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Xiao X, Wu X, Yi L, You F, Li X, Xiao C. Causal linkage between type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease: an integrated Mendelian randomization study and bioinformatics analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1275699. [PMID: 38313367 PMCID: PMC10836595 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1275699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies have indicated associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and both colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the underlying causality and biological mechanisms between these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis employing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies involving European individuals. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was the primary method used to assess causality. Additionally, we applied MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode to evaluate the robustness of the results. Outliers were identified and eliminated using the MR-PRESSO, while the MR-Egger intercept was used to assess the horizontal pleiotropic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q test, and sensitivity analysis was performed using leave-one-out method. The F statistic was calculated to evaluate weak instrumental variable bias. Finally, a pilot bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the underlying biological mechanisms between T2DM and IBD/UC. Results The IVW results demonstrated that T2DM significantly reduced risks of IBD (OR=0.885, 95% CI: 0.818-0.958, P=0.002) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (OR=0.887, 95% CI: 0.812-0.968, P=0.007). Although the 95% CIs of MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode were broad, the majority of their estimates were consistent with the direction of IVW. Despite significant heterogeneity among SNPs, no horizontal pleiotropy was observed. The leave-one-out analysis showed that the causality remained consistent after each SNP was removed, underscoring the reliability of the results. Reverse MR analysis indicated that genetic susceptibility to both CRC and IBD had no significant effect on the relative risk of T2DM. Ten hub genes were identified, which mainly enriched in pathways including maturity onset diabetes of the young, thyroid cancer, gastric acid secretion, longevity regulating pathway, melanogenesis, and pancreatic secretion. Conclusion The presence of T2DM does not increase the risk of CRC or IBD. Moreover, T2DM might reduce risk of IBD, including UC. Conversely, the occurrence of CRC or IBD does not influence the risk of T2DM. The association between T2DM and IBD/UC may be related to the changes in multiple metabolic pathways and CTLA-4-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuanyu Wu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Yi
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengming You
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Cancer Institute, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueke Li
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Xiao
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Cancer Institute, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Cao Y, Hou Y, Zhao L, Huang Y, Liu G. New insights into follicular regulatory T cells in the intestinal and tumor microenvironments. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37210730 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a novel and unique subset of effector regulatory T (Treg) cells that are located in germinal centers (GCs). Tfr cells express transcription profiles that are characteristic of both follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and Treg cells and negatively regulate GC reactions, including Tfh cell activation and cytokine production, class switch recombination and B cell activation. Evidence also shows that Tfr cells have specific characteristics in different local immune microenvironments. This review focuses on the regulation of Tfr cell differentiation and function in unique local immune microenvironments, including the intestine and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Mancuso G, Bechi Genzano C, Fierabracci A, Fousteri G. Type 1 diabetes and inborn errors of immunity: Complete strangers or 2 sides of the same coin? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00427-X. [PMID: 37097271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic disease and does not follow a mendelian pattern. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), on the other hand, are caused by damaging germline variants, suggesting that T1D and IEIs have nothing in common. Some IEIs, resulting from mutations in genes regulating regulatory T-cell homeostasis, are associated with elevated incidence of T1D. The genetic spectrum of IEIs is gradually being unraveled; consequently, molecular pathways underlying human monogenic autoimmunity are being identified. There is an appreciable overlap between some of these pathways and the genetic variants that determine T1D susceptibility, suggesting that after all, IEI and T1D are 2 sides of the same coin. The study of monogenic IEIs with a variable incidence of T1D has the potential to provide crucial insights into the mechanisms leading to T1D. These insights contribute to the definition of T1D endotypes and explain disease heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the interconnected pathogenic pathways of autoimmunity, β-cell function, and primary immunodeficiency. We also examine the role of environmental factors in disease penetrance as well as the circumstantial evidence of IEI drugs in preventing and curing T1D in individuals with IEIs, suggesting the repositioning of these drugs also for T1D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Mancuso
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camillo Bechi Genzano
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Wei X, Niu X. T follicular helper cells in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 134:102976. [PMID: 36525939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with the phenotype of mainly expressing surface molecules C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), secreting cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) and requiring the transcription factor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6) have been recently defined as a new subset of CD4+ T cells. They exist in germinal centers (GCs) of lymphoid organs and in peripheral blood. With the ability to promote B cell development, GC formation and antibody production, Tfh cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), etc. The aberrant proliferation and function of Tfh cells will cause the pathological process like autoantibody production and tissue injury. In this paper, we review the recent advances in Tfh cell biology and their roles in autoimmune diseases, with a mention of their use as therapeutic targets, which will shed more light on the pathogenesis and treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Wei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China; Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Kim GR, Choi JM. Current Understanding of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Signaling in T-Cell Biology and Disease Therapy. Mol Cells 2022; 45:513-521. [PMID: 35950451 PMCID: PMC9385567 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint molecule that is mainly expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibits T-cell activation and regulates immune homeostasis. Due to the crucial functions of CTLA-4 in T-cell biology, CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapies have been developed for autoimmune disease as well as cancers. CTLA-4 is known to compete with CD28 to interact with B7, but some studies have revealed that its downstream signaling is independent of its ligand interaction. As a signaling domain of CTLA-4, the tyrosine motif plays a role in inhibiting T-cell activation. Recently, the lysine motif has been shown to be required for the function of Treg cells, emphasizing the importance of CTLA-4 signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CTLA-4 biology and molecular signaling events and discuss strategies to target CTLA-4 signaling for immune modulation and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Ran Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute for Rheumatology Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Li C, Zhu H, Zhang S, Meng F, Li S, Li G, Zha J, Wu S, Zhu L, Dai A. Astragaloside IV ameliorates pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by restraining the T follicular helper cell response and expanding T follicular regulatory cell response. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154171. [PMID: 35636165 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder lacking a validated and effective therapy which characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, vascular remodeling and eventual death. FDA approved sildenafil is being used as a first-line drug for PH, however, neither survival rates nor quality of life have been improved because of side effects and patient noncompliance. Thus, the exploration of novel therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) exhibits a protective effect on HPH, but its mechanisms of action is unclear. HYPOTHESIS CD4+T cell subsets, Tfh and Tfr cells, may contribute to the development of chronic hypoxia-induced PH (HPH). We hypothesized that ASIV could effectively ameliorates pulmonary vascular remodeling of HPH by restraining the Tfh cell response and expanding Tfr cell response. METHODS AND RESULTS HPH mice model was established by exposure to chronic hypoxia for 21 days. Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: NaCl group, model group, SN group (100 mg/kg of sildenafil), low-dose group (20 mg/kg of ASIV), medium-dose group (40 mg/kg of ASIV) and high-dose group (80 mg/kg of ASIV). Primary culture and identification of distal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in mice were established. Here, we demonstrated that ASIV treatment could significantly ameliorate the increase of mean PAP, RV/ (LV+S) ratio and PAMT in HPH mice. ASIV inhibited Tfh cell differentiation and IL-21 production, but promoted Tfr cell differentiation and TGF-β, IL-10 production. Chronic hypoxia promoted germinal center B cell responses, which inhibited by ASIV. ASIV regulated Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling pathway, and the effect of ASIV-H was better than that observed in the SN group. ASIV inhibited the proliferation, migration and adhesion of PASMCs in vitro. Moreover, ASIV significantly downregulated the protein level of RhoA and upregulated the protein level of p27 in PASMCs under hypoxic condition. CONCLUSION Collectively, ASIV may regulate Tfh and Tfr cell responses to subsequently repress pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - Shaoze Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - Fang Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - San Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China
| | - Jun Zha
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China.
| | - Aiguo Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University, Changsha, Hunan 410016, PR China; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China.
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Luengo‐Gil G, Conesa‐Zamora P. Potential Utility of Induced Translocation of Engineered Bacteria as a Therapeutic Agent for Mounting a Personalized Neoantigen-Based Tumor Immune Response. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2100051. [PMID: 35284089 PMCID: PMC8902290 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, an unprecedented understanding of the cancer genome, along with major breakthroughs in oncoimmunotherapy, and a resurgence of nucleic acid vaccines against cancer are being achieved. However, in most cases, the immune system response is still insufficient to react against cancer, especially in those tumors showing low mutational burden. One way to counteract tumor escape can be the induction of bacterial translocation, a phenomenon associated with autoimmune diseases which consists of a leakage in the colonic mucosa barrier, causing the access of gut bacteria to sterile body compartments such as blood. Certain commensal or live-attenuated bacteria can be engineered in such a way as to contain nucleic acids coding for tumor neoantigens previously selected from individual tumor RNAseq data. Hypothetically, these modified bacteria, previously administered orally to a cancer patient, can be translocated by several compounds acting on colonic mucosa, thus releasing neoantigens in a systemic environment in the context of an acute inflammation. Several strategies for selecting neoantigens, suitable bacteria strains, genetic constructs, and translocation inducers to achieve tumor-specific activations of CD4 and CD8 T-cells are discussed in this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Luengo‐Gil
- Clinical Analysis and Pathology DepartmentGroup of Molecular Pathology and PharmacogeneticsInstitute for Biohealth Research from Murcia (IMIB)Hospital Universitario Santa Lucíac/Mezquita snCartagena30202Spain
| | - Pablo Conesa‐Zamora
- Clinical Analysis and Pathology DepartmentGroup of Molecular Pathology and PharmacogeneticsInstitute for Biohealth Research from Murcia (IMIB)Hospital Universitario Santa Lucíac/Mezquita snCartagena30202Spain
- Pathology and Histology DepartmentFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de MurciaCampus de los Jerónimos, s/n, GuadalupeMurcia30107Spain
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Nikolakis D, de Voogd FAE, Pruijt MJ, Grootjans J, van de Sande MG, D’Haens GR. The Role of the Lymphatic System in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031854. [PMID: 35163775 PMCID: PMC8836364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the number of therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years, patients suffer from decreased quality of life due to non-response or loss of response to the currently available treatments. An increased understanding of the disease’s etiology could provide novel insights for treatment strategies in IBD. Lymphatic system components are generally linked to immune responses and presumably related to inflammatory diseases pathophysiology. This review aims to summarize findings on immune-mediated mechanisms in lymphoid tissues linked with IBD pathogenesis and (potential) novel treatments. Enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses were observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other lymphoid structures, such as Peyer’s patches, in patients with IBD and in animal models. Furthermore, the phenomenon of lymphatic obstruction in the form of granulomas in MLNs and lymphatic vessels correlates with disease activity. There is also evidence that abnormalities in the lymphatic stromal components and lymph node microbiome are common in IBD and could be exploited therapeutically. Finally, novel agents targeting lymphocyte trafficking have been added to the treatment armamentarium in the field of IBD. Overall, gut-associated lymphoid tissue plays a key role in IBD immunopathogenesis, which could offer novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nikolakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Onassis Foundation, 4 Aeschinou Street, 10558 Athens, Greece
| | - Floris A. E. de Voogd
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Maarten J. Pruijt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Marleen G. van de Sande
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Ye Y, Wang M, Huang H. Follicular regulatory T cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:239-255. [PMID: 33938586 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-601rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response, especially modulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and GC-B cells, thereby affecting the production of antibodies. Tfr cells are involved in the generation and development of many immune-related and inflammatory diseases. This article summarizes the advances in several aspects of Tfr cell biology, with special focus on definition and phenotype, development and differentiation, regulatory factors, functions, and interactions with T/B cells and molecules involved in performance and regulation of Tfr function. Finally, we highlight the current understanding of Tfr cells involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and describe some drugs targeting Tfr cells. These latest studies have answered some basic questions in Tfr cell biology and explored the roles of Tfr cells in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Hao H, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Differentiation, functions, and roles of T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:14. [PMID: 33934711 PMCID: PMC8088831 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells participate in stimulating germinal center (GC) formation and supporting B cell differentiation and autoantibody production. However, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells suppress B cell activation. Since changes in the number and functions of Tfr cells lead to dysregulated GC reaction and autoantibody response, targeting Tfr cells may benefit the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Differentiation of Tfr cells is a multistage and multifactorial process with various positive and negative regulators. Therefore, understanding the signals regulating Tfr cell generation is crucial for the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated the roles of Tfr cells in autoimmune diseases and investigated the modulators of Tfr cell differentiation. Additionally, potential immunotherapies targeting Tfr cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Hao
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Immuno-oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.
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12
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Huang Y, Chen Z, Wang H, Ba X, Shen P, Lin W, Wang Y, Qin K, Huang Y, Tu S. Follicular regulatory T cells: a novel target for immunotherapy? Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1106. [PMID: 32082569 PMCID: PMC7019198 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐affinity antibodies are produced during multiple processes in germinal centres (GCs), where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells interact closely with B cells to support B‐cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. Recent studies have revealed that a specialised subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, especially fine‐tune Tfh cells and GC B cells, ultimately regulating GC reactions. Alterations in frequencies or function of Tfr cells may result in multiple autoantibody‐mediated or autoantibody‐associated diseases. This review discusses recent insights into the physiology and pathology of Tfr cells, with a special emphasis on their potential roles in human diseases. Discrepancies are common among studies, reflecting the limited understanding of Tfr cells. Further exploration of the mechanisms of Tfr cells in these diseases and thus targeting Tfr cells may help reinstate immune homeostasis and provide novel immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xin Ba
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Pan Shen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Weiji Lin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are no longer defined by infections alone. First clinical sign or sequelae of PID may include autoimmunity, such as cytopenias, arthritis or enteropathy. This review addresses the latest in multidisciplinary approaches for expanding clinical phenotypes of PIDs with autoimmunity, including new presentations of known entities and novel gene defects. We also discuss diagnostic tools for identifying the distinct changes in immune cells subsets and autoantibodies, mechanistic understanding of the process, and targeted treatment and indications for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). RECENT FINDINGS In the past years, increased awareness and use of genetic screening, confirmatory functional studies and immunological biomarkers opened the door for early recognition of PIDs among patients with autoimmunity. Large cohort studies detail the clinical spectrum and treatment outcome of PIDs with autoimmunity with specific immune genes (e.g., CTLA4, LRBA, PI3Kδ, NFKB1, RAG). The benefit of early recognition is initiation of targeted therapies with precise re-balancing of the dysregulated immune pathways (e.g., biologicals) or definitive therapy (e.g., HSCT). SUMMARY Clinical presentation of patients with PID and autoimmunity is highly variable and requires in-depth diagnostics and precision medicine approaches.
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14
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Chao G, Li X, Ji Y, Zhu Y, Li N, Zhang N, Feng Z, Niu M. MiR-155 controls follicular Treg cell-mediated humoral autoimmune intestinal injury by inhibiting CTLA-4 expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:267-276. [PMID: 30927737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High expression levels of miR-155 are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We observed an increase in miR-155 in peripheral regulatory T (Treg) cells from IBD patients. Mice that specifically overexpress miR-155 in Foxp3+ Treg cells exhibit spontaneous autoimmunity and more severe dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal injury. MiR-155 overexpression can lead to a lack of follicular Treg (Tfr) cells and central Treg (cTreg), whereas DSS treatment further depletes the Tfr cells. Furthermore, miR-155 can target the expression of CTLA-4 in cTreg and Tfr, directly inhibiting Tfr cell production and promoting enhanced germinal center (GC) B cell activation and autoantibody overproduction. This outcome may be the cause of severe intestinal injury in patients with autoimmune IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chao
- Department of Microsurgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yahong Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zunyong Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Min Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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