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Skotland T, Ekroos K, McDonald J, Ahrends R, Liebisch G, Sandvig K. Pitfalls in lipid mass spectrometry of mammalian samples - a brief guide for biologists. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00758-4. [PMID: 38951702 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomic Consulting Ltd., Espoo, Finland.
| | - Jeffrey McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition and Department of Molecular Genetics. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abrahams T, Nicholls SJ. Perspectives on the success of plasma lipidomics in cardiovascular drug discovery and future challenges. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:281-290. [PMID: 38402906 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2292039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasma lipidomics has emerged as a powerful tool in cardiovascular drug discovery by providing insights into disease mechanisms, identifying potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and discovering novel targets for drug development. Widespread application of plasma lipidomics is hampered by technological limitations and standardization and requires a collaborative approach to maximize its use in cardiovascular drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the utility of plasma lipidomics in cardiovascular drug discovery and discusses the challenges and future perspectives of this rapidly evolving field. The authors discuss the role of lipidomics in understanding the molecular mechanisms of CVD, identifying novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and discovering new therapeutic targets for drug development. Furthermore, they highlight the challenges faced in data analysis, standardization, and integration with other omics approaches and propose future directions for the field. EXPERT OPINION Plasma lipidomics holds great promise for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. While challenges remain in standardization and technology, ongoing research and collaboration among scientists and clinicians will undoubtedly help overcome these obstacles. As lipidomics evolves, its impact on cardiovascular drug discovery and clinical practice is expected to grow, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abrahams
- From the Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- From the Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Skotland T, Llorente A, Sandvig K. Lipids in Extracellular Vesicles: What Can Be Learned about Membrane Structure and Function? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041415. [PMID: 37277192 PMCID: PMC10411865 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, can be used as interesting models to study the structure and function of biological membranes as these vesicles contain only one membrane (i.e., one lipid bilayer). In addition to lipids, they contain proteins, nucleic acids, and various other molecules. The lipid composition of exosomes is here compared to HIV particles and detergent-resistant membranes, which also have a high content of sphingolipids, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (PS). We discuss interactions between the lipids in the two bilayers, and especially those between PS 18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet and the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet, and the importance of cholesterol for these interactions. We also briefly discuss the involvement of ether-linked phospholipids (PLs) in such lipid raft-like structures, and the possible involvement of these and other lipid classes in the formation of exosomes. The urgent need to improve the quality of quantitative lipidomic studies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Jalaludin I, Nguyen HQ, Jang KS, Lee J, Lubman DM, Kim J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry analysis of exosomal lipids from human serum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9427. [PMID: 36321680 PMCID: PMC9757854 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exosomes contain biomarkers such as proteins and lipids that help in understanding normal physiology and diseases. Lipids, in particular, are infrequently studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) for biomarker discovery. In this study, MALDI was equipped with a high-resolution MS to investigate exosomal lipids from human serum. METHODS Exosomal lipids were profiled using MALDI with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)-MS. Four matrices (i.e., α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid [CHCA], 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, sinapinic acid, and graphene oxide [GO]) and three sample preparation methods (i.e., dried droplet, thin layer, and two layer) were compared for the number of lipid species detected and the relative abundance of each lipid from human serum and human serum exosomes. RESULTS In sum, 172 and 89 lipid species were identified from human serum and human serum exosomes, respectively, using all the methods. The highest number of exosome lipid species, 69, was detected using the CHCA matrix, whereas only 8 exosome lipid species were identified using the GO matrix. Among the identified lipid species, phosphatidylcholine was identified most frequently, probably due to the use of a positive ion mode. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes and human serum showed comparable lipid profiles as determined using MALDI-FTICR-MS. These findings provide a new perspective on exosomal lipidomics analysis and may serve as a foundation for future lipidomics-based biomarker research using MALDI-FTICR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Huu-Quang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Modified lipidomic profile of cancer-associated small extracellular vesicles facilitates tumorigenic behaviours and contributes to disease progression. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100935. [PMID: 36443198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a key feature of cancer cells, which involves the alteration of amino acids, glucose and lipids to support aggressive cancer phenotypes. Changes in lipid metabolism alter cancer growth characteristics, membrane integrity and signalling pathways. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular environment, where they participate in cell-to-cell communication. Lipids are involved in the formation and cargo assortment of sEVs, resulting in their selective packaging in these vesicles. Further, sEVs participate in different aspects of cancer development, such as proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Various lipidomic studies have indicated the enrichment of specific lipids in sEVs derived from tumour cells, which aid in their pathological functioning. This paper summarises how the modified lipid profile of sEVs contributes to carcinogenesis and disease progression.
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Tokuoka SM, Kita Y, Sato M, Shimizu T, Yatomi Y, Oda Y. Lipid Profiles of Human Serum Fractions Enhanced with CD9 Antibody-Immobilized Magnetic Beads. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030230. [PMID: 35323673 PMCID: PMC8956076 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples are minimally invasive and can be collected repeatedly, but they are far from the site of disease and the target molecules are diluted by the large amount of blood. Therefore, we performed lipidomics using immunoprecipitation as a method to enrich specific fractions of serum. In this study, a CD9 antibody was immobilized on magnetic beads to enrich CD9-containing components in the serum for lipidomics. The percentages of phospholipids recovered from serum by methanol and isopropanol extractions were not significantly different, but triglycerides were barely recovered from serum by methanol extraction, requiring the use of isopropanol. However, once the serum was enriched with CD9 magnetic beads, triglycerides, and phospholipids were recovered at similar levels in both methanol and isopropanol extractions. Therefore, it is possible that the triglyceride fraction of the whole serum and the triglyceride fraction were enriched in CD9 magnetic beads differ in localization and properties. In addition, the variation per disease was small in general serum lipidomics; however, the difference per disease appeared larger when CD9 magnetic bead enrichment was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzumi M. Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Department of Lipid Signaling, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-35-841-3540
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Need for more focus on lipid species in studies of biological and model membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ong SL, Blenkiron C, Haines S, Acevedo-Fani A, Leite JAS, Zempleni J, Anderson RC, McCann MJ. Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity? Nutrients 2021; 13:2505. [PMID: 34444665 PMCID: PMC8398904 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant's potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects. Our review provides a summary of the studies into the extracellular particle fraction of milk from a wider range of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, focusing on how this fraction is isolated and characterised, the stability and uptake of the fraction, and the reported biological effects of these fractions in a range of model systems. As the individual composition of milk from different species is known to differ, we propose that the extracellular particle fraction of milk from non-traditional and minority species may also have important and distinct biological properties that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ling Ong
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand;
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Beyond Food Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 7674, New Zealand;
| | - Alejandra Acevedo-Fani
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Juliana A. S. Leite
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Anderson
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Mark J. McCann
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
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Donoso‐Quezada J, Ayala‐Mar S, González‐Valdez J. The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications. Traffic 2021; 22:204-220. [PMID: 34053166 PMCID: PMC8361711 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that in recent years have received special attention for their regulatory functions in numerous biological processes. Recent evidence suggests a correlation between the composition of exosomes in body fluids and the progression of some disorders, such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. In consequence, numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the composition of these vesicles, aiming to develop new biomarkers for diagnosis and to find novel therapeutic targets. On their part, lipids represent one of the most important components of exosomes, with important structural and regulatory functions during exosome biogenesis, release, targeting and cellular uptake. Therefore, exosome lipidomics has emerged as an innovative discipline for the discovery of novel lipid species with biomedical applications. This review summarizes the current knowledge about exosome lipids and their roles in exosome biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, it presents the state-of-the-art analytical procedures used in exosome lipidomics while emphasizing how this emerging discipline is providing new insights for future applications of exosome lipids in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ayala‐Mar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
| | - José González‐Valdez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
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Llobat L. Extracellular vesicles and domestic animal reproduction. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:166-173. [PMID: 33647595 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation is a complex process in which significant changes occur continually in both the corpora lutea and in the endometrium of females and which varies depending on the embryonic, pre-implantation, or fetal stages. However, at all stages, correct maternal-embryonic communication is essential. In the last few years, a new intercellular communication tool, mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), has emerged. Many authors agree on the relevant role of EVs in correct communication between the mother and the embryo, as a fundamental system for the pregnancy to reach term and embryonic development to occur correctly. This review analyzes current information on known EVs, their main functions, and their role in implantation and embryonic development in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Llobat
- Grupo de Fisiopatología de la Reproducción, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling of Blood for Untargeted Lipidomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020262. [PMID: 33430231 PMCID: PMC7825730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present, proof-of-concept paper, we explore the potential of one common solid support for blood microsampling (dried blood spot, DBS) and a device (volumetric absorptive microsampling, VAMS) developed for the untargeted lipidomic profiling of human whole blood, performed by high-resolution LC-MS/MS. Dried blood microsamples obtained by means of DBS and VAMS were extracted with different solvent compositions and compared with fluid blood to evaluate their efficiency in profiling the lipid chemical space in the most broad way. Although more effort is needed to better characterize this approach, our results indicate that VAMS is a viable option for untargeted studies and its use will bring all the corresponding known advantages in the field of lipidomics, such as haematocrit independence.
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Zhang X, Liu W, Cao Y, Tan W. Hippocampus Proteomics and Brain Lipidomics Reveal Network Dysfunction and Lipid Molecular Abnormalities in APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3427-3437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Postdoctoral Innovation Base, Zhuhai Yuanzhi Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
- College of Biomedicine, Guangdong University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Skotland T, Sagini K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:308-321. [PMID: 32151658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles contain a lipid bilayer membrane that protects the encapsulated material, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, from the extracellular environment. These vesicles are released from cells via different mechanisms. During recent years extracellular vesicles have been studied as possible biomarkers for different diseases, as biological nanoparticles for drug delivery, and in basic studies as a tool to understand the structure of biological membranes and the mechanisms involved in vesicular trafficking. Lipids are essential molecular components of extracellular vesicles, but at the moment our knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in these vesicles is limited. However, the interest of the research community in these molecules is increasing as their role in extracellular vesicles is starting to be acknowledged. In this review, we will present the status of the field and describe what is needed to bring it forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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Sun Y, Saito K, Saito Y. Lipid Profile Characterization and Lipoprotein Comparison of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Plasma and Serum. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110259. [PMID: 31683897 PMCID: PMC6918450 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consist of lipid bilayers, occur in various biofluids, and are invaluable in biomarker screening. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was recently used to study comprehensive EV lipid profiles in vitro. The aim of this study was to establish a lipidomics platform for human plasma and serum EVs for comprehensive characterization of their lipid profiles, and to compare them with those of other lipid-containing particles, such as high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low/very low-density lipoproteins (LDL/VLDL). Isolation was validated by specific protein markers; CD9 and MHC class for EVs, apoA-I for HDL, and apoB-100 for LDL/VLDL. Lipidomics identified 264 lipids from isolated plasma EVs, HDL, and LDL/VLDL. The absolute lipid levels per unit protein content in the EVs were more than eight times lower than those of the lipoproteins. Moreover, the EVs had higher lysoglycerophospholipid levels than HDL or LDL/VLDL. Similar profiles were also determined for human serum. The present study found that the lipid profiles of EVs are unique and distinctly different from those of lipoproteins. The lipidomics platform applied to human plasma and serum EVs could generate important information for the exploration and qualification of biomarkers in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Sun
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
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16
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Skotland T, Hessvik NP, Sandvig K, Llorente A. Exosomal lipid composition and the role of ether lipids and phosphoinositides in exosome biology. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:9-18. [PMID: 30076207 PMCID: PMC6314266 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle released from cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are often enriched in cholesterol, SM, glycosphingolipids, and phosphatidylserine. Lipids not only have a structural role in exosomal membranes but also are essential players in exosome formation and release to the extracellular environment. Our knowledge about the importance of lipids in exosome biology is increasing due to recent technological developments in lipidomics and a stronger focus on the biological functions of these molecules. Here, we review the available information about the lipid composition of exosomes. Special attention is given to ether lipids, a relatively unexplored type of lipids involved in membrane trafficking and abundant in some exosomes. Moreover, we discuss how the lipid composition of exosome preparations may provide useful information about their purity. Finally, we discuss the role of phosphoinositides, membrane phospholipids that help to regulate membrane dynamics, in exosome release and how this process may be linked to secretory autophagy. Knowledge about exosome lipid composition is important to understand the biology of these vesicles and to investigate possible medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina P Hessvik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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