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Marjan P, Martyniuk CJ, Arlos MJ, Servos MR, Ruecker NJ, Munkittrick KR. Identifying transcriptomic indicators of tertiary treated municipal effluent in longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) caged under semi-controlled conditions in experimental raceways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171257. [PMID: 38417510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate effects of tertiary treated wastewater treatment plant effluent (MWWE) on transcriptomic responses in longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae; LND) we conducted a semi-controlled study in experimental raceways (Advancing Canadian Water Assets facility) imbedded in the Pine Creek treatment plant (Calgary, AB). LND collected from a reference site in the Bow River (REF) were caged in raceways containing either 5 % Pine Creek effluent (PC) or Bow River water (BR; control) over 28 d. Liver transcriptomes were analyzed in males and females sampled on days 7, 14 and 28 from BR and PC, and compared to REF fish on day 0. Concurrent with the caging, selected environmental substances of concern were analyzed in the BR and PC. Significantly different unigenes (SDUs) in females (vs males) within both BR and PC raceways increased over time and compared to REF fish. Moreover, SDUs in females and males within the same treatment (i.e., BR, PC) showed a temporal increase as well as compared to REF fish. Time was the dominant factor affecting SDUs, whereas sex and treatment had less of an impact on the transcriptome profiling. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of BR vs PC over time revealed effects on genes involved in growth, metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and immune system on day 7; however, by day 28, 80-100 % of the transcripts localized to enriched biomarkers were associated with tissue immune responses in both sexes. Exposure to 5 % effluent had significant effects on female liver somatic index but no effects were observed on other phenotypic health indices in either sex. BR was used as the source of reference water, but analyses showed trace amounts of ESOCs. Analyses did not point towards definitive response patterns that could be used in field-based ecotoxicogenomic studies on the impacts of well-treated MWWE but suggested compromised adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricija Marjan
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2187 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maricor J Arlos
- University of Alberta, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Norma J Ruecker
- The City of Calgary, Water Services, UEP-Water Resources, 2100, Station M, #35B, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Ali S, Ullah W, Kamarulzaman AFS, Hassan M, Rauf M, Khattak MNK, Dawar FU. Proteomic profile of epidermal mucus from Labeo rohita reveals differentially abundant proteins after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100115. [PMID: 37771818 PMCID: PMC10523009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the proteomic profile of Epidermal Mucus (EM) from Labeo rohita and identified the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection through label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using discovery-based proteomics, a total of 2039 proteins were quantified in nontreated group and 1,328 proteins in the treated group, of which 114 were identified as DAPs in both the groups. Of the 114 DAPs, 68 proteins were upregulated and 46 proteins were downregulated in the treated group compared to nontreated group. Functional annotations of these DAPs shows their association with metabolism, cellular process, molecular process, cytoskeletal, stress, and particularly immune system. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and Fisher's exact test between the two groups shows that most of the proteins were immune-related, which were significantly associated with the proteasome, phagosome, and Salmonella infection pathways. Overall, this study shows a basic and primary way for further functional research of the involvement of vitellogenin 2, alpha-2-macroglobulin-like protein, toll-like receptors (TLR-13), calpain, keratin-like proteins, and heat shock proteins against bacterial infection. Nonetheless, this first-ever comprehensive report of a proteomic sketch of EM from L. rohita after A. hydrophila infection provides systematic protein information to broadly understand the biological role of fish EM against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandana Ali
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rauf
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
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Cerullo AR, McDermott MB, Pepi LE, Liu ZL, Barry D, Zhang S, Yang X, Chen X, Azadi P, Holford M, Braunschweig AB. Comparative mucomic analysis of three functionally distinct Cornu aspersum Secretions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5361. [PMID: 37660066 PMCID: PMC10475054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Every animal secretes mucus, placing them among the most diverse biological materials. Mucus hydrogels are complex mixtures of water, ions, carbohydrates, and proteins. Uncertainty surrounding their composition and how interactions between components contribute to mucus function complicates efforts to exploit their properties. There is substantial interest in commercializing mucus from the garden snail, Cornu aspersum, for skincare, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and composite materials. C. aspersum secretes three mucus-one shielding the animal from environmental threats, one adhesive mucus from the pedal surface of the foot, and another pedal mucus that is lubricating. It remains a mystery how compositional differences account for their substantially different properties. Here, we characterize mucus proteins, glycosylation, ion content, and mechanical properties that could be used to provide insight into structure-function relationships through an integrative "mucomics" approach. We identify macromolecular components of these hydrogels, including a previously unreported protein class termed Conserved Anterior Mollusk Proteins (CAMPs). Revealing differences between C. aspersum mucus shows how considering structure at all levels can inform the design of mucus-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Cerullo
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Maxwell B McDermott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lauren E Pepi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhi-Lun Liu
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Diariou Barry
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mande Holford
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- The PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Chakraborty S, Hossain A, Cao T, Gnanagobal H, Segovia C, Hill S, Monk J, Porter J, Boyce D, Hall JR, Bindea G, Kumar S, Santander J. Multi-Organ Transcriptome Response of Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) to Aeromonas salmonicida Subspecies salmonicida Systemic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2113. [PMID: 36363710 PMCID: PMC9692985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish to biocontrol sealice infestations in Atlantic salmon farms. Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of furunculosis in several fish species, including lumpfish. In this study, lumpfish were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of A. salmonicida to calculate the LD50. Samples of blood, head-kidney, spleen, and liver were collected at different time points to determine the infection kinetics. We determined that A. salmonicida LD50 is 102 CFU per dose. We found that the lumpfish head-kidney is the primary target organ of A. salmonicida. Triplicate biological samples were collected from head-kidney, spleen, and liver pre-infection and at 3- and 10-days post-infection for RNA-sequencing. The reference genome-guided transcriptome assembly resulted in 6246 differentially expressed genes. The de novo assembly resulted in 403,204 transcripts, which added 1307 novel genes not identified by the reference genome-guided transcriptome. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses suggested that A. salmonicida induces lethal infection in lumpfish by uncontrolled and detrimental blood coagulation, complement activation, inflammation, DNA damage, suppression of the adaptive immune system, and prevention of cytoskeleton formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hill
- Cold-Ocean Deep-Sea Research Facility, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Monk
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jillian Porter
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gabriela Bindea
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, 75006 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Ahmmed MK, Bhowmik S, Giteru SG, Zilani MNH, Adadi P, Islam SS, Kanwugu ON, Haq M, Ahmmed F, Ng CCW, Chan YS, Asadujjaman M, Chan GHH, Naude R, Bekhit AEDA, Ng TB, Wong JH. An Update of Lectins from Marine Organisms: Characterization, Extraction Methodology, and Potential Biofunctional Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070430. [PMID: 35877723 PMCID: PMC9316650 DOI: 10.3390/md20070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a unique group of nonimmune carbohydrate-binding proteins or glycoproteins that exhibit specific and reversible carbohydrate-binding activity in a non-catalytic manner. Lectins have diverse sources and are classified according to their origins, such as plant lectins, animal lectins, and fish lectins. Marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks produce a myriad of lectins, including rhamnose binding lectins (RBL), fucose-binding lectins (FTL), mannose-binding lectin, galectins, galactose binding lectins, and C-type lectins. The widely used method of extracting lectins from marine samples is a simple two-step process employing a polar salt solution and purification by column chromatography. Lectins exert several immunomodulatory functions, including pathogen recognition, inflammatory reactions, participating in various hemocyte functions (e.g., agglutination), phagocytic reactions, among others. Lectins can also control cell proliferation, protein folding, RNA splicing, and trafficking of molecules. Due to their reported biological and pharmaceutical activities, lectins have attracted the attention of scientists and industries (i.e., food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries). Therefore, this review aims to update current information on lectins from marine organisms, their characterization, extraction, and biofunctionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen G. Giteru
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Alliance Group Limited, Invercargill 9840, New Zealand
| | - Md. Nazmul Hasan Zilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Shikder Saiful Islam
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Osman N. Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 28, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Monjurul Haq
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | | | - Yau Sang Chan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Md. Asadujjaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh;
| | - Gabriel Hoi Huen Chan
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Studies, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ryno Naude
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
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6
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Rodrigo AP, Lopes A, Pereira R, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Grosso AR, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR, Costa PM. Endogenous Fluorescent Proteins in the Mucus of an Intertidal Polychaeta: Clues for Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040224. [PMID: 35447897 PMCID: PMC9028460 DOI: 10.3390/md20040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast ocean holds many unexplored organisms with unique adaptive features that enable them to thrive in their environment. The secretion of fluorescent proteins is one of them, with reports on the presence of such compounds in marine annelids being scarce. The intertidal Eulalia sp. is an example. The worm secretes copious amounts of mucus, that when purified and concentrated extracts, yield strong fluorescence under UV light. Emission has two main maxima, at 400 nm and at 500 nm, with the latter responsible for the blue–greenish fluorescence. Combining proteomics and transcriptomics techniques, we identified ubiquitin, peroxiredoxin, and 14-3-3 protein as key elements in the mucus. Fluorescence was found to be mainly modulated by redox status and pH, being consistently upheld in extracts prepared in Tris-HCl buffer with reducing agent at pH 7 and excited at 330 nm. One of the proteins associated with the fluorescent signal was localized in secretory cells in the pharynx. The results indicate that the secretion of fluorescent proteinaceous complexes can be an important defense against UV for this dweller. Additionally, the internalization of fluorescent complexes by ovarian cancer cells and modulation of fluorescence of redox status bears important considerations for biotechnological application of mucus components as markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Rodrigo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (P.M.C.); Tel.: +351-212-948-300 (A.P.R. & P.M.C.)
| | - Ana Lopes
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Ricardo Pereira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Sandra I. Anjo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.I.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Bruno Manadas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; (S.I.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Ana R. Grosso
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.L.); (R.P.); (A.R.G.); (P.V.B.); (A.R.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (P.M.C.); Tel.: +351-212-948-300 (A.P.R. & P.M.C.)
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7
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Natnan ME, Mayalvanan Y, Jazamuddin FM, Aizat WM, Low CF, Goh HH, Azizan KA, Bunawan H, Baharum SN. Omics Strategies in Current Advancements of Infectious Fish Disease Management. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1086. [PMID: 34827079 PMCID: PMC8614662 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture is an important industry globally as it remains one of the significant alternatives of animal protein source supplies for humankind. Yet, the progression of this industry is being dampened by the increasing rate of fish mortality, mainly the outbreak of infectious diseases. Consequently, the regress in aquaculture ultimately results in the economy of multiple countries being affected due to the decline of product yields and marketability. By 2025, aquaculture is expected to contribute approximately 57% of fish consumption worldwide. Without a strategic approach to curb infectious diseases, the increasing demands of the aquaculture industry may not be sustainable and hence contributing to the over-fishing of wild fish. Recently, a new holistic approach that utilizes multi-omics platforms including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. This approach aims to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of host species. However, no comprehensive review has been published on multi-omics strategies in deciphering fish disease etiology and molecular regulation. Most publications have only covered particular omics and no constructive reviews on various omics findings across fish species, particularly on their immune systems, have been described elsewhere. Our previous publication reviewed the integration of omics application for understanding the mechanism of fish immune response due to microbial infection. Hence, this review provides a thorough compilation of current advancements in omics strategies for fish disease management in the aquaculture industry. The discovery of biomarkers in various fish diseases and their potential advancement to complement the recent progress in combatting fish disease is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.E.N.); (Y.M.); (F.M.J.); (W.M.A.); (C.-F.L.); (H.-H.G.); (K.A.A.); (H.B.)
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8
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The Natterin Proteins Diversity: A Review on Phylogeny, Structure, and Immune Function. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080538. [PMID: 34437409 PMCID: PMC8402412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first record of the five founder members of the group of Natterin proteins in the venom of the medically significant fish Thalassophryne nattereri, new sequences have been identified in other species. In this work, we performed a detailed screening using available genome databases across a wide range of species to identify sequence members of the Natterin group, sequence similarities, conserved domains, and evolutionary relationships. The high-throughput tools have enabled us to dramatically expand the number of members within this group of proteins, which has a remote origin (around 400 million years ago) and is spread across Eukarya organisms, even in plants and primitive Agnathans jawless fish. Overall, the survey resulted in 331 species presenting Natterin-like proteins, mainly fish, and 859 putative genes. Besides fish, the groups with more species included in our analysis were insects and birds. The number and variety of annotations increased the knowledge of the obtained sequences in detail, such as the conserved motif AGIP in the pore-forming loop involved in the transmembrane barrel insertion, allowing us to classify them as important constituents of the innate immune defense system as effector molecules activating immune cells by interacting with conserved intracellular signaling mechanisms in the hosts.
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Sridhar A, Krishnasamy Sekar R, Manikandan DB, Arumugam M, Veeran S, Ramasamy T. Activity profile of innate immune-related enzymes and bactericidal of freshwater fish epidermal mucus extract at different pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:33914-33926. [PMID: 33090344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal mucus of fish performs diverse functions from prevention of mechanical abrasion to limit pathogen invasions. The current experiment was designed to extract skin mucus proteins of three freshwater fish, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with organic solvent (methanol) and dissolve in different pH of Tris-HCl buffers to examine the significance of pH in the solubilisation of skin mucus proteins. The protein profiles of different pH solubilised methanol fish skin mucus extracts were determined by SDS-PAGE. The non-specific immune enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and protease of fish skin mucus were compared and this present study demonstrated that these enzymes differed in their activity depending on pH buffers. The higher lysozyme and protease activity were observed at the pH of 8.0 and higher alkaline phosphatase activity in the pH 9.0 of C. mrigala fish skin mucus methanol extract. In addition, the bactericidal activity was evaluated against the pathogens Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pH 8.0 of C. mrigala skin mucus extract revealed better bactericidal activity than other fish species mucus pH buffers against both P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa. In the case of protein profile from SDS-PAGE, based on pH buffers and the solubilisation of proteins, differences in the resolution of bands were observed. The higher alkaline pH of 9.0 showed smeared gel bands in all the three fish skin mucus methanol extract. The present study suggests that methanol extracted C. mrigala fish skin mucus at pH 8.0 showed better innate immune enzymes and bactericidal activity. The additional examinations of C. mrigala skin mucus methanol extract in this pH aids in identifying novel bioactive molecules. This is the study of proteome of three fish species skin mucus in the effect of pH. Further analyses are required to evaluate proteins present in fish skin mucus extracted with methanol and the influence of pH on protein solubility. These findings could be helpful in exploring natural alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture industry against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sridhar
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Dinesh Babu Manikandan
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Manikandan Arumugam
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Srinivasan Veeran
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Thirumurugan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
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Mane PC, Sayyed SAR, Kadam DD, D Shinde M, Fatehmulla A, Aldhafiri AM, Alghamdi EA, Amalnerkar DP, Chaudhari RD. Terrestrial snail-mucus mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and in vitro investigations on their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13068. [PMID: 34158586 PMCID: PMC8219800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, biogenic methods for designing silver nanocomposites are in limelight due to their ability to generate semi-healthcare and para-pharmaceutical consumer goods. The present study reports the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the hitherto unexplored mucus of territorial snail Achatina fulica by the facile, clean and easily scalable method. The detailed characterization of the resultant samples by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FESEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR Spectroscopy techniques corroborated the formation of silver nanoparticles in snail mucus matrix. The resultant samples were tested against a broad range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a fungal strain Aspergillus fumigatus by well diffusion method. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles in mucus matrix exhibit strong antibacterial as well as antifungal activity. The pertinent experiments were also performed to determine the inhibitory concentration against both bacterial and fungal strains. Anticancer activity was executed by in vitro method using cervical cancer cell lines. Curiously, our biogenically synthesized Ag nanoparticles in biocompatible mucus revealed anticancer activity and demonstrated more than 15% inhibition of Hela cells. We suggest an interesting possibility of formulating antimicrobial and possibly anticancer creams/gels for topical applications in skin ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C Mane
- P. G. Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Shri Shiv Chhatrapati College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Junnar, Pune, 410 502, India
| | - Shabnam A R Sayyed
- P. G. Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Shri Shiv Chhatrapati College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Junnar, Pune, 410 502, India
| | - Deepali D Kadam
- P. G. Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Shri Shiv Chhatrapati College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Junnar, Pune, 410 502, India
| | - Manish D Shinde
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Panchawati, Off-Pashan Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Amanullah Fatehmulla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Aldhafiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eman A Alghamdi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinesh P Amalnerkar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 008, India.
| | - Ravindra D Chaudhari
- P. G. Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Shri Shiv Chhatrapati College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Junnar, Pune, 410 502, India.
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Environmental Salinity Modifies Mucus Exudation and Energy Use in European Sea Bass Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061580. [PMID: 34071210 PMCID: PMC8230262 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a euryhaline marine teleost that can often be found in brackish and freshwater or even in hypersaline environments. Here, we exposed sea bass juveniles to sustained salinity challenges for 15 days, simulating one hypoosmotic (3‰), one isosmotic (12‰) and one hyperosmotic (50‰) environment, in addition to control (35‰). We analyzed parameters of skin mucus exudation and mucus biomarkers, as a minimally invasive tool, and plasma biomarkers. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was measured, as well as the gill mucous cell distribution, type and shape. The volume of exuded mucus increased significantly under all the salinity challenges, increasing by 130% at 50‰ condition. Significantly greater amounts of soluble protein (3.9 ± 0.6 mg at 50‰ vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 mg at 35‰, p < 0.05) and lactate (4.0 ± 1.0 µg at 50‰ vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 µg at 35‰, p < 0.05) were released, with clear energy expenditure. Gill ATPase activity was significantly higher at the extreme salinities, and the gill mucous cell distribution was rearranged, with more acid and neutral mucin mucous cells at 50‰. Skin mucus osmolality suggested an osmoregulatory function as an ion-trap layer in hypoosmotic conditions, retaining osmosis-related ions. Overall, when sea bass cope with different salinities, the hyperosmotic condition (50‰) demanded more energy than the extreme hypoosmotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Methanol Skin Mucus Extract of Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) Fish Peptide Targeting Viral Particles of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV): an in silico Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Levipan HA, Avendaño-Herrera R. Assessing the impacts of skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss on the growth and in vitro infectivity of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:181-190. [PMID: 33006764 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is a fish disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium, Piscirickettsia salmonis. Even though entry routes of P. salmonis in fish are not fully clear yet, the skin seems to be the main portal in some salmonid species. Despite the importance of fish mucous skin barrier in fighting waterborne pathogens, the interaction between salmonid skin mucus and the bacterium is unknown. This study seeks to determine the in vitro changes in the growth of two Chilean P. salmonis strains (LF-89-like and EM-90-like genotypes) and the type strain LF-89T under exposures to skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss, as well as changes in the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis on the SHK-1 cells following exposures. The results suggest that the growth of three P. salmonis strains was not significantly negatively affected under exposures to skin mucus (adjusted at 100 μg total protein ml-1 ) of O. mykiss (69 ± 18 U lysozyme ml-1 ) and S. salar (48 ± 33 U lysozyme ml-1 ) over time. However, the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis, pre-exposed to salmonid skin mucus, on the SHK-1 cell line was reliably identified only towards the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mucus had a delaying effect on the cytotoxic response of the cell line to the bacterium. These results represent a baseline knowledge to open new avenues of research intended to understand how P. salmonis faces the fish mucous skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Modulation of the Tissue Expression Pattern of Zebrafish CRP-Like Molecules Suggests a Relevant Antiviral Role in Fish Skin. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020078. [PMID: 33498981 PMCID: PMC7912335 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical use of the human short pentraxin C-reactive protein as a health biomarker is expanded worldwide. The acute increase of the serum levels of short pentraxins in response to bacterial infections is evolutionarily conserved, as are the main functions of pentraxins. Interestingly, fish orthologs have been found to increase similarly after bacterial and viral stimuli, thus becoming promising candidates for health biomarkers of both types of infection in this group of vertebrates. To preliminarily assess their adequacy for this application, zebrafish and a fish rhabdovirus were chosen as infection model systems for the analysis of the levels of gene expression of all short pentraxins in healthy and infected animals in a wide range of tissues. Because some significant increases were found in skin (a very suitable sampling source for testing purposes), further transcript analyses were carried out in this tissue. Due to the functional similarities between pentraxins and antibodies, it was also checked whether short pentraxins can compensate for the deficiencies in adaptive immunity by using mutant zebrafish lacking this system. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that short pentraxins are highly reactant against viruses in skin and their overexpression seems to reflect a mechanism to compensate for the loss of adaptive immunity. Abstract Recent studies suggest that short pentraxins in fish might serve as biomarkers for not only bacterial infections, as in higher vertebrates including humans, but also for viral ones. These fish orthologs of mammalian short pentraxins are currently attracting interest because of their newly discovered antiviral activity. In the present work, the modulation of the gene expression of all zebrafish short pentraxins (CRP-like proteins, CRP1-7) was extensively analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Initially, the tissue distribution of crp1-7 transcripts and how the transcripts varied in response to a bath infection with the spring viremia of carp virus, were determined. The expression of crp1-7 was widely distributed and generally increased after infection (mostly at 5 days post infection), except for crp1 (downregulated). Interestingly, several crp transcription levels significantly increased in skin. Further assays in mutant zebrafish of recombinant activation gene 1 (rag1) showed that all crps (except for crp2, downregulated) were already constitutively highly expressed in skin from rag1 knockouts and only increased moderately after viral infection. Similar results were obtained for most mx isoforms (a reporter gene of the interferon response), suggesting a general overcompensation of the innate immunity in the absence of the adaptive one.
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Ong D, Ismail MN, Shahrudin S. Protein Composition and Biomedical Potential of the Skin Secretion of Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) (Anura: Ranidae) from Langkawi Archipelago, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:2125-2133. [PMID: 34177403 PMCID: PMC8215483 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin secretion of amphibians is known for its high content of bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds are essential for the advancement of biomedical industries. Four wild green paddy frogs, Hylarana erythraea, were collected from various habitat types within the Langkawi Archipelago. These frogs' skin secretions were collected, extracted, and analysed for their protein compounds together with biomedical potentials using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The total protein concentration of H. erythraea skin secretions was determined as 0.269 mg/mL. Based on the UniProt (Anura) database, we identified 29 proteins. These proteins were categorised as antimicrobial (AMP) (38%), followed by hormone (17%), enzyme (17%), unreviewed proteins (17%), structural proteins (7%), and regulatory proteins (4%). The AMPs identified were from the family of esculentin-1, esculentin-2, brevinin-1, and frenatin-4, while the hormones belonged to the cholecystokinin group. The enzymes detected were adenylate cyclase 9, the suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein homolog, and the HGF activator. The structural proteins belonged to toe pad keratin 2 and Krt5.7 proteins, while the single regulatory protein is CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6-like. These proteins have a wide range of biomedical importance, such as wound healings, facilitate digestions, anti-tumours, and anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasi Ong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia ,Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
| | - Shahriza Shahrudin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Gelugor, Penang Malaysia
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Ibarz A. Evaluating mucus exudation dynamics through isotopic enrichment and turnover of skin mucus fractions in a marine fish model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa095. [PMID: 33442471 PMCID: PMC7787050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is composed of insoluble components, which form the physical barrier, and soluble components, which are key for interrelationship functions. Mucus is continuously secreted, but rates of production and exudation are still unknown, as are the underlying mechanisms. Using stable isotope analysis, here, we evaluate skin mucus turnover and renewal in gilthead sea bream, separating raw mucus and its soluble and insoluble fractions. Isotopic abundance analysis reveals no differences between mucus and white muscle, thus confirming mucus samples as reliable non-invasive biomarkers. Mucus production was evaluated using a single labelled meal packaged in a gelatine capsule, with both 13C and 15N, via a time-course trial. 13C was gradually allocated to skin mucus fractions over the first 12 h and was significantly (4-fold) higher in the soluble fraction, indicating a higher turnover of soluble mucus components that are continuously produced and supplied. 15N was also gradually allocated to mucus, indicating incorporation of new proteins containing the labelled dietary amino acids, but with no differences between fractions. When existent mucus was removed, dietary stable isotopes revealed stimulated mucus neoformation dependent on the components. All this is novel knowledge concerning skin mucus dynamics and turnover in fish and could offer interesting non-invasive approaches to the use of skin mucus production in ecological or applied biological studies such as climate change effects, human impact, alterations in trophic networks or habitat degradation, especially of wild-captured species or protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Corresponding author: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Murphy AE, Stokesbury MJW, Easy RH. Exploring epidermal mucus protease activity as an indicator of stress in Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrhinchus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1354-1362. [PMID: 32789856 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic sturgeon are anadromous fish that spend much of their life in near-shore environments. They are designated as "threatened" by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada and listed by the IUCN as "near threatened." In Canada, Atlantic sturgeon support small commercial fisheries in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, and the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. While occupying the marine environment, the species is susceptible to various anthropogenic stressors, including by-catch in trawl fisheries and through interactions with coastal engineering projects such as tidal power development. Atlantic sturgeon are also susceptible to implantation of acoustic tags used by researchers to study their movement ecology. These stressors can cause physiological and behavioural changes in the fish that can negatively impact their viability. Because the species are commercially important, and are also of conservation concern, it is important to understand stress responses of Atlantic sturgeon to better mitigate the effects of increased industrial activity in the coastal zone. This study used proteomics to identify and characterize protease activity and identify putative novel protein biomarkers in the epidermal mucus of Atlantic sturgeon. Changes in protein profiles in Atlantic sturgeon epidermal mucus as a result of by-catch and surgery stress were investigated using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteolytic activity was identified and characterized using inhibition zymography, which provided information on the classes of proteases that are associated with stress. Samples were collected from Atlantic sturgeon on the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada, after capture by brush weir and otter trawl, and after surgical implantation of a V16-69 kHz VEMCO acoustic tag. Significant proteins found in the epidermal mucus include various inflammatory proteins, with calmodulin and complement 9 found ubiquitously, and more rarely lysosome C, identified in a brush weir capture sample. Serum albumin, a blood plasma protein, was another ubiquitous protein and verifies how the sample collection method provides a picture of the internal systems. Protease activity was dominantly exhibited by matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases in all sample collections, with serine proteases more active in otter trawl captures than in brush weir captures. By identifying potential protein biomarkers of stress, this study is an example of a non-invasive method for measuring stress in Atlantic sturgeon. Understanding the defence mechanism and release of non-specific biomarkers can be used to improve conservation regulations, as well as to contribute to the limited scientific knowledge on the stress response of Atlantic sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Murphy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | | | - Russell H Easy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
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Chieng CCY, Daud HM, Yusoff FM, Thompson KD, Abdullah M. Mucosal responses of brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) following intraperitoneal infection with Vibrio harveyi. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1249-1258. [PMID: 32830331 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groupers are popular aquaculture species in South-East Asia, but their cultivation is affected by infectious disease outbreaks. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues provide a first-line defence against pathogens; however, few studies are available relating to cellular or proteomic responses of mucosal immunity in grouper. Skin, gill and intestine were sampled from brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) at 4 and 96 hr post-infection (hpi) and 7 days post-infection (dpi) following intraperitoneal infection with Vibrio harveyi, and stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Alcian Blue/periodic acid-Schiff. Skin mucus was analysed by 2D-gel electrophoresis, and proteins modulated by the bacterial infection identified. In the infected fish, significant increases in sacciform cells in skin and increased levels of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in mucus were detected at 4 hpi. At 96 hpi, goblet cells containing acidic mucins significantly increased in the intestine, while those containing mixed mucins increased in skin and gills of infected fish. Proteasome subunit alpha type-I and extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase levels also increased in mucus. Rodlet and mast cells did not appear to respond to the infection. Mucosal tissues of grouper appeared actively involved in response to Vibrio infection. This information may help future research on improving grouper health, production and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cheng Yun Chieng
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mohd Daud
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Wickramasinghe PDSU, Kwon H, Elvitigala DAS, Wan Q, Lee J. Identification and characterization of cystatin B from black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, indicating its potent immunological importance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:497-505. [PMID: 32534230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins represent a large superfamily of proteins involved in the competitive reversible inhibition of C1 class cysteine proteases. Plant-derived papain proteases and cysteine cathepsins are the major cysteine proteases that interact with cystatins. The cystatin superfamily can be further classified into three groups: stefins, cystatins, and kininogens. Among these, cystatin B is categorized under stefins. Cystatin B lacks a signal sequence, disulfide bonds, and carbohydrate groups. However, it contains the conserved cystatin family signature, including a single cystatin-like domain, cysteine protease inhibitory signature concealing pentapeptide (QXVXG) consensus sequence, and two conserved neighboring glycine (8GG9) residues at the N-terminal. In the current study, a member of cystatin B was identified from Korean black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) using a cDNA database and designated as RfCytB. The full-length cDNA of RfCytB was 573 bp long, with a coding region of 294 bp. The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) comprised 55 bp, and the 263-bp-long 3'-UTR included a polyadenylation signal sequence and a poly-A tail. The coding sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising 97 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 11 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 6.3. RfCytB shared homology features with similar molecules from other teleost and vertebrate species, and was clustered with Cystatin family 1 in our phylogenetic reconstruction. RfCytB was ubiquitously expressed in all tissue types of healthy animals, with the highest levels of expression observed in gill and spleen. Temporal expression of RfCytB displayed significant up-regulation upon infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Recombinantly expressed RfCytB showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity towards papain, with a high thermal stability. Transient expression of RfCytB in LPS activated murine macrophages, thereby inducing the expression of genes related to pro-inflammatory conditions, such as iNOS and TNF α. These results provide evidence for its protease inhibitory and immunity relevant roles in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D S U Wickramasinghe
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo-03, Sri Lanka
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Dept. of Basic Science and Social Sciences for Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Colombo, Thalapathpitiya, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091546. [PMID: 32882946 PMCID: PMC7552241 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skin mucus biomarkers have become relevant indicators for studying fish physiological status and welfare. Here, we evaluated them in terms of the acute osmotic response of the sea bass. Change of mucus volume exuded and main stress-related metabolites explain the putative energy loss implied in a hyper/hypo-osmotic response. We demonstrated that skin mucus is a valuable tool, comparable to classical blood markers, for evaluating sea bass response to acute salinity challenges as well as some other potentially stressful situations. This technique will allow ecologists, physiologists, and aquafarmers to monitor fish welfare and to analyse endangered migrating species without affecting their vulnerable populations. Abstract European sea bass is a marine teleost which can inhabit a broad range of environmental salinities. So far, no research has studied the physiological response of this fish to salinity challenges using modifications in skin mucus as a potential biological matrix. Here, we used a skin mucus sampling technique to evaluate the response of sea bass to several acute osmotic challenges (for 3 h) from seawater (35‰) to two hypoosmotic environments, diluted brackish water (3‰) and estuarine waters (12‰), and to one hyperosmotic condition (50‰). For this, we recorded the volume of mucus exuded and compared the main stress-related biomarkers and osmosis-related parameters in skin mucus and plasma. Sea bass exuded the greatest volume of skin mucus with the highest total contents of cortisol, glucose, and protein under hypersalinity. This indicates an exacerbated acute stress response with possible energy losses if the condition is sustained over time. Under hyposalinity, the response depended on the magnitude of the osmotic change: shifting to 3‰ was an extreme salinity change, which affected fish aerobic metabolism by acutely modifying lactate exudation. All these data enhance the current scarce knowledge of skin mucus as a target through which to study environmental changes and fish status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Ahmed F, Kumar G, Soliman FM, Adly MA, Soliman HAM, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Proteomics for understanding pathogenesis, immune modulation and host pathogen interactions in aquaculture. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 32:100625. [PMID: 31639560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses techniques are considered strong tools for identifying and quantifying the protein contents in different organisms, organs and secretions. In fish biotechnology, the proteomic analyses have been used for wide range of applications such as identification of immune related proteins during infections and stresses. The proteomic approach has a significant role in understanding pathogen surviving strategies, host defence responses and subsequently, the fish pathogen interactions. Proteomic analyses were employed to highlight the virulence related proteins secreted by the pathogens to invade the fish host's defence barriers and to monitor the kinetics of protein contents of different fish organs in response to infections. The immune related proteins of fish and the virulence related proteins of pathogens are up or down regulated according to their functions in defence or pathogenesis. Therefore, the proteomic analyses are useful in understanding the virulence mechanisms of microorganisms and the fish pathogen interactions thereby supporting the development of new effective therapies. In this review, we focus and summarise the recent proteomic profiling studies exploring pathogen virulence activities and fish immune responses to stressors and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ahmed
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Faiza M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Adly
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Minniti G, Rød Sandve S, Padra JT, Heldal Hagen L, Lindén S, Pope PB, Ø Arntzen M, Vaaje-Kolstad G. The Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Skin-Mucus Proteome and Its Nutrient Potential for the Resident Bacterial Community. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070515. [PMID: 31284681 PMCID: PMC6678340 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway is the largest producer and exporter of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) worldwide. Skin disorders correlated with bacterial infections represent an important challenge for fish farmers due to the economic losses caused. Little is known about this topic, thus studying the skin-mucus of Salmo salar and its bacterial community depict a step forward in understanding fish welfare in aquaculture. In this study, we used label free quantitative mass spectrometry to investigate the skin-mucus proteins associated with both Atlantic salmon and bacteria. In particular, the microbial temporal proteome dynamics during nine days of mucus incubation with sterilized seawater was investigated, in order to evaluate their capacity to utilize mucus components for growth in this environment. At the start of the incubation period, the largest proportion of proteins (~99%) belonged to the salmon and many of these proteins were assigned to protecting functions, confirming the defensive role of mucus. On the contrary, after nine days of incubation, most of the proteins detected were assigned to bacteria, mainly to the genera Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas. Most of the predicted secreted proteins were affiliated with transport and metabolic processes. In particular, a large abundance and variety of bacterial proteases were observed, highlighting the capacity of bacteria to degrade the skin-mucus proteins of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Minniti
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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23
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Patel DM, Bhide K, Bhide M, Iversen MH, Brinchmann MF. Proteomic and structural differences in lumpfish skin among the dorsal, caudal and ventral regions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6990. [PMID: 31061513 PMCID: PMC6502863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin is a vital organ that serves a multitude of functions including mechanical protection, homeostasis, osmoregulation and protection against diseases. The expression of skin proteins changes under different physiological conditions. However, little is known about differences in protein expression among various body sites in naïve fish. The objectives of this work is to study potential differences in protein and gene expression among dorsal, caudal and ventral regions of lumpfish skin employing 2D gel based proteomics and real-time PCR and to assess structural differences between these regions by using Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff stained skin sections. The proteins collagen alfa-1, collagen alfa-2, heat shock cognate 71 kDa, histone H4, parvalbumin, natterin-2, 40S ribosomal protein S12, topoisomerase A and topoisomerase B were differentially expressed among the three regions. mRNA expression of apoa1, hspa8 and hist1h2b showed significant differences between regions. Skin photomicrographs showed differences in epidermal thickness and goblet cell counts. The ventral region showed relatively high protein expression, goblet cell count and epidermal thickness compared to dorsal and caudal regions. Overall, this study provides an important benchmark for comparative analysis of skin proteins and structure between different parts of the lumpfish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti M Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, 73, 04181, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin H Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
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Ibarz A, Ordóñez-Grande B, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Fernández-Alacid L. Using stable isotope analysis to study skin mucus exudation and renewal in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.195925. [PMID: 30940672 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is proposed as a novel target for the study of physiological condition and to conduct minimally invasive monitoring of fish. Whereas mucus composition has been a major interest of recent studies, no practical techniques have been proposed to gain understanding of the capacity and rhythm of production and exudation. Here, we used stable isotope analysis (SIA) with a labelled meal, packaged in gelatine capsules, to evaluate mucus production and renewal in a fish model, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Mucus 13C- and 15N-enrichment reached higher levels at 12 h post-ingestion without significant differences at 24 h. When the formation of new mucus was induced, 13C-enrichment in the new mucus doubled whereas 15N-enrichment only increased by 10%. These results indicate the feasibility of adopting SIA in mucus studies and allow us to propose this methodology as a means to improve knowledge of mucus turnover in fish and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Sánchez-Nuño S, Ordóñez-Grande B, Ibarz A. Chronic Cold Stress Alters the Skin Mucus Interactome in a Temperate Fish Model. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1916. [PMID: 30687126 PMCID: PMC6336924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperate fish are particularly sensitive to low temperatures, especially in the northern Mediterranean area, where the cold season decreases fish-farm production and affects fish health. Recent studies have suggested that the skin mucus participates in overall fish defense and welfare, and therefore propose it as a target for non-invasive studies of fish status. Here, we determine the mucus interactome of differentially expressed proteins in a temperate fish model, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), after chronic exposure to low temperatures (7 weeks at 14°C). The differentially expressed proteins were obtained by 2D-PAGE of mucus soluble proteins and further assessed by STRING analyses of the functional interactome based on protein-protein interactions. Complementarily, we determined mucus metabolites, glucose, and protein, as well as enzymes involved in innate defense mechanisms, such as total protease and esterase. The cold mucus interactome revealed the presence of several subsets of proteins corresponding to Gene Ontology groups. "Response to stress" formed the central core of the cold interactome, with up-regulation of proteins, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and transferrin; and down-regulation of proteins with metabolic activity. In accordance with the low temperatures, all proteins clustered in the "Single-organism metabolic process" group were down-regulated in response to cold, evidencing depressed skin metabolism. An interactome subset of "Interspecies interaction between species" grouped together several up-regulated mucus proteins that participate in bacterial adhesion, colonization, and entry, such as HSP70, lectin-2, ribosomal proteins, and cytokeratin-8, septin, and plakins. Furthermore, cold mucus showed lower levels of soluble glucose and no adaptation response in total protease or esterase activity. Using zymography, we detected the up-regulation of metalloprotease-like activity, together with a number of fragments or cleaved keratin forms which may present antimicrobial activity. All these results evidence a partial loss of mucus functionality under chronic exposure to low temperatures which would affect fish welfare during the natural cold season under farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Abstract
Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.
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27
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Liu W, Mo F, Jiang G, Liang H, Ma C, Li T, Zhang L, Xiong L, Mariottini GL, Zhang J, Xiao L. Stress-Induced Mucus Secretion and Its Composition by a Combination of Proteomics and Metabolomics of the Jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E341. [PMID: 30231483 PMCID: PMC6165293 DOI: 10.3390/md16090341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jellyfish respond quickly to external stress that stimulates mucus secretion as a defense. Neither the composition of secreted mucus nor the process of secretion are well understood. METHODS Aurelia coerulea jellyfish were stimulated by removing them from environmental seawater. Secreted mucus and tissue samples were then collected within 60 min, and analyzed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), respectively. RESULTS Two phases of sample collection displayed a quick decrease in volume, followed by a gradual increase. A total of 2421 and 1208 proteins were identified in tissue homogenate and secreted mucus, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the mucus-enriched proteins are mainly located in extracellular or membrane-associated regions, while the tissue-enriched proteins are distributed throughout intracellular compartments. Tryptamine, among 16 different metabolites, increased with the largest-fold change value of 7.8 in mucus, which is consistent with its involvement in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway 'tryptophan metabolism'. We identified 11 metalloproteinases, four serpins, three superoxide dismutases and three complements, and their presence was speculated to be related to self-protective defense. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a composition profile of proteins and metabolites in stress-induced mucus and tissue homogenate of A. coerulea. This provides insight for the ongoing endeavors to discover novel bioactive compounds. The large increase of tryptamine in mucus may indicate a strong stress response when jellyfish were taken out of seawater and the active self-protective components such as enzymes, serpins and complements potentially play a key role in innate immunity of jellyfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guixian Jiang
- Clinical Medicine, Grade 2015, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongyu Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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28
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Functional Aspects of Fish Mucosal Lectins-Interaction with Non-Self. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051119. [PMID: 29747390 PMCID: PMC6100423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are of key importance in protecting animals against external threats including pathogens. In the mucosal surfaces, host molecules interact with non-self to prevent infection and disease. Interestingly, both inhibition and stimulation of uptake hinder infection. In this review, the current knowledgebase on teleost mucosal lectins’ ability to interact with non-self is summarised with a focus on agglutination, growth inhibition, opsonisation, cell adhesion, and direct killing activities. Further research on lectins is essential, both to understand the immune system of fishes, since they rely more on the innate immune system than mammals, and also to explore these molecules’ antibiotic and antiparasitic activities against veterinary and human pathogens.
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29
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Cordero H, Brinchmann MF, Cuesta A, Esteban MA. Chronic wounds alter the proteome profile in skin mucus of farmed gilthead seabream. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:939. [PMID: 29197330 PMCID: PMC5712093 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin and its mucus are known to be the first barrier of defence against any external stressors. In fish, skin wounds frequently appear as a result of intensive culture and also some diseases have skin ulcers as external clinical signs. However, there is no information about the changes produced by the wounds in the mucosae. In the present paper, we have studied the alterations in the proteome map of skin mucus of gilthead seabream during healing of experimentally produced chronic wounds by 2-DE followed by LC-MS/MS. The corresponding gene expression changes of some identified skin proteins were also investigated through qPCR. Results Our study has successfully identified 21 differentially expressed proteins involved in immunity and stress processes as well as other metabolic and structural proteins and revealed, for the first time, that all are downregulated in the skin mucus of wounded seabream specimens. At transcript level, we found that four of nine markers (ighm, gst3, actb and krt1) were downregulated after causing the wounds while the rest of them remained unaltered in the wounded fish. Finally, ELISA analysis revealed that IgM levels were significantly lower in wounded fish compared to the control fish. Conclusions Our study revealed a decreased-expression at protein and for some transcripts at mRNA levels in wounded fish, which could affect the functionality of these molecules, and therefore, delay the wound healing process and increase the susceptibility to any infection after wounds in the skin of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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