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Liu H, Franken A, Bielfeld AP, Fehm T, Niederacher D, Cheng Z, Neubauer H, Stamm N. Progesterone-induced progesterone receptor membrane component 1 rise-to-decline changes are essential for decidualization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2024; 22:20. [PMID: 38308254 PMCID: PMC10837943 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-024-01188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decidualization of endometrial cells is the prerequisite for embryo implantation and subsequent placenta formation and is induced by rising progesterone levels following ovulation. One of the hormone receptors contributing to endometrial homeostasis is Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1), a non-classical membrane-bound progesterone receptor with yet unclear function. In this study, we aimed to investigate how PGRMC1 contributes to human decidualization. METHODS We first analyzed PGRMC1 expression profile during a regular menstrual cycle in RNA-sequencing datasets. To further explore the function of PGRMC1 in human decidualization, we implemented an inducible decidualization system, which is achieved by culturing two human endometrial stromal cell lines in decidualization-inducing medium containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and 8-Br-cAMP. In our system, we measured PGRMC1 expression during hormone induction as well as decidualization status upon PGRMC1 knockdown at different time points. We further conferred proximity ligation assay to identify PGRMC1 interaction partners. RESULTS In a regular menstrual cycle, PGRMC1 mRNA expression is gradually decreased from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase. In in vitro experiments, we observed that PGRMC1 expression follows a rise-to-decline pattern, in which its expression level initially increased during the first 6 days after induction (PGRMC1 increasing phase) and decreased in the following days (PGRMC1 decreasing phase). Knockdown of PGRMC1 expression before the induction led to a failed decidualization, while its knockdown after induction did not inhibit decidualization, suggesting that the progestin-induced 'PGRMC1 increasing phase' is essential for normal decidualization. Furthermore, we found that the interactions of prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 with PGRMC1 were induced upon progestin treatment. Knocking down each of the prohibitins slowed down the decidualization process compared to the control, suggesting that PGRMC1 cooperates with prohibitins to regulate decidualization. CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, PGRMC1 expression followed a progestin-induced rise-to-decline expression pattern during human endometrial decidualization process; and the correct execution of this expression program was crucial for successful decidualization. Thereby, the results of our in vitro model explained how PGRMC1 dysregulation during decidualization may present a new perspective on infertility-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Bielfeld
- Department of OB/GYN & REI, UniKiD, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nadia Stamm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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2
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Lodde V, Luciano AM, Garcia Barros R, Giovanardi G, Sivelli G, Franciosi F. Review: The putative role of Progesterone Receptor membrane Component 1 in bovine oocyte development and competence. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100783. [PMID: 37567656 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of developmental competence is a complex process in which many cell types cooperate to support oocyte maturation, fertilisation, and preimplantation embryonic development. In recent years, compelling evidence has shown that Progesterone Receptor Membra Component 1 (PGRMC1) is expressed in many cell types of the mammalian reproductive system where it exerts diverse functions. In the ovary, PGRMC1 affects follicular growth by controlling cell viability and proliferation of granulosa cells. PGRMC1 has also a direct role in promoting a proper completion of bovine oocyte maturation, as altering its function leads to defective chromosome segregation and polar body extrusion. Strikingly, the mechanism by which PGRMC1 controls mitotic and meiotic cell division seems to be conserved, involving an association with the spindle apparatus and the chromosomal passenger complex through Aurora kinase B. Conclusive data on a possible role of PGRMC1 in the preimplantation embryo are lacking and further research is needed to test whether the mechanisms that are set in place in mitotic cells also govern blastomere cleavage and subsequent differentiation. Finally, PGRMC1 is also expressed in oviductal cells and, as such, it might also impact fertilisation and early embryonic development, although this issue is completely unexplored. However, the study of PGRMC1 function in the mammalian reproductive system remains a complex matter, due to its pleiotropic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - A M Luciano
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - R Garcia Barros
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Giovanardi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Sivelli
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Franciosi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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3
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Didusch S, Madern M, Hartl M, Baccarini M. amica: an interactive and user-friendly web-platform for the analysis of proteomics data. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:817. [PMID: 36494623 PMCID: PMC9733095 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative proteomics has become an increasingly prominent tool in the study of life sciences. A substantial hurdle for many biologists are, however, the intricacies involved in the associated high throughput data analysis. RESULTS In order to facilitate this task for users with limited background knowledge, we have developed amica, a freely available open-source web-based software that accepts proteomic input files from different sources. amica provides quality control, differential expression, biological network and over-representation analysis on the basis of minimal user input. Scientists can use amica's query interface interactively to compare multiple conditions and rapidly identify enriched or depleted proteins. They can visualize their results using customized output graphics, and ultimately export the results in a tab-separated format that can be shared with collaborators. The code for the application, input data and documentation can be accessed online at https://github.com/tbaccata/amica and is also incorporated in the web application. CONCLUSIONS The strong emphasis on dynamic user interactions, the integration of various databases and the option to download processed data, facilitate the analysis of complex proteomic data for both first-time users and experienced bioinformaticians. A freely available version of amica is available at https://bioapps.maxperutzlabs.ac.at/app/amica .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Didusch
- grid.473822.80000 0005 0375 3232Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria ,grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Madern
- grid.473822.80000 0005 0375 3232Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- grid.473822.80000 0005 0375 3232Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- grid.473822.80000 0005 0375 3232Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Lodde V, Garcia Barros R, Terzaghi L, Franciosi F, Luciano AM. Insights on the Role of PGRMC1 in Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235755. [PMID: 36497237 PMCID: PMC9736406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis defects have been recognized as hallmarks of cancer cells. Cytoskeletal elements composing the spindle and the contractile ring and their associated proteins play crucial roles in the faithful progression of mitotic cell division. The hypothesis that PGRMC1, most likely as a part of a yet-to-be-defined complex, is involved in the regulation of spindle function and, more broadly, the cytoskeletal machinery driving cell division is particularly appealing. Nevertheless, more than ten years after the preliminary observation that PGRMC1 changes its localization dynamically during meiotic and mitotic cell division, this field of research has remained a niche and needs to be fully explored. To encourage research in this fascinating field, in this review, we will recap the current knowledge on PGRMC1 function during mitotic and meiotic cell division, critically highlighting the strengths and limitations of the experimental approaches used so far. We will focus on known interacting partners as well as new putative associated proteins that have recently arisen in the literature and that might support current as well as new hypotheses of a role for PGRMC1 in specific spindle subcompartments, such as the centrosome, kinetochores, and the midzone/midbody.
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5
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Teakel S, Marama M, Aragão D, Tsimbalyuk S, Mackie ERR, Soares da‐Costa TP, Forwood JK, Cahill MA. Structural characterization of a
MAPR
‐related archaeal cytochrome
b
5M
protein. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2409-2417. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Teakel
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Michealla Marama
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - David Aragão
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 800 Blackburn Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Sofiya Tsimbalyuk
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Emily R. R. Mackie
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC 3086 Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide Waite Campus Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia
| | - Tatiana P. Soares da‐Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC 3086 Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide Waite Campus Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Michael A. Cahill
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University ACT 2601 Australia
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6
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Tsuru A, Yoshie M, Kojima J, Yonekawa R, Azumi M, Kusama K, Nishi H, Tamura K. PGRMC1 Regulates Cellular Senescence via Modulating FOXO1 Expression in Decidualizing Endometrial Stromal Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081046. [PMID: 36008941 PMCID: PMC9405960 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appropriate differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into decidual cells is required for embryo implantation and subsequent placentation into humans. Decidualization is accompanied by the appearance of senescent-like cells. We recently reported the secretory phase-specific downregulation of endometrial progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and enhanced decidualization upon PGRMC1 knockdown and inhibition in cultured ESCs. However, it remains unknown whether PGRMC1 is involved in cellular senescence during decidualization. Here, we showed that the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PGRMC1 and the inhibition of PGRMC1 by AG-205 increased the expression of the transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and the senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in cAMP analog- and progesterone-treated ESCs. Furthermore, the knockdown of FOXO1 repressed the decidual senescence induced by siRNA-based PGRMC1 knockdown or AG-205 treatment. Taken together, the decreased PGRMC1 expression in ESCs may accelerate decidualization and cellular senescence via the upregulation of FOXO1 expression for appropriate endometrial remodeling and embryo implantation during the secretory phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Tsuru
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Mikihiro Yoshie
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-676-4536
| | - Junya Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (J.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Ryo Yonekawa
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Mana Azumi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Hirotaka Nishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (J.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.); (M.A.); (K.K.); (K.T.)
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7
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Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) proteins play important roles in tumor growth, progression, and chemoresistance, of which PGRMC1 is the best characterized. The ancestral member predates the evolution of metazoans, so it is perhaps not surprising that many of the purported actions of PGRMC proteins are rooted in fundamental metabolic processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage responses. Despite mediating some of the actions of progesterone (P4) and being fundamentally required for female fertility, PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 are broadly expressed in most tissues. As such, these proteins likely have both progesterone-dependent and progesterone-independent functions. It has been proposed that PGRMC1 acquired the ability to mediate P4 actions over evolutionary time through acquisition of its cytochrome b5-like heme/sterol-binding domain. Diverse reproductive and nonreproductive diseases associate with altered PGRMC1 expression, epigenetic regulation, or gene silencing mechanisms, some of which include polycystic ovarian disease, premature ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, Alzheimer disease, and cancer. Although many studies have been completed using transformed cell lines in culture or in xenograft tumor approaches, recently developed transgenic model organisms are offering new insights in the physiological actions of PGRMC proteins, as well as pathophysiological and oncogenic consequences when PGRMC expression is altered. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide an overview of PGRMC proteins in cancer and to offer discussion of where this field must go to solidify PGRMC proteins as central contributors to the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Pru
- Correspondence: James K. Pru, PhD, Program in Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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8
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Xu X, Ruan X, Ju R, Wang Z, Yang Y, Cheng J, Gu M, Mueck AO. Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 May Promote Survival of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221109749. [PMID: 35730360 PMCID: PMC10581101 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular changes occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is a well identified hormone receptor with multiple functions in AD. This study aims to explore the involvement of PGRMC1 in the regulation of vascular endothelial function, providing new therapy options for AD. Single-cell sequencing revealed that the expression of PGRMC1 is lower in AD. By bioinformatics analysis, we found PGRMC1 was associated with regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and etc. To understand the functional significance of PGRMC1, knockdown and overexpression were performed using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs), respectively. Cell proliferation assay, migration assay, tube formation assay were performed in experiments. We demonstrated that the overexpression of PGRMC1 promoted the cellular processes associated with endothelia cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, significantly. In conclusion, PGRMC1 may contribute to the modulation of HBMVECs function in AD. This finding may offer novel targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyan Ruan
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Centre for Women’s Health and University Women’s Hospital of Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ju
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikun Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Cheng
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Muqing Gu
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Alfred O. Mueck
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Centre for Women’s Health and University Women’s Hospital of Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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9
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The PGRMC1 Antagonist AG-205 Inhibits Synthesis of Galactosylceramide and Sulfatide. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123520. [PMID: 34944026 PMCID: PMC8700550 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide synthesis in the human renal cancer cell line SMKT-R3 was strongly inhibited in the presence of low µM concentrations of AG-205, a progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) antagonist. This was also the case in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase and cerebroside sulfotransferase, the two enzymes required for sulfatide synthesis. In CHO cells synthesizing galactosylceramide but not sulfatide, galactosylceramide was also strongly reduced, suggesting an effect at the level of galactolipid synthesis. Notably, AG-205 inhibited galactosylceramide synthesis to a similar extent in wild type CHO cells and cells that lack PGRMC1 and/or PGRMC2. In vitro enzyme activity assays showed that AG-205 is an inhibitor of UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase, but not cerebroside sulfotransferase. This study shows that PGRMC1 is only one of several targets of AG-205 and should be used with caution, especially in studies using cells synthesizing galactosylceramide and sulfatide.
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10
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Solairaja S, Ramalingam S, Dunna NR, Venkatabalasubramanian S. Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 and Its Accomplice: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Lung Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:601-611. [PMID: 34847852 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211130145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is a trans-membrane evolutionarily conserved protein with a cytochrome b5 like heme/steroid binding domain. PGRMC1 clinical levels are strongly suggested to correlate with poor patient survival and lung cancer prognosis. PGRMC1 has been reported to possess pleiotropic functions, such as participating in cellular and membrane trafficking, steroid hormone signaling, cholesterol metabolism and steroidogenesis, glycolysis and mitochondrial energy metabolism, heme transport and homeostasis, neuronal movement and synaptic function, autophagy, anti-apoptosis, stem cell survival and the list is still expanding. PGRMC1 mediates its pleiotropic functions through its ability to interact with multiple binding partners, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein (SCAP), insulin induced gene-1 protein (Insig-1), heme binding proteins (hepcidin, ferrochelatase and cyp450 members), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA binding protein (PAIR-BP1). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of PGRMC1 and its associated pleiotropic functions that are indispensable for lung cancer promotion and progression, suggesting it as a prospective therapeutic target for intervention. Notably, we have compiled and reported various preclinical studies wherein prospective agonists and antagonists had been tested against PGRMC1 expressing cancer cell lines, suggesting it as a prospective therapeutic target for cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaipriya Solairaja
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai-603203. India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai-603203. India
| | - Nageswara Rao Dunna
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401. India
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11
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Bai Y, Ludescher M, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Wyrich M, Oles J, Franken A, Rivandi M, Abramova A, Reinhardt F, Ruckhäberle E, Niederacher D, Fehm T, Cahill MA, Stamm N, Neubauer H. PGRMC1 Promotes Progestin-Dependent Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells by Binding Prohibitins Resulting in Activation of ERα Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225635. [PMID: 34830790 PMCID: PMC8615993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Combined menopausal hormone therapy is associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. In our previous studies, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) was shown to play a role in progestins’ elicitation of enhanced proliferation of breast cancer cells. Here we describe a potential mechanism by which PGRMC1 contributes to breast cancer progression via interaction with prohibitins, inhibiting their function as transcriptional repressors. This facilitates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) transcriptional activity and enhances oncogenic signaling upon treatment with certain progestins, including norethisterone and dydrogesterone. Our data underline the contribution of PGRMC1 to especially hormone receptor positive breast cancer pathogenesis and demonstrate the need for further studies to understand its role in cancer. Abstract In previous studies, we reported that progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is implicated in progestin signaling and possibly associated with increased breast cancer risk upon combined hormone replacement therapy. To gain mechanistic insight, we searched for potential PGRMC1 interaction partners upon progestin treatment by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. The interactions with the identified partners were further characterized with respect to PGRMC1 phosphorylation status and with emphasis on the crosstalk between PGRMC1 and estrogen receptor α (ERα). We report that PGRMC1 overexpression resulted in increased proliferation of hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines upon treatment with a subgroup of progestins including norethisterone and dydrogesterone that promote PGRMC1-phosphorylation on S181. The ERα modulators prohibitin-1 (PHB1) and prohibitin-2 (PHB2) interact with PGRMC1 in dependency on S181-phosphorylation upon treatment with the same progestins. Moreover, increased interaction between PGRMC1 and PHBs correlated with decreased binding of PHBs to ERα and subsequent ERα activation. Inhibition of either PGRMC1 or ERα abolished this effect. In summary, we provide strong evidence that activated PGRMC1 associates with PHBs, competitively removing them from ERα, which then can develop its transcriptional activities on target genes. This study emphasizes the role of PGRMC1 in a key breast cancer signaling pathway which may provide a new avenue to target hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Marina Ludescher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (G.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (G.P.); (K.S.)
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martine Wyrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Julia Oles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Mahdi Rivandi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Anna Abramova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Florian Reinhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Eugen Ruckhäberle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Michael A. Cahill
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nadia Stamm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (H.N.); Tel.: +49-211-81-06026 (H.N.)
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.L.); (M.W.); (J.O.); (A.F.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (F.R.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (H.N.); Tel.: +49-211-81-06026 (H.N.)
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12
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Molecular Characterization of Membrane Steroid Receptors in Hormone-Sensitive Cancers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112999. [PMID: 34831222 PMCID: PMC8616056 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, and its development is a result of the complex interaction of genetic factors, environmental cues, and aging. Hormone-sensitive cancers depend on the action of one or more hormones for their development and progression. Sex steroids and corticosteroids can regulate different physiological functions, including metabolism, growth, and proliferation, through their interaction with specific nuclear receptors, that can transcriptionally regulate target genes via their genomic actions. Therefore, interference with hormones’ activities, e.g., deregulation of their production and downstream pathways or the exposition to exogenous hormone-active substances such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), can affect the regulation of their correlated pathways and trigger the neoplastic transformation. Although nuclear receptors account for most hormone-related biologic effects and their slow genomic responses are well-studied, less-known membrane receptors are emerging for their ability to mediate steroid hormones effects through the activation of rapid non-genomic responses also involved in the development of hormone-sensitive cancers. This review aims to collect pre-clinical and clinical data on these extranuclear receptors not only to draw attention to their emerging role in cancer development and progression but also to highlight their dual role as tumor microenvironment players and potential candidate drug targets.
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Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) infection is usually restricted to the respiratory tract and only rarely enters the central nervous system (CNS) and causes neurological symptoms. However, the roles of host factors involved in IAV infection in the CNS remain largely undetermined. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the host responses to IAV infection in the brain. We isolated a strain of IAV H5N6, which is neurotoxic and highly pathogenic to mice. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed 240 differentially expressed genes in IAV-infected brains. Among the significantly downregulated genes, we focused on the gene encoding progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) and observed that IAV H5N6 infection clearly inhibited PGRMC1 in both neuroblastoma and glioma cells. Furthermore, treatment with AG205, a PGRMC1-specific inhibitor, or PGRMC1 knockout promoted H5N6 multiplication in vitro, while overexpression of PGRMC1 resulted in opposite effects. Furthermore, AG205 treatment or PGRMC1 knockout significantly inhibited the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon beta (IFN-β) signaling pathway and reduced the levels of several antiviral proteins (Mx1 and ISG15). In addition, PGRMC1-mediated regulation of IFN signaling relied on inhibition of the expression and ubiquitination of RIG-I. The loss of PGRMC1 leads to an increased susceptibility of mice (brain and lung) to influenza A virus infection. Conclusively, our results show for the first time that IAV H5N6 downregulates PGRMC1 expression to contribute to virus proliferation by inhibiting RIG-I-mediated IFN-β production in the brain. These findings may offer new insights regarding the interplay between IAV and host factors that may impact IAV pathogenicity in the brain. IMPORTANCE Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extra-respiratory tract complications of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. However, there is still little knowledge about IAV regulating host responses in brain. In this study, we identified progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) as a novel host factor involved in the replication and propagation of IAV H5N6 in the host brain. We also observed that PGRMC1 antagonism was required for viral evasion from the host immune response during IAV infection via inhibition of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon beta (IFN-β) signaling pathway and downstream antiviral gene expression. This study revealed a newly identified regulatory mechanism used by IAV H5N6 to ensure its life cycle in the CNS.
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14
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Sun X, Hu Y, Zhou H, Wang S, Zhou C, Lin L, Zhu T, Ge J, Han J, Zhou Y, Jin G, Wang Y, Zu J, Shi H, Yang X, Zan K, Wang J, Hua F. Inhibition of progesterone receptor membrane component-1 exacerbates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage in male mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113893. [PMID: 34653511 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (pgrmc1) in the brains of male and female mice, and the effect of inhibiting pgrmc1 on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) cerebral injury in male mice. A mouse model of neonatal HI brain injury was established, and AG205, a specific antagonist of pgrmc1, was injected into the left lateral cerebral ventricle 1 h before HI. Histological staining, behavior testing, Western blots, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were employed to evaluate pgrmc1 expression, brain damage, neurological function, and molecular mechanisms. Results demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of pgrmc1 increased significantly in the cortex and hippocampus 72 h after HI without sex differences. The inhibition of pgrmc1 exacerbated the neonatal brain damage in the acute stage of HI in male mice as seen in the increase in brain water content, infarction area, and neuronal death. Inhibition of pgrmc1 also aggravated the neurological dysfunction and anxiety induced by HI brain injury. In addition, inhibition of pgrmc1 activated the NF-kB signaling and NF-κB-mediated cytokines, and inhibited BDNF/PI3K/AKT pathway in the brains of the newborn HI mice. The results indicated that pgrmc1 inhibition exacerbated the brain damage in newborn male mice subjected to HI by activating IκBα/NFκB signaling and inhibiting BDNF/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kun Zan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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15
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Thieffry C, Van Wynendaele M, Aynaci A, Maja M, Dupuis C, Loriot A, Marbaix E, Henriet P. AG-205 Upregulates Enzymes Involved in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Steroidogenesis in Human Endometrial Cells Independently of PGRMC1 and Related MAPR Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1472. [PMID: 34680104 PMCID: PMC8533447 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An inappropriate response to progestogens in the human endometrium can result in fertility issues and jeopardize progestin-based treatments against pathologies such as endometriosis. PGRMC1 can mediate progesterone response in the breast and ovaries but its endometrial functions remain unknown. AG-205 is an alleged PGRMC1 inhibitor but its specificity was recently questioned. We added AG-205 in the cultures of two endometrial cell lines and performed a transcriptomic comparison. AG-205 significantly increased expression of genes coding enzymes of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway or of steroidogenesis. However, these observations were not reproduced with cells transfected with siRNA against PGRMC1 or its related proteins (MAPRs). Furthermore, AG-205 retained its ability to increase expression of selected target genes even when expression of PGRMC1 or all MAPRs was concomitantly downregulated, indicating that neither PGRMC1 nor any MAPR is required to mediate AG-205 effect. In conclusion, although AG-205 has attractive effects encouraging its use to develop therapeutic strategies, for instance against breast cancer, our study delivers two important warning messages. First, AG-205 is not specific for PGRMC1 or other MAPRs and its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Second, due to its effects on genes involved in steroidogenesis, its use may increase the risk for endometrial pathologies resulting from imbalanced hormones concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Thieffry
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Marie Van Wynendaele
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Asena Aynaci
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Mauriane Maja
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Caroline Dupuis
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Axelle Loriot
- GEPI Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
- Pathology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Henriet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.T.); (M.V.W.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (C.D.); (E.M.)
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16
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Salsano S, González-Martín R, Quiñonero A, Pérez-Debén S, Domínguez F. Deciphering the Role of PGRMC1 During Human Decidualization Using an In Vitro Approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2313-2327. [PMID: 33955452 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Non-classical membrane progesterone receptor (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression have been detected in endometrium, but their role in decidualization had not yet been investigated. We previously demonstrated PGRMC1 downregulation in receptive endometrium and that its overexpression inhibits decidualization. Furthermore, during decidualization, PGRMC1 mainly interacts with proteins involved in biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial activity. OBJECTIVE To determine PGRMC1 and mPRs signaling role during decidualization. METHODS Isolated primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) were decidualized in vitro in the presence of classic stimuli (E2 + P4), PGRMC1 inhibitor (AG205), or membrane-impermeable P4 (P4-BSA). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 fertile oocyte donors attending the IVI-Valencia in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic. EnSC decidualization was evaluated by prolactin ELISA and F-actin immunostaining. Progesterone receptor localization was evaluated by immunofluorescence. EnSC transcriptomic profiles were analyzed by microarray technology. RESULTS PGRMC1 inhibition during EnSC decidualization (AG205dEnSC) does not interfere with EnSC cytoskeletal rearrangements and prolactin secretion. However, global transcriptional profiling revealed more differentially expressed genes in AG205dEnSC than in dEnSC, compared with nondecidualized EnSC (ndEnSC). In silico analysis showed that PGRMC1 inhibition upregulated more genes related to metabolism, molecular transport, and hormonal biosynthesis compared with control dEnSC. EnSC decidualized in the presence of P4-BSA showed a similar behavior as ndEnSC in terms of morphological features, absence of prolactin secretion, and transcriptomic pattern. CONCLUSION Our findings associate PGRMC1 to hormonal biosynthesis, metabolism, and vesicular transport-important cellular functions for dEnSC supporting pregnancy. Activation of membrane P4 receptor signaling alone was unable to induce downstream effects needed for proper decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Domínguez
- IVI Foundation-RMA Global, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- IIS La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Cahill MA, Neubauer H. PGRMC Proteins Are Coming of Age: A Special Issue on the Role of PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 in Metabolism and Cancer Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:512. [PMID: 33572771 PMCID: PMC7866220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a preface by the guest editors of the special issue of Cancers featuring the biology of progesterone (P4) receptor membrane component (PGRMC) proteins as it relates to metabolism and cancer [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, WaggaWagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women’s Hospital of Dusseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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18
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Pedroza DA, Rajamanickam V, Subramani R, Bencomo A, Galvez A, Lakshmanaswamy R. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 promotes the growth of breast cancers by altering the phosphoproteome and augmenting EGFR/PI3K/AKT signalling. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1326-1335. [PMID: 32704174 PMCID: PMC7553958 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) has been linked to multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Despite being a regulatory receptor and a potential therapeutic target, the oncogenic potential of PGRMC1 has not been studied. METHODS The impact of PGRMC1 on breast cancer growth and progression was studied following chemical inhibition and alteration of PGRMC1 expression, and evaluated by using online-based gene expression datasets of human breast cancer tissue. MTS, flow cytometry, qPCR, Western blotting, confocal microscopy and phosphoproteome analysis were performed. RESULTS We observed higher PGRMC1 levels in both ER-positive ZR-75-1 and TNBC MDA-MB-468 cells. Both chemical inhibition and silencing decreased cell proliferation, induced cell-cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis and reduced the migratory and invasive capabilities of ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Further, phosphoproteome analysis demonstrated an overall decrease in activation of proteins involved in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling pathways. In contrast, overexpression of PGRMC1 in non-malignant MCF10A cells resulted in increased cell proliferation, and enhanced activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PGRMC1 plays a prominent role in regulating the growth of cancer cells by altering the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling mechanisms in both ER-positive and TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pedroza
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Venkatesh Rajamanickam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Alejandra Bencomo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Adriana Galvez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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19
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Cahill MA. Choose your partners for the next dance: implied PGRMC1 roles in membrane trafficking and mitochondrial modulation. Fertil Steril 2020; 113:938-941. [PMID: 32386619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia; Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF), Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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20
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Thejer BM, Adhikary PP, Teakel SL, Fang J, Weston PA, Gurusinghe S, Anwer AG, Gosnell M, Jazayeri JA, Ludescher M, Gray LA, Pawlak M, Wallace RH, Pant SD, Wong M, Fischer T, New EJ, Fehm TN, Neubauer H, Goldys EM, Quinn JC, Weston LA, Cahill MA. PGRMC1 effects on metabolism, genomic mutation and CpG methylation imply crucial roles in animal biology and disease. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:26. [PMID: 32293262 PMCID: PMC7160964 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is often elevated in cancers, and exists in alternative states of phosphorylation. A motif centered on PGRMC1 Y180 was evolutionarily acquired concurrently with the embryological gastrulation organizer that orchestrates vertebrate tissue differentiation. Results Here, we show that mutagenic manipulation of PGRMC1 phosphorylation alters cell metabolism, genomic stability, and CpG methylation. Each of several mutants elicited distinct patterns of genomic CpG methylation. Mutation of S57A/Y180/S181A led to increased net hypermethylation, reminiscent of embryonic stem cells. Pathways enrichment analysis suggested modulation of processes related to animal cell differentiation status and tissue identity, as well as cell cycle control and ATM/ATR DNA damage repair regulation. We detected different genomic mutation rates in culture. Conclusions A companion manuscript shows that these cell states dramatically affect protein abundances, cell and mitochondrial morphology, and glycolytic metabolism. We propose that PGRMC1 phosphorylation status modulates cellular plasticity mechanisms relevant to early embryological tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar M Thejer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Partho P Adhikary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,Present Address: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah L Teakel
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Johnny Fang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Saliya Gurusinghe
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Present Address: The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin Gosnell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Quantitative (Biotechnology) Pty. Ltd., ABN 17 165 684 186, Australia
| | - Jalal A Jazayeri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Marina Ludescher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd., Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Michael Pawlak
- NMI TT Pharmaservices, Protein Profiling, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Robyn H Wallace
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Sameer D Pant
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Marie Wong
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Tamas Fischer
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tanja N Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Present Address: The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jane C Quinn
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Michael A Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia. .,ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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21
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Hehenberger E, Eitel M, Fortunato SAV, Miller DJ, Keeling PJ, Cahill MA. Early eukaryotic origins and metazoan elaboration of MAPR family proteins. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106814. [PMID: 32278076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) family consists of heme-binding proteins containing a cytochrome b5 (cytb5) domain characterized by the presence of a MAPR-specific interhelical insert region (MIHIR) between helices 3 and 4 of the canonical cytb5-domain fold. Animals possess three MAPR genes (PGRMC-like, Neuferricin and Neudesin). Here we show that all three animal MAPR genes were already present in the common ancestor of the opisthokonts (comprising animals and fungi as well as related single-celled taxa). All three MAPR genes acquired extensions C-terminal to the cytb5 domain, either before or with the evolution of animals. The archetypical MAPR protein, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), contains phosphorylated tyrosines Y139 and Y180. The combination of Y139/Y180 appeared in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians, along with an early embryological organizer and synapsed neurons, and is strongly conserved in all bilaterian animals. A predicted protein interaction motif in the PGRMC1 MIHIR is potentially regulated by Y139 phosphorylation. A multilayered model of animal MAPR function acquisition includes some pre-metazoan functions (e.g., heme binding and cytochrome P450 interactions) and some acquired animal-specific functions that involve regulation of strongly conserved protein interaction motifs acquired by animals (Metazoa). This study provides a conceptual framework for future studies, against which especially PGRMC1's multiple functions can perhaps be stratified and functionally dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sofia A V Fortunato
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael A Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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22
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Thejer BM, Adhikary PP, Kaur A, Teakel SL, Van Oosterum A, Seth I, Pajic M, Hannan KM, Pavy M, Poh P, Jazayeri JA, Zaw T, Pascovici D, Ludescher M, Pawlak M, Cassano JC, Turnbull L, Jazayeri M, James AC, Coorey CP, Roberts TL, Kinder SJ, Hannan RD, Patrick E, Molloy MP, New EJ, Fehm TN, Neubauer H, Goldys EM, Weston LA, Cahill MA. PGRMC1 phosphorylation affects cell shape, motility, glycolysis, mitochondrial form and function, and tumor growth. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:24. [PMID: 32245408 PMCID: PMC7119165 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) is expressed in many cancer cells, where it is associated with detrimental patient outcomes. It contains phosphorylated tyrosines which evolutionarily preceded deuterostome gastrulation and tissue differentiation mechanisms. RESULTS We demonstrate that manipulating PGRMC1 phosphorylation status in MIA PaCa-2 (MP) cells imposes broad pleiotropic effects. Relative to parental cells over-expressing hemagglutinin-tagged wild-type (WT) PGRMC1-HA, cells expressing a PGRMC1-HA-S57A/S181A double mutant (DM) exhibited reduced levels of proteins involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function, and altered glucose metabolism suggesting modulation of the Warburg effect. This was associated with increased PI3K/AKT activity, altered cell shape, actin cytoskeleton, motility, and mitochondrial properties. An S57A/Y180F/S181A triple mutant (TM) indicated the involvement of Y180 in PI3K/AKT activation. Mutation of Y180F strongly attenuated subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth in NOD-SCID gamma mice. Elsewhere we demonstrate altered metabolism, mutation incidence, and epigenetic status in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results indicate that mutational manipulation of PGRMC1 phosphorylation status exerts broad pleiotropic effects relevant to cancer and other cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar M Thejer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit, Wasit, 00964, Iraq
| | - Partho P Adhikary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
- Present address: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Present address: School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah L Teakel
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Van Oosterum
- Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Ishith Seth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine M Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Megan Pavy
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Perlita Poh
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Jalal A Jazayeri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Thiri Zaw
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Marina Ludescher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlak
- NMI TT Pharmaservices, Protein Profiling, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Juan C Cassano
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Present address: GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Issaquah, WA, 98027, USA
| | - Mitra Jazayeri
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Alexander C James
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Craig P Coorey
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine and University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Tara L Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine and University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | | | - Ross D Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Present address: The Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, St Leonards (Sydney), NSW, 2064, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tanja N Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Women's Hospital of Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Present address: The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Michael A Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
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