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Sakurai A, Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Okajima S, Furukawa S, Koga K, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Melanosomal localization is required for GIF-2115/2250 to inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38327040 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tyrosinase inhibitors suppress melanogenesis in melanocytes. During a screening for tyrosinase inhibitors, however, we noticed some discrepancies in inhibitory efficacies between melanocytes and in vitro assays. The compound (S)-N-{3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]propyl}-N-methyl-indan-1-amine (GIF-2115) exerts antioxidative stress activity upon accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. GIF-2115 was also identified as a potent antimelanogenic reagent in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. GIF-2115 inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and the lysates of B16F10 cells. However, structure-activity relationship studies indicated that GIF-2238, which lacks the benzene ring in the aminoindan structure of GIF-2115, inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro but did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. The aim of the present study is to show the importance of the intracellular distribution of tyrosinase inhibitors in exerting their antimelanogenic activity in melanocytes. METHODS The intracellular distribution of compounds was monitored by linking with the fluorescent group of 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD). To mislocalize GIF-2115 to mitochondria, the mitochondria-preferring fluoroprobe ATTO565 was used. RESULTS We reconfirmed the localization of GIF-2250 (GIF-2115-NBD) not only to matured but also to early-stage melanosomes. Although GIF-2286 (GIF-2238-NBD) maintained tyrosinase inhibitory activity, it did not show specific intracellular localization. Moreover, when GIF-2115 was linked with ATTO565, the resultant compound GIF-2265 did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, despite its strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that melanosomal localization is essential for the antimelanogenic activity of GIF-2115, and GIF-2115 derivatives may be new guides for drugs to endosomes and lysosomes as well as melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okajima
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Oh MC, Fernando PDSM, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Herath HMUL, Hyun JW. Baicalein Inhibits α-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone-stimulated Melanogenesis via p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:40-46. [PMID: 37434796 PMCID: PMC10331030 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive UVB exposure causes development of both malignant and non-malignant melanoma via the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). We investigated whether baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) could inhibit α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis. Baicalein prevented UVB- and α-MSH-induced melanin production and attenuated α-MSH-stimulated tyrosinase (monophenol monooxygenase) activity, and expression of tyrosinase and tyrosine-related protein-2. In addition, baicalein prevented melanogenesis and pigmentation via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway. These findings suggest that baicalein represents a natural compound for attenuating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chang Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | | | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | | | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Heterocyclic Compounds as Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109097. [PMID: 37240442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which is widely distributed in nature (e.g., bacteria, mammals, fungi) and involved in two consecutive steps of melanin biosynthesis. In humans, an excessive production of melanin can determine hyperpigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. The development of molecules able to inhibit the high activity of the enzyme remain a current topic in medicinal chemistry, because the inhibitors reported so far present several side effects. Heterocycle-bearing molecules are largely diffuse in this sense. Due to their importance as biologically active compounds, we decided to report a comprehensive review of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors possessing heterocyclic moieties reported within the last five years. For the reader's convenience, we classified them as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) and human tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Ha JW, Choi JY, Boo YC. Differential Effects of Histidine and Histidinamide versus Cysteine and Cysteinamide on Copper Ion-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity in HaCaT Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040801. [PMID: 37107176 PMCID: PMC10135049 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal chelators are used for various industrial and medical purposes based on their physicochemical properties and biological activities. In biological systems, copper ions bind to certain enzymes as cofactors to confer catalytic activity or bind to specific proteins for safe storage and transport. However, unbound free copper ions can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and cell death. The present study aims to identify amino acids with copper chelation activities that might mitigate oxidative stress and toxicity in skin cells exposed to copper ions. A total of 20 free amino acids and 20 amidated amino acids were compared for their copper chelation activities in vitro and the cytoprotective effects in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to CuSO4. Among the free amino acids, cysteine showed the highest copper chelation activity, followed by histidine and glutamic acid. Among the amidated amino acids, cysteinamide showed the highest copper chelation activity, followed by histidinamide and aspartic acid. CuSO4 (0.4–1.0 mM) caused cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the free and amidated amino acids (1.0 mM), only histidine and histidinamide prevented the HaCaT cell death induced by CuSO4 (1.0 mM). Cysteine and cysteinamide had no cytoprotective effects despite their potent copper-chelating activities. EDTA and GHK-Cu, which were used as reference compounds, had no cytoprotective effects either. Histidine and histidinamide suppressed the CuSO4-induced ROS production, glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation in HaCaT cells, whereas cysteine and cysteinamide had no such effects. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed copper-chelating activity at 0.5–1.0 mM (34–68 mg mL−1). Histidine, histidinamide, and BSA at 0.5–1.0 mM enhanced the viability of cells exposed to CuCl2 or CuSO4 (0.5 mM or 1.0 mM) whereas cysteine and cysteinamide had no such effects. The results of this study suggest that histidine and histidinamide have more advantageous properties than cysteine and cysteinamide in terms of alleviating copper ion-induced toxic effects in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Ha
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.Y.C.)
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.Y.C.)
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.Y.C.)
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4946
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Li A, He H, Chen Y, Liao F, Tang J, Li L, Fan Y, Li L, Xiong L. Effects of donkey milk on UVB-induced skin barrier damage and melanin pigmentation: A network pharmacology and experimental validation study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1121498. [PMID: 36969816 PMCID: PMC10033878 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDairy products have long been regarded as a controversial nutrient for the skin. However, a clear demonstration of donkey milk (DM) on skincare is required.MethodsIn this study, spectrum and chemical component analyses were applied to DM. Then, the effects of DM on UVB-induced skin barrier damage and melanin pigmentation were first evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell survival, animal models, and expression of filaggrin (FLG) were determined to confirm the effect of DM on UVB-induced skin barrier damage. Melanogenesis and tyrosinase (TYR) activity were assessed after UVB irradiation to clarify the effect of DM on whitening activities. Further, a network pharmacology method was applied to study the interaction between DM ingredients and UVB-induced skin injury. Meanwhile, an analysis of the melanogenesis molecular target network was developed and validated to predict the melanogenesis regulators in DM.ResultsDM was rich in cholesterols, fatty acids, vitamins and amino acids. The results of evaluation of whitening activities in vitro and in vivo indicated that DM had a potent inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis. The results of effects of DM on UVB‑induced skin barrier damage indicated that DM inhibited UVB-induced injury and restored skin barrier function via up-regulation expression of FLG (filaggrin). The pharmacological network of DM showed that DM regulated steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism in keratinocytes and 64 melanin targets which the main contributing role of DM might target melanogenesis, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway.DiscussionThese results highlight the potential use of DM as a promising agent for whitening and anti-photoaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hailun He
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjing Chen
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li,
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Human Evaluation and Big Data of Cosmetics, Chengdu, China
- Lidan Xiong,
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Carcelli M, Compari C, Fisicaro E, Incerti M, Miglioli F, Peracchia E, Pertinhez TA, Rogolino D, Ronda N, Gentili S, Tegoni M. A potentiometric and spectrofluorimetric approach to unravel inhibitory effects of semi- and thiosemicarbazones on mushroom tyrosinase activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:17-27. [PMID: 36459222 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects on mushrooms tyrosinase activity of some semi- and thiosemicarbazones were investigated. While the semicarbazones are inactive, the thiosemicarbazones are, in general, more active than the reference (kojic acid, IC50 = 70 μM), with maximum activity obtained with benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (IC50 = 7 μM). These inhibitors probably act by coordination of the copper(II) metal ions in the active site of tyrosinase: effectively, potentiometric studies conducted in water solutions confirm that the most active thiosemicarbazone is a good ligand for copper(II) ions. The tyrosinase CD spectra do not show any significant difference by addition of an inhibitor or an inactive compound. On the contrary, interesting results were obtained by spectrofluorimetric titrations of mushrooms tyrosinase aqueous solutions with some of the investigated compounds, giving helpful information about possible mechanism of action. The thiosemicarbazones here reported are not cytotoxic on human fibroblasts and do not activate cells in a pro-inflammatory way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carcelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - C Compari
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Fisicaro
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Incerti
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Miglioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Peracchia
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - T A Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - D Rogolino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - N Ronda
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - S Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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GIF-2209, an Oxindole Derivative, Accelerates Melanogenesis and Melanosome Secretion via the Modification of Lysosomes in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010177. [PMID: 35011407 PMCID: PMC8746627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis and melanosome secretion are regulated by several mechanisms. In this study, we found that the oxindole derivative GIF-2209 accelerated melanogenesis associated with the discrimination in the expression and intracellular distributions of two melanogenic enzymes, tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1). GIF-2209 upregulated the expression of TYR via a microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF)-independent mechanism, leading to high expression of protein. In contrast, GIF-2209 did not alter the mRNA levels of TYRP-1 and suppressed its protein levels. GIF-2209 induced the dissociation of TYR from TYRP-1 but did not alter the association between TYR and CD63, a melanosome and lysosome marker. The protein levels of CD63 were also upregulated by GIF-2209. GIF-2209 induced lysosome expansion and redistribution in all areas of the cytosol, accompanied by autophagy acceleration (upregulation of LC3BII protein levels and downregulation of p62 protein levels). In addition, GIF-2209 stimulated the secretion of melanosomes containing high levels of TYR, TYRP-1, and CD63 proteins. The GIF-2209 mediated melanosome secretion was sensitive to the lysosome inhibitor chloroquine. These results suggest that GIF-2209 may activate lysosomal functions with TYR gene expression, while it accelerates melanosome secretion, which finally leads to the depletion of intracellular melanogenic enzyme, especially TYRP-1 protein.
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Recent advances in the design and discovery of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113744. [PMID: 34365131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. As a promising target, tyrosinase inhibitors can be used as skin whitening agents and food preservatives, thus having broad potential in the fields of food, cosmetics, agriculture and medicine. From 2015 to 2020, numerous synthetic inhibitors of tyrosinase have been developed to overcome the challenges of low efficacy and side effects. This review summarizes the enzyme structure and biological functions of tyrosinase and demonstrates the recent advances of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanisms and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Lee HK, Ha JW, Hwang YJ, Boo YC. Identification of L-Cysteinamide as a Potent Inhibitor of Tyrosinase-Mediated Dopachrome Formation and Eumelanin Synthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1202. [PMID: 34439449 PMCID: PMC8388879 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify amino acid derivatives with potent anti-eumelanogenic activity. First, we compared the effects of twenty different amidated amino acids on tyrosinase (TYR)-mediated dopachrome formation in vitro and melanin content in dark-pigmented human melanoma MNT-1 cells. The results showed that only L-cysteinamide inhibited TYR-mediated dopachrome formation in vitro and reduced the melanin content of cells. Next, the antimelanogenic effect of L-cysteinamide was compared to those of other thiol compounds (L-cysteine, N-acetyl L-cysteine, glutathione, L-cysteine ethyl ester, N-acetyl L-cysteinamide, and cysteamine) and positive controls with known antimelanogenic effects (kojic acid and β-arbutin). The results showed the unique properties of L-cysteinamide, which effectively reduces melanin content without causing cytotoxicity. L-Cysteinamide did not affect the mRNA and protein levels of TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and dopachrome tautomerase in MNT-1 cells. L-Cysteinamide exhibited similar properties in normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). Experiments using mushroom TYR suggest that L-cysteinamide at certain concentrations can inhibit eumelanin synthesis through a dual mechanism by inhibiting TYR-catalyzed dopaquinone synthesis and by diverting the synthesized dopaquinone to the formation of DOPA-cysteinamide conjugates rather than dopachrome. Finally, L-cysteinamide was shown to increase pheomelanin content while decreasing eumelanin and total melanin contents in MNT-1 cells. This study suggests that L-cysteinamide has an optimal structure that can effectively and safely inhibit eumelanin synthesis in MNT-1 cells and HEMs, and will be useful in controlling skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Jae Won Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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11
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Wu Y, Huo D, Chen G, Yan A. SAR and QSAR research on tyrosinase inhibitors using machine learning methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:85-110. [PMID: 33517778 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1862297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of melanin synthesis, which is closely related to human pigmentation disorders. Tyrosinase inhibitors can down-regulate tyrosinase to effectively reduce melanin synthesis. In this work, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on 1097 diverse mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. We applied five kinds of machine learning methods to develop 15 classification models. Model 5B built by fully connected neural networks and ECFP4 fingerprints achieved the highest prediction accuracy of 91.36% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.81 on the test set. The applicability domains (AD) of classification models were defined by d S T D - P R O method. Moreover, we clustered the 1097 inhibitors into eight subsets by K-Means to figure out inhibitors' structural features. In addition, 10 quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed by four machine learning methods based on 813 inhibitors. Model 6 J, the best QSAR model, was developed by fully connected neural networks with 50 RDKit descriptors. It resulted in a coefficient of determination (r 2) of 0.770 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.482 on the test set. The AD of Model 6 J was visualized by Williams plot. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - G Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China
| | - A Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Isogawa K, Asano M, Hayazaki M, Koga K, Watanabe M, Suzuki K, Kobayashi T, Kawaguchi K, Ishizuka A, Kato S, Ito H, Hamamoto A, Koyama H, Furuta K, Takemori H. Thioxothiazolidin derivative, 4-OST, inhibits melanogenesis by enhancing the specific recruitment of tyrosinase-containing vesicles to lysosome. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:667-678. [PMID: 33480093 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in melanin synthesis. Melanin is synthesized from l-tyrosin in the melanosomes, where tyrosinase and other melanogenic factors are recruited via the vesicle transport system. Genetic and biochemical approaches have revealed a correlation between impairments in the vesicle transport system and albinism. However, the specificity of the individual transport systems for the corresponding melanogenic factors has not been well elucidated yet. Here, we report that the thioxothiazolidin derivative, 4-OST (4-[(5E)-5-[(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]-4-azatricyclo [5.2.1.02 ,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione: CAS RN. 477766-87-3) strongly inhibited melanogenesis in mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. 4-OST reduces tyrosinase protein levels without affecting its messenger RNA levels or enzymatic activity. Although a reduction in tyrosinase protein level was observed in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, the reduction may be coupled with protein synthesis. Similarly, GIF-2202 (a derivative of 4-OST) lowers tyrosinase protein levels without affecting the levels of another melanogenic enzyme, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) level. The reduction in tyrosinase protein level is associated with an increase in the levels of the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin S. Chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor, restored the tyrosinase protein level downregulated by GIF-2202, although no effects of other inhibitors (against proteasome, autophagy, or exocytosis) were observed. In addition, GIF-2202 segregated the immunofluorescence signals of tyrosinase from those of TYRP1. Chloroquine treatment resulted in co-localization of tyrosinase and cathepsin S signals near the perinuclear region, suggesting that 4-OST and GIF-2202 may alter the destination of the tyrosinase vesicle from the melanosome to the lysosome. 4-OST and GIF-2202 can be new tools for studying the tyrosinase-specific vesicle transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Isogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masataka Asano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masumi Hayazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akane Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinya Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hironari Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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13
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CMT-308, a Nonantimicrobial Chemically-Modified Tetracycline, Exhibits Anti-Melanogenic Activity by Suppression of Melanosome Export. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100411. [PMID: 33066033 PMCID: PMC7601524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMT-308 is a nonantimicrobial chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), which we have previously shown exhibits antifungal activity and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized that CMT-308 could inhibit melanogenesis and might be a candidate for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders which occur due to unregulated melanin biosynthesis and/or transport. CMT-308 was first studied for any effects on activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in vitro using a purified preparation of mushroom tyrosinase; the mode of inhibition of the soluble fungal enzyme was evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots as well as by non-linear least squares fitting. Next, the effects of CMT-308 were tested in mammalian cell cultures using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and further validated in darkly-pigmented human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Our results showed that micromolar concentrations of CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity, using the first two substrates in the melanogenesis pathway (l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)); CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase primarily via a mixed mode of inhibition, with the major contribution from a competitive mode. In B16F10 cell cultures, CMT-308 (10 µM) significantly diminished total melanin levels with a selective reduction of extracellular melanin levels, under both basal and hormone-stimulated conditions without any cytotoxicity over a duration of 72 h. Studies of potential mechanisms of inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells showed that, in mammalian cells, CMT-308 did not inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity or the activity of α-glucosidase, an enzyme that regulates maturation of tyrosinase. However, CMT-308 suppressed MITF protein expression in B16F10 cells and showed copper chelating activity and antioxidant activity in a cell-free system. The significantly lower extracellular melanin levels obtained at 10 µM indicate that CMT-308’s anti-melanogenic action may be attributed to a selective inhibition of melanosome export with the perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes, rather than a direct effect on the tyrosinase-catalyzed steps in melanin biosynthesis. These results were validated in HEMn-DP cells where CMT-308 suppressed dendricity in a fully reversible manner without affecting intracellular melanin synthesis. Furthermore, the capacity of CMT-308 to inhibit melanosome export was retained in cocultures of HEMn-DP and HaCaT. In summary, our results offer promise for therapeutic strategies to combat the effects of hyperpigmentation by use of CMT-308 at low micromolar concentrations.
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Song H, Hwang YJ, Ha JW, Boo YC. Screening of an Epigenetic Drug Library Identifies 4-((hydroxyamino)carbonyl)- N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- N-Phenyl-Benzeneacetamide that Reduces Melanin Synthesis by Inhibiting Tyrosinase Activity Independently of Epigenetic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134589. [PMID: 32605171 PMCID: PMC7370187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify novel antimelanogenic drugs from an epigenetic screening library containing various modulators targeting DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and other related enzymes/proteins. Of 141 drugs tested, K8 (4-((hydroxyamino)carbonyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-phenyl-benzeneacetamide; HPOB) was found to effectively inhibit the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin synthesis in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells without accompanying cytotoxicity. Additional experiments showed that K8 did not significantly reduce the mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase (TYR) or microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in cells, but it potently inhibited the catalytic activity TYR in vitro (IC50, 1.1-1.5 µM) as compared to β-arbutin (IC50, 500-700 µM) or kojic acid (IC50, 63 µM). K8 showed copper chelating activity similar to kojic acid. Therefore, these data suggest that K8 inhibits cellular melanin synthesis not by downregulation of TYR protein expression through an epigenetic mechanism, but by direct inhibition of TYR catalytic activity through copper chelation. Metal chelating activity of K8 is not surprising because it is known to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 through zinc chelation. This study identified K8 as a potent inhibitor of cellular melanin synthesis, which may be useful for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae Won Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.S.); (Y.J.H.); (J.W.H.)
- Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4946
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15
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Asebi N, Nihei KI. Total synthesis of apios isoflavones and investigation of their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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