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Gubbiveeranna V, Megha GT, Kusuma CG, Ravikumar H, Thoyajakshi RS, Vijayakumar S, Mathad SN, Nagaraju S, Wazzan H, Khan A, Alzahrani KA, Malash AM. Effect of 'Procumbenase' a serine protease from Tridax procumbens aqueous extract on wound healing: A scar free healing of full thickness wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133147. [PMID: 38878934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing involves several cellular and molecular pathways. Tridax procumbens activates genetic pathways with antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, aiding wound healing. This study purified Procumbenase, a serine protease from T. procumbens extract, using gel filtration (Sephadex G-75) and ion exchange (CM-Sephadex C-50) chromatography. Characterization involved analyses of protease activity, RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, gelatin zymogram, PAS staining, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism. Optimal pH and temperature were determined. Protease type was identified using inhibitors. Wound-healing potential was evaluated through tensile strength, wound models, hydroxyproline estimation, and NIH 3T3 cell scratch analysis. In incision wound rat models, Procumbenase increased tensile strength on day 14 more than saline and Povidone‑iodine. It increased wound contraction by 89 % after 10 days in excision wound models, attaining full contraction by day 15 and closure by day 21. Scarless wound healing was enhanced by 18 days of epithelialization against 22 and 21 days for saline and povidone‑iodine. Procumbenase increased hydroxyproline concentration 2.53-fold (59.93 ± 2.89 mg/g) compared to saline (23.67 ± 1.86 mg/g). In NIH 3 T3 cell scratch assay, Procumbenase increased migration by 60.93 % (50 μg) and 60.57 % (150 μg) after 48 h. Thus, Procumbenase is the primary bioactive molecule in T. procumbens, demonstrates scar-free wound healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Gubbiveeranna
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India; Department of Biochemistry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, T. Begur, Nelamangala, Bengaluru Rural - 562123, Karnataka, India
| | - G T Megha
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - C G Kusuma
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India
| | - H Ravikumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru-560056, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Thoyajakshi
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Tumkur University, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India
| | - S Vijayakumar
- Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B H Road, Tumakuru-572102, Karnataka, India
| | - S N Mathad
- Department of Physics, KLE Institute of Technology, Hubbali-580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - S Nagaraju
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru-572103, Karnataka, India.
| | - Huda Wazzan
- School of Human Science and Design, Food and Nutrition Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid A Alzahrani
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asmaa M Malash
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision College in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Salehi M. Evaluating the industrial potential of naturally occurring proteases: A focus on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127782. [PMID: 37926323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy, are crucial in evaluating enzyme stability and activity. These parameters, including the free energy of activation (ΔG#) and the Gibbs free energy of inactivation (ΔG*), are important for predicting energy requirements and reaction rates. However, relying solely on these parameters is insufficient in selecting an enzyme for industrial processes. Numerous studies have explored the measurement of thermodynamic parameters for proteases. Unfortunately, some of the definitions and calculations of key parameters such as ΔG#, ΔG*, and substrate-binding free energy have contained significant errors. In this study, these mistakes have been addressed and corrected. Additionally, a new parameter called δ, defined as the difference between ΔG* and ΔG#, has been introduced for the first time. It is argued that δ provides a more reliable measure for predicting the potential industrial application of enzymes. The highest calculated value for δ was found to be 39.6 kJ·mol-1 at 55 °C. Furthermore, this study also presents a comprehensive collection and determination of all thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for proteases, providing researchers and professionals in the field with a valuable resource to compare and understand the relationships between these parameters and the industrial potential of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Salehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
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Two-Step Purification and Partial Characterization of Keratinolytic Proteases from Feather Meal Bioconversion by Bacillus sp. P45. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to purify and partially characterize a keratinolytic protease produced by Bacillus sp. P45 through bioconversion of feather meal. Crude protease extract was purified using a sequence of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) in large volume systems (10, 50, and 500 g) to increase obtaining purified enzyme, followed by a diafiltration (DF) step. Purified protease was characterized in terms of protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE, optimum temperature and pH, thermal deactivation kinetics at different temperatures and pH, and performance in the presence of several salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MnCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, and FeCl3) and organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, diethyl ether, and formaldehyde). ATPS with high capacities resulted in purer protease extract without compromising purity and yields, reaching a purification factor up to 2.6-fold and 6.7-fold in first and second ATPS, respectively, and 4.0-fold in the DF process. Recoveries were up to 79% in both ATPS and reached 84.3% after the DF step. The electrophoretic analysis demonstrated a 25–28 kDa band related to keratinolytic protease. The purified protease’s optimum temperature and pH were 55 °C and 7.5, respectively. The deactivation energy (Ed) value was 118.0 kJ/mol, while D (decimal reduction time) and z (temperature interval required to reduce the D value in one log cycle) values ranged from 6.7 to 237.3 min and from 13.6 to 18.8 °C, respectively. Salts such as CaCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, and MgSO4 increased the protease activity, while all organic solvents caused its decrease. The results are useful for future studies about ATPS scale-up for enzyme purification and protease application in different industrial processes.
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Lermen AM, Clerici NJ, Borchartt Maciel D, Daroit DJ. Characterization and application of a crude bacterial protease to produce antioxidant hydrolysates from whey protein. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:12-21. [PMID: 35156901 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2033997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. CL14 crude protease was partially characterized and applied to obtain antioxidant whey protein isolate (WPI) hydrolysates. Optimal activity occurred at pH 9.0 and 60 °C. Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ (5 mM) enhanced activity (12-26%), whereas Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ inhibited it (50-94%). At 1% (v/v), Tween 20 and Triton X-100 enhanced activities (21-27%), β-mercaptoethanol decreased it (15%), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had no effect. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 0.1%, w/v) increased activity by 36%. Complete inhibition by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and 85% inhibition by ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid, indicates its serine protease character and the importance of cations for activity/stability. With 5 mM Ca2+, protease was optimally active at 65 °C and completely stable after 20 min at 40-55 °C. Crude protease preferentially hydrolyzed WPI and soy protein, followed by casein. WPI hydrolysis was then performed (55 °C, pH 9.0, 5 mM Ca2+) for 0-180 min. Contents of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble proteins in WPI hydrolysates (HWPI) increased from 29% (0 min) to 50-52% (60-180 min), accompanied by enhanced radical scavenging activity (14%, 0 min; ∼34%, 60-180 min) and Fe2+-chelating ability (56%, 0 min; ∼74%, 45-180 min). CL14 protease might represent an alternative biocatalyst to obtain antioxidant hydrolysates from WPI and, potentially, from other food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Monique Lermen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Naiara Jacinta Clerici
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Joner Daroit
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente e Tecnologias Sustentáveis, UFFS, Cerro Largo, Brazil
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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Cheng D, Liu Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Zhang S, Luo G, Bui XT. Sustainable enzymatic technologies in waste animal fat and protein management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112040. [PMID: 33571854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste animal fats and proteins (WAFP) are rich in various animal by-products from food industries. On one hand, increasing production of huge amounts of WAFP brings a great challenge to their appropriate disposal, and raises severe risks to environment and life health. On the other hand, the high fat and protein contents in these animal wastes are valuable resources which can be reutilized in an eco-friendly and renewable way. Sustainable enzymatic technologies are promising methods for WAFP management. This review discussed the application of various enzymes in the conversion of WSFP to value-added biodiesel and bioactivate hydrolysates. New biotechnologies to discover novel enzymes with robust properties were proposed as well. This paper also presented the bio-utilization strategy of animal fat and protein wastes as alternative nutrient media for microorganism growth activities to yield important industrial enzymes cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongle Cheng
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuan Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
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Adelere IA, Lateef A. Degradation of Keratin Biomass by Different Microorganisms. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Contesini FJ, Melo RRD, Sato HH. An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:321-334. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1354354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jares Contesini
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues de Melo
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélia Harumi Sato
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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