. The Multifunctional Protein p62 and Its Mechanistic Roles in Cancers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:468-478. [PMID: 30332964 PMCID: PMC8052633 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181016164920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional signaling hub p62 is well recognized as a ubiquitin sensor and a selective autophagy receptor. As a ubiquitin sensor, p62 promotes NFκB activation by facilitating TRAF6 ubiquitination and aggregation. As a selective autophagy receptor, p62 sorts ubiquitinated substrates including p62 itself for lysosome-mediated degradation. p62 plays crucial roles in myriad cellular processes including DNA damage response, aging/senescence, infection and immunity, chronic inflammation, and cancerogenesis, dependent on or independent of autophagy. Targeting p62-mediated autophagy may represent a promising strategy for clinical interventions of different cancers. In this review, we summarize the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of p62, and its mechanistic roles in cancers, with the emphasis on its roles in regulation of DNA damage response and its connection to the cGAS-STING-mediated antitumor immune response, which is promising for cancer vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Ning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
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24
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Abstract
Significance: The primary function of NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). If inadequately regulated, NOX-associated ROS can promote oxidative stress, aberrant signaling, and genomic instability. Correspondingly, NOX isoforms are known to be overexpressed in multiple malignancies, thus constituting potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent Advances: Multiple genetic studies aimed at suppressing the expression of NOX proteins in cellular and animal models of cancer have provided support for the notion that NOXs play a pro-tumorigenic role. Further, large drug screens and rational design efforts have yielded inhibitor compounds, such as the diphenylene iodonium (DPI) analog series developed by our group, with increased selectivity and potency over "first generation" NOX inhibitors such as apocynin and DPI. Critical Issues: The precise role of NOX enzymes in tumor biology remains poorly defined. The tumorigenic properties of NOXs vary with cancer type, and precise tools, such as selective inhibitors, are needed to deconvolute NOX contribution to cancer development. Most NOX inhibitors developed to date are unspecific, and/or their mechanistic and pharmacological characteristics are not well defined. A lack of high-resolution crystal structures for NOX functional domains has hindered the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Future Directions: In-depth studies of NOX interactions with the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokines, cell-surface antigens) will help identify new approaches for NOX inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Zhang X, Wang L, Li H, Zhang L, Zheng X, Cheng W. Crosstalk between noncoding RNAs and ferroptosis: new dawn for overcoming cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:580. [PMID: 32709863 PMCID: PMC7381619 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression including proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance has become a serious hindrance to cancer therapy. This phenomenon mainly derives from the innate insensitive or acquired resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered mechanism of programmed cell death characterized by peroxidation of the lipid membrane induced by reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis has been confirmed to eliminate cancer cells in an apoptosis-independent manner, however, the specific regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis is still unknown. The use of ferroptosis for overcoming cancer progression is limited. Noncoding RNAs have been found to play an important roles in cancer. They regulate gene expression to affect biological processes of cancer cells such as proliferation, cell cycle, and cell death. Thus far, the functions of ncRNAs in ferroptosis of cancer cells have been examined, and the specific mechanisms by which noncoding RNAs regulate ferroptosis have been partially discovered. However, there is no summary of ferroptosis associated noncoding RNAs and their functions in different cancer types. In this review, we discuss the roles of ferroptosis-associated noncoding RNAs in detail. Moreover, future work regarding the interaction between noncoding RNAs and ferroptosis is proposed, the possible obstacles are predicted and associated solutions are put forward. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between noncoding RNAs and ferroptosis, and provide new insights in targeting noncoding RNAs in ferroptosis associated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China.
| | - Xiulan Zheng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China.
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, 150040, Harbin, China.
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Mao L, Zuo ML, Wang AP, Tian Y, Dong LC, Li TM, Kuang DB, Song GL, Yang ZB. Low expression of miR‑532‑3p contributes to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion oxidative stress injury by directly targeting NOX2. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2415-2423. [PMID: 32705253 PMCID: PMC7411405 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is a major subtype of NOX and is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brain tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are important epigenetic regulators of NOX2. The present study aimed to identify the role of NOX2 miRNA-targets in ischemic stroke (IS). A rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury model and a SH-SY5Y cell hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model were used to simulate IS. Gene expression levels, ROS production and apoptosis in tissue or cells were determined, and bioinformatic analysis was conducted for target prediction of miRNA. In vitro experiments, including function-gain and luciferase activity assays, were also performed to assess the roles of miRNAs. The results indicated that NOX2 was significantly increased in brain tissues subjected to I/R and in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to H/R, while the expression of miR-532-3p (putative target of NOX2) was significantly decreased in brain tissues and plasma. Overexpression of miR-532-3p significantly suppressed NOX2 expression and ROS generation in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to H/R, as well as reduced the relative luciferase activity of cells transfected with a reporter gene plasmid. Collectively, these data indicated that miR-532-3p may be a target of NOX2 and a biomarker for CI/R injury. Thus, the present study may provide a novel target for drug development and IS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zuo
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Chen Dong
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Tao-Ming Li
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Da-Bin Kuang
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Lin Song
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Bao Yang
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan, Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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Miliotis CN, Slack FJ. Multi-layered control of PD-L1 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6. [PMID: 34212113 PMCID: PMC8244904 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. In approximately 10% of GC cases, cancer cells show ubiquitous and monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. A significant feature of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) is high lymphocytic infiltration and high expression of immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This highlights EBVaGC as a strong candidate for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Indeed, several recent studies have shown that EBV positivity in GC correlates with positive response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade therapy. Understanding the mechanisms that control PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC can indicate new predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, as well as therapeutic targets for combination therapy. Various mechanisms have been implicated in PD-L1 expression regulation, including structural variations, post-transcriptional control, oncogenic activation of intrinsic signaling pathways, and increased sensitivity to extrinsic signals. This review provides the most recent updates on the multilayered control of PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Miliotis
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gastric cancer: genome damaged by bugs. Oncogene 2020; 39:3427-3442. [PMID: 32123313 PMCID: PMC7176583 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The role of the microorganisms in gastric tumorigenesis attracts much attention in recent years. These microorganisms include bacteria, virus, and fungi. Among them, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is by far the most important risk factor for GC development, with special reference to the early-onset cases. H. pylori targets multiple cellular components by utilizing various virulence factors to modulate the host proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and inflammatory response. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) serves as another major risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis. The virus protein, EBER noncoding RNA, and EBV miRNAs contribute to the tumorigenesis by modulating host genome methylation and gene expression. In this review, we summarized the related reports about the colonized microorganism in the stomach and discussed their specific roles in gastric tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, we highlighted the therapeutic significance of eradicating the microorganisms in GC treatment.
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Zuo ML, Wang AP, Song GL, Yang ZB. miR-652 protects rats from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion oxidative stress injury by directly targeting NOX2. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109860. [PMID: 32000043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating central nervous disease associated with oxidative stress and NOX2 is the main source of ROS responsible for brain tissue. miRNAs are a class of negative regulator of genes in mammals and involves the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. This study aims to observe the role of target miRNA(miR-652) of NOX2 in ischemic stroke. A rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury model and an SH-SY5Y cell hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) model were used to simulate ischemic stroke, and corresponding gene expression, biochemical indicators and pathophysiological indicators were measured to observe the role of miR-652. NOX2 significantly increased in brain tissues subjected to I/R or in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to H/R, while the expression level of miR-652(potential target of NOX2) significantly decreased in both brain tissues and plasma. Overexpression of miR-652 significantly suppressed NOX2 expression and ROS generation in H/R treated SH-SY5Y cells and reduced the relative luciferase activity of cells transfected with plasmid NOX2-WT (reporter gene plasmid). MiR-652 agomir significantly decreased the expression of NOX2 and ROS generation in brain tissues of CIR rats, as well as tissue injury. These data indicated that miR-652 protected rats from cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by directly targeting NOX2, is a novel target for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Zuo
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Gui-Lin Song
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong-Bao Yang
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Changsha, Changsha, China.
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Shen W, Lu Y, Hu J, Le H, Yu W, Xu W, Yu W, Zheng J. Mechanism of miR-320 in Regulating Biological Characteristics of Ischemic Cerebral Neuron by Mediating Nox2/ROS Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:449-457. [PMID: 31768944 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-320 in regulating biological characteristics of ischemic cerebral neuron by mediating Nox2/ROS pathway. Primary neurons were cultured and grouped: normal group (normal primary neurons), negative control (NC) group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with negative control plasmid), model group (ischemic primary neurons), miR-320 mimic group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with miR-320-overexpressed plasmid), Nox2 vector group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with Nox2-overexpressed plasmid), and miR-320 mimic + Nox2 vector group (ischemic primary neurons, co-transfected with miR-320- and Nox2-overexpressed plasmid). Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that there was the target relationship between miR-320 and Nox2. miR-320 expression was significantly decreased, and Nox2 expression was significantly increased in the rest groups compared with normal group (both P < 0.05). There was a co-localization of miR-320 and Nox2 in the cytoplasm. Cell proliferation, contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and mRNA and protein expressions of Ki67, Bcl-2, and c-myc were significantly declined, and apoptosis rate, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased in the rest groups compared with normal group (all P < 0.05). miR-320 promoted cell proliferation; increased contents of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX; and declined apoptosis and contents of MDA and ROS. Moreover, miR-320 could affect the regulation of Nox2/ROS pathway on ischemic cerebral neuron by negatively regulating Nox2 expression. Overexpressed miR-320 affects the proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress injury of ischemic cerebral neuron by inhibiting Nox2/ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yigao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun'an Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiwei Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangfang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilun People's Hospital in Ningbo, Ningbo, 315800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiesheng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110735. [PMID: 31766246 PMCID: PMC6920770 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver lining of low and high ROS concentration mediated effects. Interestingly, ROS also dynamically influences the tumor microenvironment and is known to initiate cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival at different concentrations. At moderate concentration, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At high concentrations, ROS can cause cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, it critically depends upon the ROS levels, to either augment tumorigenesis or lead to apoptosis. The major issue is targeting the dual actions of ROS effectively with respect to the concentration bias, which needs to be monitored carefully to impede tumor angiogenesis and metastasis for ROS to serve as potential therapeutic targets exogenously/endogenously. Overall, additional research is required to comprehend the potential of ROS as an effective anti-tumor modality and therapeutic target for treating malignancies.
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Zhang L, Liu B. Retracted
: Sapylin inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by attenuating PI3K/AKT signaling. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14679-14687. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Health Materials Management Dongying People's Hospital Dongying Shandong China
| | - Benhong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Dongying People's Hospital Dongying Shandong China
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Wang L, Howell MEA, Sparks-Wallace A, Hawkins C, Nicksic CA, Kohne C, Hall KH, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. p62-mediated Selective autophagy endows virus-transformed cells with insusceptibility to DNA damage under oxidative stress. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007541. [PMID: 31017975 PMCID: PMC6502431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and selective autophagy both can be activated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and both are of paramount importance in cancer development. The selective autophagy receptor and ubiquitin (Ub) sensor p62 plays a key role in their crosstalk. ROS production has been well documented in latent infection of oncogenic viruses including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, p62-mediated selective autophagy and its interplay with DDR have not been investigated in these settings. In this study, we provide evidence that considerable levels of p62-mediated selective autophagy are spontaneously induced, and correlate with ROS-Keap1-NRF2 pathway activity, in virus-transformed cells. Inhibition of autophagy results in p62 accumulation in the nucleus, and promotes ROS-induced DNA damage and cell death, as well as downregulates the DNA repair proteins CHK1 and RAD51. In contrast, MG132-mediated proteasome inhibition, which induces rigorous autophagy, promotes p62 degradation but accumulation of the DNA repair proteins CHK1 and RAD51. However, pretreatment with an autophagy inhibitor offsets the effects of MG132 on CHK1 and RAD51 levels. These findings imply that p62 accumulation in the nucleus in response to autophagy inhibition promotes proteasome-mediated CHK1 and RAD51 protein instability. This claim is further supported by the findings that transient expression of a p62 mutant, which is constitutively localized in the nucleus, in B cell lines with low endogenous p62 levels recaptures the effects of autophagy inhibition on CHK1 and RAD51 protein stability. These results indicate that proteasomal degradation of RAD51 and CHK1 is dependent on p62 accumulation in the nucleus. However, small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated p62 depletion in EBV-transformed lymphoblastic cell lines (LCLs) had no apparent effects on the protein levels of CHK1 and RAD51, likely due to the constitutive localization of p62 in the cytoplasm and incomplete knockdown is insufficient to manifest its nuclear effects on these proteins. Rather, shRNA-mediated p62 depletion in EBV-transformed LCLs results in significant increases of endogenous RNF168-γH2AX damage foci and chromatin ubiquitination, indicative of activation of RNF168-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. Our results have unveiled a pivotal role for p62-mediated selective autophagy that governs DDR in the setting of oncogenic virus latent infection, and provide a novel insight into virus-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Mary E. A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Ayrianna Sparks-Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hawkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Camri A. Nicksic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Carissa Kohne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Kenton H. Hall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- The HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- The HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
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Wu X, Shen J, Xiao Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Cho CH, Li M. An overview of the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in gastric cancer: Spotlight on novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:425-439. [PMID: 30857828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that have displayed strong association with gastric cancer (GC). Through the repression of target mRNAs, miRNAs regulate many biological pathways that are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metastasis as well as drug resistance. The detection of miRNAs in tissues and in body fluids emerges as a promising method in the diagnosis and prognosis of GC, due to their unique expression pattern in correlation with GC. Notably, miRNAs are also identified as potential therapeutic targets for GC therapy. The present review is thus to highlight the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in GC and in GC therapies, which would give indications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M.) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Dehaini H, Awada H, El-Yazbi A, Zouein FA, Issa K, Eid AA, Ibrahim M, Badran A, Baydoun E, Pintus G, Eid AH. MicroRNAs as Potential Pharmaco-targets in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Compounded by Diabetes. Cells 2019; 8:E152. [PMID: 30759843 PMCID: PMC6406262 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury is the tissue damage that results from re-oxygenation of ischemic tissues. There are many players that contribute to I/R injury. One of these factors is the family of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are currently being heavily studied. This review aims to critically summarize the latest papers that attributed roles of certain miRNAs in I/R injury, particularly in diabetic conditions and dissect their potential as novel pharmacologic targets in the treatment and management of diabetes. METHODS PubMed was searched for publications containing microRNA and I/R, in the absence or presence of diabetes. All papers that provided sufficient evidence linking miRNA with I/R, especially in the context of diabetes, were selected. Several miRNAs are found to be either pro-apoptotic, as in the case of miR-34a, miR-144, miR-155, and miR-200, or anti-apoptotic, as in the case of miR-210, miR-21, and miR-146a. Here, we further dissect the evidence that shows diverse cell-context dependent effects of these miRNAs, particularly in cardiomyocytes, endothelial, or leukocytes. We also provide insight into cases where the possibility of having two miRNAs working together to intensify a given response is noted. CONCLUSIONS This review arrives at the conclusion that the utilization of miRNAs as translational agents or pharmaco-targets in treating I/R injury in diabetic patients is promising and becoming increasingly clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dehaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Hussein Awada
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21521, El-Mesallah, Egypt.
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Khodr Issa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Maryam Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman P.O Box 961343 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar.
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar.
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Polakovicova I, Jerez S, Wichmann IA, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Carrasco-Véliz N, Corvalán AH. Role of microRNAs and Exosomes in Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Gastric Cancers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:636. [PMID: 29675003 PMCID: PMC5895734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that chronic inflammation caused by pathogen infection is connected to the development of various types of cancer. It is estimated that up to 20% of all cancer deaths is linked to infections and inflammation. In gastric cancer, such triggers can be infection of the gastric epithelium by either Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium present in half of the world population; or by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus which has recently been associated with gastric cancer. Both agents can establish lifelong inflammation by evolving to escape immune surveillance and, under certain conditions, contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Non-coding RNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), influence the host innate and adaptive immune responses, though long non-coding RNAs and viral miRNAs also alter these processes. Reports suggest that chronic infection results in altered expression of host miRNAs. In turn, dysregulated miRNAs modulate the host inflammatory immune response, favoring bacterial survival and persistence within the gastric mucosa. Given the established roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and innate immunity, they may serve as an important link between H. pylori- and EBV-associated inflammation and carcinogenesis. Example of this is up-regulation of miR-155 in H. pylori and EBV infection. The tumor environment contains a variety of cells that need to communicate with each other. Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, allow these cells to deliver certain type of information to other cells promoting cancer growth and metastasis. Exosomes have been shown to deliver not only various types of genetic information, mainly miRNAs, but also cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), a major H. pylori virulence factor. In addition, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that exosomes contain genetic material of viruses and viral miRNAs and proteins such as EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) which are delivered into recipient cells. In this review, we focus on the dysregulated H. pylori- and EBV-associated miRNAs while trying to unveil possible causal mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the role of exosomes as vehicles for miRNA delivery in H. pylori- and EBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Hegedűs C, Kovács K, Polgár Z, Regdon Z, Szabó É, Robaszkiewicz A, Forman HJ, Martner A, Virág L. Redox control of cancer cell destruction. Redox Biol 2018; 16:59-74. [PMID: 29477046 PMCID: PMC5842284 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation has been proposed to control various aspects of carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and cancer vascularization. As cancer has many faces, the role of redox control in different cancers and in the numerous cancer-related processes often point in different directions. In this review, we focus on the redox control mechanisms of tumor cell destruction. The review covers the tumor-intrinsic role of oxidants derived from the reduction of oxygen and nitrogen in the control of tumor cell proliferation as well as the roles of oxidants and antioxidant systems in cancer cell death caused by traditional anticancer weapons (chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy). Emphasis is also put on the role of oxidants and redox status in the outcome following interactions between cancer cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Polgár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Regdon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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