1
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Margot AM, Engels A, Sittinger M, Dehne T, Hemmati-Sadeghi S. Quantitatively measuring the cytotoxicity of viscous hydrogels with direct cell sampling in a micro scale format "MicroDrop" and its comparison to CCK8. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:34. [PMID: 38900233 PMCID: PMC11189981 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds promise for developing therapeutic applications using viscous materials e.g. hydrogels. However, assessing the cytotoxicity of such materials with conventional assays can be challenging due to non-specific interactions. To address this, we optimized a live/dead staining method for quantitative evaluation and compared it with the conventional CCK8 assay. Our MicroDrop method involved seeding droplets containing 5000 cells in 10 µl medium on 12-well plates. After allowing them to adhere for 4 h, various viscous samples were applied to the cells and measurements were conducted using a fluorescence microscope immediately and at daily intervals up to 72 h. A sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dilution series compared the MicroDrop with the CCK8 assay. The findings revealed a cell-type specific pattern for 10 mg/ml hyaluronic acid (HA), wherein MC3T3-E1 cells maintained 95% viability until 72 h, while L929 cells experienced a gradual decline to 17%. 2 mg/ml HA exhibited consistent viability above 90% across all time points and cell lines. Similarly, fibrin demonstrated 90% viability across dilutions and time points, except for undiluted samples showing a decrease from 85% to 20%. Gelatin-methacrylol sustained viability above 70% across all time points at both 5% and 10% concentrations. The comparison of the SDS dilution series between viability (MicroDrop) and metabolic activity (CCK8) assay showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The study validates the feasibility of the established assay, providing researchers with an efficient tool for assessing cytotoxicity in viscous materials. Additionally, it holds the potential to yield more precise data on well-known hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Margot
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Engels
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Dehne
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shabnam Hemmati-Sadeghi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Merle M, Friedman L, Chureau C, Shoushtarizadeh A, Gregor T. Precise and scalable self-organization in mammalian pseudo-embryos. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:896-902. [PMID: 38491138 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene expression is inherently noisy, posing a challenge to understanding how precise and reproducible patterns of gene expression emerge in mammals. Here we investigate this phenomenon using gastruloids, a three-dimensional in vitro model for early mammalian development. Our study reveals intrinsic reproducibility in the self-organization of gastruloids, encompassing growth dynamics and gene expression patterns. We observe a remarkable degree of control over gene expression along the main body axis, with pattern boundaries positioned with single-cell precision. Furthermore, as gastruloids grow, both their physical proportions and gene expression patterns scale proportionally with system size. Notably, these properties emerge spontaneously in self-organizing cell aggregates, distinct from many in vivo systems constrained by fixed boundary conditions. Our findings shed light on the intricacies of developmental precision, reproducibility and size scaling within a mammalian system, suggesting that these phenomena might constitute fundamental features of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Merle
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Leah Friedman
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Chureau
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Armin Shoushtarizadeh
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gregor
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics & Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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3
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Li S, Ye Z, Moreb EA, Menacho-Melgar R, Golovsky M, Lynch MD. 2-Stage microfermentations. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00233. [PMID: 38665924 PMCID: PMC11043886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell based factories can be engineered to produce a wide variety of products. Advances in DNA synthesis and genome editing have greatly simplified the design and construction of these factories. It has never been easier to generate hundreds or even thousands of cell factory strain variants for evaluation. These advances have amplified the need for standardized, higher throughput means of evaluating these designs. Toward this goal, we have previously reported the development of engineered E. coli strains and associated 2-stage production processes to simplify and standardize strain engineering, evaluation and scale up. This approach relies on decoupling growth (stage 1), from production, which occurs in stationary phase (stage 2). Phosphate depletion is used as the trigger to stop growth as well as induce heterologous expression. Here, we describe in detail the development of protocols for the evaluation of engineered E. coli strains in 2-stage microfermentations. These protocols are readily adaptable to the evaluation of strains producing a wide variety of protein as well as small molecule products. Additionally, by detailing the approach to protocol development, these methods are also adaptable to additional cellular hosts, as well as other 2-stage processes with various additional triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhixia Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eirik A. Moreb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Coetzee G, García-Aparicio MDP, Bosman CE, van Rensburg E, Görgens JF. Evaluation of different glycerol fed-batch strategies in a lab-scale bioreactor for the improved production of a novel engineered β-fructofuranosidase enzyme in Pichia pastoris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:223. [PMID: 38819502 PMCID: PMC11143039 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The β-fructofuranosidase enzyme from Aspergillus niger has been extensively used to commercially produce fructooligosaccharides from sucrose. In this study, the native and an engineered version of the β-fructofuranosidase enzyme were expressed in Pichia pastoris under control of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter, and production was evaluated in bioreactors using either dissolved oxygen (DO-stat) or constant feed fed-batch feeding strategies. The DO-stat cultivations produced lower biomass concentrations but this resulted in higher volumetric activity for both strains. The native enzyme produced the highest volumetric enzyme activity for both feeding strategies (20.8% and 13.5% higher than that achieved by the engineered enzyme, for DO-stat and constant feed, respectively). However, the constant feed cultivations produced higher biomass concentrations and higher volumetric productivity for both the native as well as engineered enzymes due to shorter process time requirements (59 h for constant feed and 155 h for DO-stat feed). Despite the DO-stat feeding strategy achieving a higher maximum enzyme activity, the constant feed strategy would be preferred for production of the β-fructofuranosidase enzyme using glycerol due to the many industrial advantages related to its enhanced volumetric enzyme productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhardt Coetzee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - María Del Prado García-Aparicio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- The Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research, Department of Energy, Avda Complutense 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Catharine Elizabeth Bosman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Eugéne van Rensburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Johann Ferdinand Görgens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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5
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Garcia-Pardo ME, Simpson JC, O’Sullivan NC. An Automated Imaging-Based Screen for Genetic Modulators of ER Organisation in Cultured Human Cells. Cells 2024; 13:577. [PMID: 38607016 PMCID: PMC11011067 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of mono-genetic inherited neurological disorders, whose primary manifestation is the disruption of the pyramidal system, observed as a progressive impaired gait and leg spasticity in patients. Despite the large list of genes linked to this group, which exceeds 80 loci, the number of cellular functions which the gene products engage is relatively limited, among which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphogenesis appears central. Mutations in genes encoding ER-shaping proteins are the most common cause of HSP, highlighting the importance of correct ER organisation for long motor neuron survival. However, a major bottleneck in the study of ER morphology is the current lack of quantitative methods, with most studies to date reporting, instead, on qualitative changes. Here, we describe and apply a quantitative image-based screen to identify genetic modifiers of ER organisation using a mammalian cell culture system. An analysis reveals significant quantitative changes in tubular ER and dense sheet ER organisation caused by the siRNA-mediated knockdown of HSP-causing genes ATL1 and RTN2. This screen constitutes the first attempt to examine ER distribution in cells in an automated and high-content manner and to detect genes which impact ER organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elena Garcia-Pardo
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C. Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C. O’Sullivan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Ziaunys M, Mikalauskaite K, Sakalauskas A, Smirnovas V. Investigating lysozyme amyloid fibril formation and structural variability dependence on its initial folding state under different pH conditions. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4888. [PMID: 38151910 PMCID: PMC10804668 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein fibril formation and accumulation are associated with dozens of amyloidoses, including the widespread and yet-incurable Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Currently, there are still several aspects of amyloid aggregation that are not fully understood, which negatively contributes to the development of disease-altering drugs and treatments. One factor which requires a more in-depth analysis is the effect of the environment on both the initial state of amyloidogenic proteins and their aggregation process and resulting fibril characteristics. In this work, we examine how lysozyme's folding state influences its amyloid formation kinetics and resulting aggregate structural characteristics under several different pH conditions, ranging from acidic to neutral. We demonstrate that both the initial state of the protein and the solution's pH value have a significant combined effect on the variability of the resulting aggregate secondary structures, as well as their stabilities, interactions with amyloid-specific dye molecules, and self-replication properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius UniversityVilniusLithuania
| | - Kamile Mikalauskaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius UniversityVilniusLithuania
| | - Andrius Sakalauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius UniversityVilniusLithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius UniversityVilniusLithuania
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7
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Hatfield BM, Weidmann CA, Weeks KM. Measuring Proximity-Mediated Function of mRNA Regulatory Proteins by Engineered Tethering. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2723:143-159. [PMID: 37824069 PMCID: PMC10621603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3481-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A powerful approach for studying the functional consequences of site-specific RNA-protein interactions is to artificially tether a protein to a messenger (or noncoding) RNA through a selective, high-affinity interaction. We share a strategy for evaluating the contribution of protein positioning within an mRNA on gene expression. We introduced an RNA hairpin recognition site for the MS2 coat protein into the untranslated regions or coding sequence of mRNAs expressing a luminescent reporter protein, NanoLuc. Effector proteins fused to the MS2 coat protein could thus be targeted to distinct regions across the mRNA. We illustrate this approach using ZFP36L2, which recruits the CCR4-NOT complex for poly(A) tail deadenylation. Tethering ZFP36L2 to the 3'-UTR decreased NanoLuc expression, as expected, given the known interaction of this adapter protein with adenine uridine-rich elements (AREs). Intriguingly, ZFP36L2 also decreased NanoLuc expression when bound within the coding sequence, revealing that ZFP36L2-and potentially many other mRNA regulatory proteins-can function when targeted to diverse locations within an mRNA. This multi-target tethering strategy enables exploration of the interplay between mRNA-protein proximity and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M Hatfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chase A Weidmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin M Weeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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8
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Campos Gudiño R, Rutherford KA, McManus KJ. Evaluating Chromosome Instability and Genotoxicity Through Single Cell Quantitative Imaging Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2825:309-331. [PMID: 38913318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3946-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Across eukaryotes, genome stability is essential for normal cell function, physiology, and species survival. Aberrant expression of key genes or exposure to genotoxic agents can have detrimental effects on genome stability and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, is a frequent form of genome instability observed in cancer and is a driver of genetic and cell-to-cell heterogeneity that can be rapidly detected and quantitatively assessed using surrogate markers of CIN. For example, single cell quantitative imaging microscopy (QuantIM) can be used to simultaneously identify changes in nuclear areas and micronucleus formation. While changes in nuclear areas are often associated with large-scale changes in chromosome complements (i.e., ploidy), micronuclei are small extra-nuclear bodies found outside the primary nucleus that have previously been employed as a measure of genotoxicity of test compounds. Here, we present a facile QuantIM approach that allows for the rapid assessment and quantification of CIN associated phenotypes and genotoxicity. First, we provide protocols to optimize and execute CIN and genotoxicity assays. Secondly, we present the critical imaging settings, optimization steps, downstream statistical analyses, and data visualization strategies employed to obtain high quality and robust data. These approaches can be easily applied to assess the prevalence of CIN associated phenotypes and genotoxic stress for a myriad of experimental and clinical contexts ranging from direct tests to large-scale screens of various genetic contexts (i.e., aberrant gene expression) or chemical compounds. In summary, this QuantIM approach facilitates the identification of novel CIN genes and/or genotoxic agents that will provide greater insight into the aberrant genes and pathways underlying CIN and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Campos Gudiño
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kailee A Rutherford
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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9
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Li A, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Zhen X, Gong G. Evaluation of Oxygen Consumption Rates In Situ. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2755:215-226. [PMID: 38319581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3633-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
An analysis of the mitochondrial respiration function represented by the oxygen consumption rate is necessary to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox function. This protocol describes two alternative techniques to evaluate mitochondrial respiration function in situ: (1) measure oxygen consumption rates via an electrode; (2) measure oxygen consumption rates via a seahorse instrument. These in situ approaches provide more physiological access to mitochondria to evaluate mitochondrial respiration function in a relatively integrated cellular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guohua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Childs SK, Jones AAD. A microtiter peg lid with ziggurat geometry for medium-throughput antibiotic testing and in situ imaging of biofilms. Biofilm 2023; 6:100167. [PMID: 38078058 PMCID: PMC10700155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria biofilm responses to disinfectants and antibiotics are quantified and observed using multiple methods, though microscopy, particularly confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is preferred due to speed, a reduction in user error, and in situ analysis. CLSM can resolve biological and spatial heterogeneity of biofilms in 3D with limited throughput. The microplate peg-lid-based assay, described in ASTM E2799-22, is a medium-throughput method for testing biofilms but does not permit in situ imaging. Breaking off the peg, as recommended by the manufacturer, risks sample damage, and is limited to easily accessible pegs. Here we report modifications to the peg optimized for in situ visualization and visualization of all pegs. We report similar antibiotic challenge recovery via colony formation following the ASTM E2799-22 protocol and in situ imaging. We report novel quantifiable effects of antibiotics on biofilm morphologies, specifically biofilm streamers. The new design bridges the MBEC® assays design that selects for biofilm phenotypes with in situ imaging needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A-Andrew D. Jones
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Zhou T, Reji R, Kairon RS, Chiam KH. A review of algorithmic approaches for cell culture media optimization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1195294. [PMID: 37251567 PMCID: PMC10213948 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1195294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture media composition and culture conditions play a crucial role in product yield, quality and cost of production. Culture media optimization is the technique of improving media composition and culture conditions to achieve desired product outcomes. To achieve this, there have been many algorithmic methods proposed and used for culture media optimization in the literature. To help readers evaluate and decide on a method that best suits their specific application, we carried out a systematic review of the different methods from an algorithmic perspective that classifies, explains and compares the available methods. We also examine the trends and new developments in the area. This review provides recommendations to researchers regarding the suitable media optimization algorithm for their applications and we hope to also promote the development of new cell culture media optimization methods that are better suited to existing and upcoming challenges in this biotechnology field, which will be essential for more efficient production of various cell culture products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxun Zhou
- Bioinformatics Institute, Cellular Image Informatics Division, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rinta Reji
- Bioinformatics Institute, Cellular Image Informatics Division, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryanjit Singh Kairon
- Bioinformatics Institute, Cellular Image Informatics Division, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keng Hwee Chiam
- Bioinformatics Institute, Cellular Image Informatics Division, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Maxwell CB, Sandhu JK, Cao TH, McCann GP, Ng LL, Jones DJL. The Edge Effect in High-Throughput Proteomics: A Cautionary Tale. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37155737 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In order for mass spectrometry to continue to grow as a platform for high-throughput clinical and translational research, careful consideration must be given to quality control by ensuring that the assay performs reproducibly and accurately and precisely. In particular, the throughput required for large cohort clinical validation in biomarker discovery and diagnostic screening has driven the growth of multiplexed targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays paired with sample preparation and analysis in multiwell plates. However, large scale MS-based proteomics studies are often plagued by batch effects: sources of technical variation in the data, which can arise from a diverse array of sources such as sample preparation batches, different reagent lots, or indeed MS signal drift. These batch effects can confound the detection of true signal differences, resulting in incorrect conclusions being drawn about significant biological effects or lack thereof. Here, we present an intraplate batch effect termed the edge effect arising from temperature gradients in multiwell plates, commonly reported in preclinical cell culture studies but not yet reported in a clinical proteomics setting. We present methods herein to ameliorate the phenomenon including proper assessment of heating techniques for multiwell plates and incorporation of surrogate standards, which can normalize for intraplate variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen B Maxwell
- The Leicester van Geest MultiOmics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Jatinderpal K Sandhu
- The Leicester van Geest MultiOmics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Thong H Cao
- The Leicester van Geest MultiOmics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry P McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Leong L Ng
- The Leicester van Geest MultiOmics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J L Jones
- The Leicester van Geest MultiOmics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
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13
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Makambi WK, Ikonomova SP, Karlsson AJ. Quantifying the Antifungal Activity of Peptides Against Candida albicans. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/64416. [PMID: 36715417 PMCID: PMC10115183 DOI: 10.3791/64416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods for performing antifungal susceptibility testing for Candida albicans are time-consuming and lack quantitative results. For example, a common approach relies on plating cells treated with different concentrations of antifungal molecules on agar plates and then counting the colonies to determine the relationship between molecule concentration and growth inhibition. This method requires many plates and substantial time to count the colonies. Another common approach eliminates the plates and counting of colonies by visually inspecting cultures treated with antifungal agents to identify the minimum concentration required to inhibit growth; however, visual inspection produces only qualitative results, and information on growth at subinhibitory concentrations is lost. This protocol describes a method for measuring the susceptibility of C. albicans to antifungal peptides. By relying on optical density measurements of cultures, the method reduces the time and materials needed to obtain quantitative results on culture growth at different peptide concentrations. The incubation of the fungus with peptides is performed in a 96-well plate using an appropriate buffer, with controls representing no growth inhibition and complete growth inhibition. Following the incubation with the peptide, the resulting cell suspensions are diluted to reduce peptide activity and then grown overnight. After overnight growth, the optical density of each well is measured and compared to the positive and negative controls to calculate the resulting growth inhibition at each peptide concentration. The results using this assay are comparable to the results using the traditional method of plating the cultures on agar plates, but this protocol reduces plastic waste and the time spent on counting colonies. Although the applications of this protocol have focused on antifungal peptides, the method will also be applicable to testing other molecules with known or suspected antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wright K Makambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland
| | | | - Amy J Karlsson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland;
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Armiento AR, Ladner YD, Della Bella E, Stoddart MJ. Isolation and In Vitro Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:65-73. [PMID: 36355285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) are widely studied in the field of cartilage regeneration due to their capacity to differentiate into chondrocytes under specific in vitro culture conditions. This chapter describes the isolation of MSC from bone marrow aspirate, their expansion in monolayer, and the chondrogenic differentiation in pellet culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
- UCB Pharma, Slough, UK
| | - Yann D Ladner
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ross D, Tonner PD, Vasilyeva OB. Method for reproducible automated bacterial cell culture and measurement. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2022; 7:ysac013. [PMID: 36101862 PMCID: PMC9462466 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell culture is one of the most commonly performed protocols for synthetic biology, and laboratories are increasingly using 96-well plates and laboratory automation systems for cell culture. Here, we describe a method for reproducible microbial culture using laboratory automation systems, including automated liquid handling, automated plate sealing and de-sealing, automated incubation and measurement of growing cultures. We discuss the key considerations that, in our experience, are important for reproducibility and present statistical analyses of data from 150 automated microbial growth experiments performed over 27 months using our automated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Tonner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Olga B Vasilyeva
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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