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Kazmi MB, Almutairi HH, Andleeb A, Jabeen R, Mustafa G, Habiba UE, Kazmi SA, Naz F, Qammar N. Mentha longifolia assisted nanostructures: An approach to obliterate microbial biofilms. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303521. [PMID: 38985793 PMCID: PMC11236100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes maneuver strategies to become incessant and biofilms perfectly play a role in scaling up virulence to cause long-lasting infections. The present study was designed to assess the use of an eco-friendly formulation of functionalized silver nanoparticles generated from Mentha longifolia leaf extract (MℓE) for the treatment of biofilm-producing microbes. Nanoparticles synthesized using MℓE as a reducing agent were optimized at different strengths of AgNO3 (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, and 4 mM). Synthesis of M. longifolia silver nanoparticles (MℓAgNPs) was observed spectrophotometrically (450 nm) showing that MℓAgNPs (4 mM) had the highest absorbance. Various techniques e.g., Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize MℓAgNPs. In the present study, the Kirby-Bauer method revealed 4mM was the most detrimental conc. of MℓAgNPs with MIC and MBC values of 0.62 μg/mL and 1.25 μg/mL, 0.03 μg/mL and 0.078 μg/mL, and 0.07 μg/mL and 0.15 μg/mL against previously isolated and identified clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Moreover, the MℓAgNP antibiofilm activity was examined via tissue culture plate (TCP) assay that revealed biofilm inhibition of up to 87.09%, 85.6%, 83.11%, and 75.09% against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and S. aureus, respectively. Herbal synthesized silver nanoparticles (MℓAgNPs) tend to have excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm properties and are promising for other biomedical applications involving the extrication of irksome biofilms. For our best knowledge, it is the first study on the use of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticle MℓAgNP as an antibiofilm agent, suggesting that this material has antibiotic, therapeutic, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Batool Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hayfa Habes Almutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Andleeb
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Raheela Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umm-e- Habiba
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Abbas Kazmi
- Department of Environmental Science, COMSATS, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz
- Department of Statistics, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Najma Qammar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Choudhary S, Kumawat G, Khandelwal M, Khangarot RK, Saharan V, Nigam S, Harish. Phyco-synthesis of silver nanoparticles by environmentally safe approach and their applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9568. [PMID: 38671168 PMCID: PMC11053078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, mostly because of the evident limitations associated with chemical and physical methods. Green synthesis, commonly referred to as "biogenic synthesis," is seen as an alternative approach to produce AgNPs (silver nanoparticles). The current work focuses on the use of Asterarcys sp. (microalga) for biological reduction of AgNO3 to produce AgNPs. The optimal parameters for the reduction of AgNPs were determined as molarity of 3 mM for AgNO3 and an incubation duration of 24 h at pH 9, using a 20:80 ratio of algal extract to AgNO3. The biosynthesized Ast-AgNPs were characterised using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. The nanoparticles exhibited their highest absorption in the UV-visible spectra at 425 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation indicated the presence of characteristic peaks at certain angles: 38.30° (1 1 1), 44.40° (2 0 0), 64.64° (2 2 0), and 77.59° (3 1 1) according to the JCPDS file No. 04-0783. Based on SEM and TEM, the Ast-AgNPs had an average size of 35 nm and 52 nm, respectively. The zeta potential was determined to be - 20.8 mV, indicating their stability. The highest antibacterial effectiveness is shown against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 25.66 ± 1.52 mm at 250 μL/mL conc. of Ast-AgNPs. Likewise, Ast-AgNPs significantly suppressed the growth of Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp. by 78.22% and 85.05%, respectively, at 150 μL/mL conc. of Ast-AgNPs. In addition, the Ast-AgNPs exhibited significant photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene blue (MB), achieving an 88.59% degradation in 120 min, revealing multiple downstream applications of Ast-AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Geetanjali Kumawat
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Manisha Khandelwal
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | | | - Vinod Saharan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhasha Nigam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harish
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
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Aldahasi RM, Shami A, Mohammed AE. Bimetallic nanoparticles and biochar produced by Adansonia Digitata shell and their effect against tomato pathogenic fungi. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17023. [PMID: 38440409 PMCID: PMC10911075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Adansonia digitata L. is a royal tree that is highly valued in Africa for its medicinal and nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to use its fruit shell extract to develop new, powerful mono and bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) and biochar (BC) using an eco-friendly approach. Silver (Ag), iron oxide (FeO), the bimetallic Ag-FeO NPs, as well as (BC) were fabricated by A. digitata fruit shell extract through a reduction process and biomass pyrolysis, respectively, and their activity against tomato pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium venenatum were detected by agar dilution method. The Ag, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC were characterized using a range of powerful analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The fabricated Ag, FeO and Ag-FeO NPs have demonstrated a remarkable level of effectiveness in combating fungal strains. UV-Vis spectra ofAg, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC show broad exhibits peaks at 338, 352, 418, and 480 nm, respectively. The monometallic, bimetallic NPs, and biochar have indicated the presence in various forms mostly in Spherical-shaped. Their size varied from 102.3 to 183.5 nm and the corresponding FTIR spectra suggested that the specific organic functional groups from the plant extract played a significant role in the bio-reduction process. Ag and Ag-FeO NPs exhibited excellent antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., S. sclerotiorum, F. equiseti, and F. venenatum. The current study could be a significant achievement in the field of antifungal agents since has the potential to develop new approaches for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M. Aldahasi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mohanta YK, Mishra AK, Panda J, Chakrabartty I, Sarma B, Panda SK, Chopra H, Zengin G, Moloney MG, Sharifi-Rad M. Promising applications of phyto-fabricated silver nanoparticles: Recent trends in biomedicine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 688:149126. [PMID: 37951153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The prospective contribution of phyto-nanotechnology to the synthesis of silver nanomaterials for biomedical purposes is attracting increasing interest across the world. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) through plants has been extensively examined recently, and it is now seen to be a green and efficient path for future exploitation and development of practical nano-factories. Fabrication of Ag-NPs is the process involves use of plant extracts/phyto-compounds (e.g.alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds) to synthesise nanoparticles in more economical and feasible. Several findings concluded that in the field of medicine, Ag-NPs play a major role in pharmacotherapy (infection and cancer). Indeed, they exhibits novel properties but the reason is unclear (except some theoretical interpretation e.g. size, shape and morphology). But recent technological advancements help to address these questions by predicting the unique properties (composition and origin) by characterizing physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to increased list of publications and their application in the field of agriculture, industries and pharmaceuticals, issues relating to toxicity are unavoidable and question of debate. The present reviews aim to find out the role of plant extracts to synthesise Ag-NPs. It provides an overview of various phytocompounds and their role in the field of biomedicine (antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory etc.). In addition, this review also especially focused on various applications such as role in infection, oxidative stress, application in medical engineering, diagnosis and therapy, medical devices, orthopedics, wound healing and dressings. Additionally, the toxic effects of Ag-NPs in cell culture, tissue of different model organism, type of toxic reactions and regulation implemented to reduce associated risk are discussed critically. Addressing all above explanations, this review focus on the detailed properties of plant mediated Ag-NPs, its impact on biology, medicine and their commercial properties as well as toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Nano-biotechnology and Translational Knowledge Laboratory, Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), 9th Mile, Techno City, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, 793101, India; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
| | - Jibanjyoti Panda
- Nano-biotechnology and Translational Knowledge Laboratory, Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), 9th Mile, Techno City, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, 793101, India.
| | - Ishani Chakrabartty
- Learning and Development Solutions, Indegene Pvt. Ltd., Manyata Tech Park, Nagarwara, Bangalore, 560045, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bhaskar Sarma
- Department of Botany, Dhemaji College, Dhemaji, 787057, Assam, India.
| | - Sujogya Kumar Panda
- Centre of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, RUSA 2.0, Deapartment of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India.
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and TechnicalSciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mark G Moloney
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Majid Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran.
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Jarensungnen C, Jetsrisuparb K, Phanthanawiboon S, Theerakulpisut S, Hiziroglu S, Knijnenburg JTN, Okhawilai M, Kasemsiri P. Development of eco-friendly antifungal and antibacterial adhesive derived from modified cassava starch waste/polyvinyl alcohol containing green synthesized nano-silver. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13355. [PMID: 37587152 PMCID: PMC10432455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly biopolymer-based wood adhesives are an inevitable trend of wood product development to replace the use of harmful formaldehyde-based adhesives. In this research, a new eco-friendly modified cassava starch waste-based adhesive via carboxymethylation (CMS), and blending with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), tannic acid (TA) and green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was prepared. The effects of TA content on green synthesis of AgNPs (Ag-TA) and bio-adhesive nanocomposite properties were investigated. The use of 5 wt% TA for AgNPs synthesis (Ag-TA-5) resulted in a uniform particle size distribution. The plywood prepared with Ag-TA-5 provided the highest dry and wet shear strength at 1.95 ± 0.11 MPa and 1.38 ± 0.3 MPa, respectively. The water absorption and thickness swelling of this plywood remarkably decreased up to 10.99% and 6.79%, respectively. More importantly, the presence of Ag-TA in CMS/PVA adhesive successfully inhibited the invasion of mold and bacteria. Based on the cyclic delamination test, the adhesive bond durability of bio-adhesive containing Ag-TA-5 could meet the requirement of the AITC Test T110-2007 and was comparable to commercial adhesives. The added advantage of the prepared bio-adhesive was its synthesis from agro-waste products and possible economically viable production at industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaloton Jarensungnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Jetsrisuparb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somnuk Theerakulpisut
- Energy Management and Conservation Office, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Salim Hiziroglu
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | | | - Manunya Okhawilai
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornnapa Kasemsiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Abd Aziz N, Mohd Salleh NH, Gopinath SCB, Harun Kamaruddin A, Ahmad NA, Ridzuan MI. Valorisation of Momordica Charantia Seed into Phytogenic Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Protection of Oyster Mushroom Against Trichoderma Pleuroticola.. [DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4523932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Meena S, Gehlot P, Meena BR, Jain T, Sharma K. Impact of physical factors on bio-control potential of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract and bio-formulations as fungicides. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101361. [PMID: 36237441 PMCID: PMC9552027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is carried out to ascertain the effect of different physical factors (sunlight, temperature, pH) and storage conditions on the antimicrobial efficacy of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts and bio-formulation against the Alternaria alternata. In addition, the phytotoxic potential of 100% alcoholic crude extract as well as the acetone fraction of young leaves of Lawsonia inermis was also checked on seed germination of chilli (Capsicum annuum). Results showed that there was no adverse effect of wet heat (50-100 °C) and dry heat (40-90 °C) on extract and bio-formulation efficacy. Storage for 6 and 12 months had no adverse effect on extract and bio-formulation efficacy and the antifungal activity was observed similar to freshly prepared extract. We have used concentrations of 5,10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/ml to perform a phytotoxicity assay. The measurement of phytotoxicity was done by using the Standard blotter method and the result revealed that 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml concentration of the extract was non phytotoxic and were further used for in vivo experiments. These plant extracts and bio-formulations have extensive antimicrobial potential to be explored for application in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Meena
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Pushpa Gehlot
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Bhanu Raj Meena
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Tripta Jain
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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Antifungal Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Aspergilli Causing Aspergillosis: Ultrastructure Study. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040242. [PMID: 36412883 PMCID: PMC9680418 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, nanoparticles and nanomaterials are widely used for biomedical applications. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully biosynthesized using a cell-free extract (CFE) of Bacillus thuringiensis MAE 6 through a green and ecofriendly method. The size of the biosynthesized AgNPs was 32.7 nm, and their crystalline nature was confirmed by XRD, according to characterization results. A surface plasmon resonance spectrum of AgNPs was obtained at 420 nm. Nanoparticles were further characterized using DLS and FTIR analyses, which provided information on their size, stability, and functional groups. AgNPs revealed less cytotoxicity against normal Vero cell line [IC50 = 155 μg/mL]. Moreover, the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited promising antifungal activity against four most common Aspergillus, including Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus at concentrations of 500 μg/mL where inhibition zones were 16, 20, 26, and 19 mm, respectively. In addition, MICs of AgNPs against A. niger, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus were 125, 62.5, 15.62, and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ultrastructural study confirmed the antifungal effect of AgNPs, where the cell wall's integrity and homogeneity were lost; the cell membrane had separated from the cell wall and had intruded into the cytoplasm. In conclusion, the biosynthesized AgNPs using a CFE of B. thuringiensis can be used as a promising antifungal agent against Aspergillus species causing Aspergillosis.
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Githala CK, Raj S, Dhaka A, Mali SC, Trivedi R. Phyto-fabrication of silver nanoparticles and their catalytic dye degradation and antifungal efficacy. Front Chem 2022; 10:994721. [PMID: 36226117 PMCID: PMC9548708 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.994721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their potent application against dye degradation and phytopathogens are attracting many scientists to nanotechnology. An attempt was made to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Plantago ovata leaf extract and test their effectiveness in removing organic dyes and antifungal activity. In the present study, stable AgNPs were synthesized from 0.1 mM AgNO3 and authenticated by observing the color change from yellow to red-brown, which was confirmed with wavelength UV-Vis spectrophotometer detection. The crystalline nature of the particles was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Furthermore, the AgNPs were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope investigations. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectra were also used to confirm the size and structure of the synthesized AgNPs. The elemental analysis and functional groups responsible for the reduction of AgNPs were analyzed by electron dispersive spectroscopy and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy Fourier transforms infrared, respectively. A new biological approach was taken by breaking down organic dyes such as methylene blue and congo red. The AgNPs effectively inhibit the fungal growth of Alternaria alternata. This could be a significant achievement in the fight against many dynamic pathogens and reduce dye contamination from waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shani Raj
- *Correspondence: Shani Raj, ; Rohini Trivedi,
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