Bioactive studies of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using Glycyrrhiza glabra

Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Progress and Outlook

Recent developments in nanoscale materials have found extensive use in various fields, especially in the biomedical industry. Several substantial obstacles must be overcome, particularly those related to nanostructured materials in biomedicine, before they can be used in therapeutic applications. Significant concerns in biomedicine include biological processes, adaptability, toxic effects, and nano-biointerfacial properties. Biomedical researchers have difficulty choosing suitable materials for drug carriers, cancer treatment, and antiviral uses. Carbon nanomaterials are among the various nanoparticle forms that are continually receiving interest for biomedical applications. They are suitable materials owing to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, such as electrical, high-temperature, mechanical, and optical diversification. An individualized, controlled, dependable, low-carcinogenic, target-specific drug delivery system can diagnose and treat infections in biomedical applications. The variety of carbon materials at the nanoscale is remarkable. Allotropes and other forms of the same element, carbon, are represented in nanoscale dimensions. These show promise for a wide range of applications. Carbon nanostructured materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties include graphene and carbon nanotubes. They can potentially revolutionize industries, including electronics, energy, and medicine. Ongoing investigation and expansion efforts continue to unlock possibilities for these materials, making them a key player in shaping the future of advanced technology. Carbon nanostructured materials explore the potential positive effects of reducing the greenhouse effect. The current state of nanostructured materials in the biomedical sector is covered in this review, along with their synthesis techniques and potential uses.

A comprehensive review on antibacterial analysis of natural extract-based metal and metal oxide nanoparticles

Pharmaceutical, food packing, cosmetics, agriculture, energy storage devices widely utilize metal and metal oxide nanoparticles prepared via different physical and chemical methods. It resulted in the release of several dangerous compounds and solvents as the nanoparticles were being formed. Currently, Researchers interested in preparing nanoparticles (NPs) via biological approach due to their unique physiochemical properties which took part in reducing the environmental risks. However, a number of microbial species are causing dangerous illnesses and are a threat to the entire planet. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles played a significant role in the identification and elimination of microbes when prepared using natural extract. Its biological performance is thus also becoming exponentially more apparent than it was using in conventional techniques. Despite the fact that they hurt germs, their small size and well-defined shape encourage surface contact with them. The generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), weakens the bacterial cell membrane by allowing internal cellular components to seep out. The bacterium dies as a result of this. Numerous studies on different nanoparticles and their antibacterial efficacy against various diseases are still accessible. The main objective of the biogenic research on the synthesis of key metals and metal oxides (such as gold, silver, titanium dioxide, nickel oxide, and zinc oxide) using various plant extracts is reviewed in this study along with the process of nanoparticle formation and the importance of phytochemicals found in the plant extract.

Bacterial nano-factories as a tool for the biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: characterization and potential application in wastewater treatment

The development of reliable and eco-conscious processes for nanoparticle synthesis constitutes a significant element in nanotechnology. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming essential due to their potential uses in dentistry, surgery, agriculture, and pharmacy. This leads to the development of various procedures for producing TiO2 NPs using various physicochemical methods. Still, the drawbacks of these conventional methods are associated with the emission of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere and high energy demands in production, hence endangering the health and the environment. Problems issued are solved by green nanotechnology, which offers tools as nano-factories by utilizing biological sources to subside the improper effects of conventional methods and produces nanoparticles through synthesis methods that are clean, safe, energy-efficient, and cost-effective. Among the biogenic sources, microbial cells such as bacteria possess intrinsic pathways of converting metallic salt to nanoparticles due to their ability to produce reductase enzymes. Also, they can offer features to products such as high dispersity and produce sustainable nanoparticles at a large scale. Biosynthesized TiO2 NPs have high oxidizing potential and a wide range of applications, specifically as photosensitizers and antimicrobial agents. This review will address bacterial nano-factories that can be utilized for the biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs, the characterization of biosynthesized nanoparticles, and their potential application in wastewater treatment.

From nature to nanotechnology: The interplay of traditional medicine, green chemistry, and biogenic metallic phytonanoparticles in modern healthcare innovation and sustainability

As we navigate the modern era, the intersection of time-honoured natural remedies and contemporary scientific approaches forms a burgeoning frontier in global healthcare. For generations, natural products have been foundational to health solutions, serving as the primary healthcare choice for 80% to 85% of the world's population. These herbal-based, nature-derived substances, significant across diverse geographies, necessitate a renewed emphasis on enhancing their quality, efficacy, and safety. In the current century, the advent of biogenic phytonanoparticles has emerged as an innovative therapeutic conduit, perfectly aligning with principles of environmental safety and scientific ingenuity. Utilizing green chemistry techniques, a spectrum of metallic nanoparticles including elements such as copper, silver, iron, zinc, and titanium oxide can be produced with attributes of non-toxicity, sustainability, and economic efficiency. Sophisticated herb-mediated processes yield an array of plant-originated nanomaterials, each demonstrating unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. These attributes herald new therapeutic potentials, encompassing antioxidants, anti-aging applications, and more. Modern technology further accelerates the synthesis of natural products within laboratory settings, providing an efficient alternative to conventional isolation methods. The collaboration between traditional wisdom and advanced methodologies now signals a new epoch in healthcare. Here, the augmentation of traditional medicine is realized through rigorous scientific examination. By intertwining ethical considerations, cutting-edge technology, and natural philosophy, the realms of biogenic phytonanoparticles and traditional medicine forge promising pathways for research, development, and healing. The narrative of this seamless integration marks an exciting evolution in healthcare, where the fusion of sustainability and innovation crafts a future filled with endless possibilities for human well-being. The research in the development of metallic nanoparticles is crucial for unlocking their potential in revolutionizing fields such as medicine, catalysis, and electronics, promising groundbreaking applications with enhanced efficiency and tailored functionalities in future technologies. This exploration is essential for harnessing the unique properties of metallic nanoparticles to address pressing challenges and advance innovations across diverse scientific and industrial domains.

Metal nanoparticles produced by plants with antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacteria that causes a variety of potentially fatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has made treatment even more difficult. In recent years, nanoparticles have been used as an alternative therapeutic agent for S. aureus infections. Among various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the method utilizing plant extracts from different parts of a plant, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, etc. is gaining widespread usage. Phytochemicals present in plant extract are an inexpensive, eco-friendly, natural material that act as reducing and stabilization agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of plant-fabricated nanoparticles against S. aureus is currently in trend. The current review discusses recent findings in the therapeutic application of phytofabricated metal-based nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus.

Natural resources for sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials with anticancer applications: A move toward green nanomedicine

Today, researchers have focused on the application of environmentally-benign and sustainable micro- and nanosystems for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Compared to conventional chemotherapeutics, advanced micro- and nanosystems designed by applying abundant, natural, and renewable feedstocks have shown biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity advantages. However, important aspects of toxicological assessments, clinical translational studies, and suitable functionalization/modification still need to be addressed. Herein, the benefits and challenges of green nanomedicine in cancer nanotherapy and targeted drug delivery are cogitated using nanomaterials designed by exploiting natural and renewable resources. The application of nanomaterials accessed from renewable natural resources, comprising metallic nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, natural-derived nanomaterials, etc. for targeted anticancer drug delivery and cancer nanotherapy are deliberated, with emphasis on important limitations/challenges and future perspectives.

New Green Approaches in Nanoparticles Synthesis: An Overview

Nanotechnology is constantly expanding, with nanomaterials being more and more used in common commercial products that define our modern life. Among all types of nanomaterials, nanoparticles (NPs) occupy an important place, considering the great amount that is produced nowadays and the diversity of their applications. Conventional techniques applied to synthesize NPs have some issues that impede them from being appreciated as safe for the environment and health. The alternative to these might be the use of living organisms or biological extracts that can be involved in the green approach synthesis of NPs, a process that is free of harmful chemicals, cost-effective and a low energy consumer. Several factors, including biological reducing agent concentration, initial precursor salt concentration, agitation, reaction time, pH, temperature and light, can influence the characteristics of biologically synthesized NPs. The interdependence between these reaction parameters was not explored, being the main impediment in the implementation of the biological method on an industrial scale. Our aim is to present a brief review that focuses on the current knowledge regarding how the aforementioned factors can control the size and shape of green-synthesized NPs. We also provide an overview of the biomolecules that were found to be suitable for NP synthesis. This work is meant to be a support for researchers who intend to develop new green approaches for the synthesis of NPs.

Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using plant biomass and their applications- A review

Biosynthesized nanoparticles have sparked a lot of interest as rapidly growing classes of materials for different applications. Plants are considered to be one of the most suitable sources for Green synthesis (GS) as they follow the environment-friendly route of biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). This article focuses on the excavation of Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NP from different parts of plants belonging to a distinct classification of taxonomic groups. During the process of biological synthesis of titanium NPs from plants, the extract derived from plant sources such as from root, stem, leaves, seeds, flowers, and latex possesses phytocompounds that tend to serve as both capping as well as reducing agents. TiO₂NP is one of the most commonly used engineered nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based consumer products. This article will provide an overview of the GS and characterization of TiO₂NPs from plant extracts of different taxonomic groups. Lastly, this review summarizes the current applications of TiO₂NPs.

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article

Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.

Bactericidal and Virucidal Activities of Biogenic Metal-Based Nanoparticles: Advances and Perspectives

Much progress has been achieved in the preparation and application of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the field of medicine, mainly for antibacterial and antiviral applications. In the war against bacteria and viruses, besides traditional antibiotics and antiviral drugs, metal-based nanoparticles, such as silver (AgNPs), copper (CuNPs), copper oxides (CuO-NPs), iron oxide (FeO-NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), and titanium oxide (TiO2-NPs) have been used as potent antimicrobial agents. These nanoparticles can be synthesized by traditional methods, such as chemical and physical routes, or more recently by biogenic processes. A great variety of macro and microorganisms can be successfully used as reducing agents of metal salt precursors in the biogenic synthesis of metal-based NPs for antimicrobial activity. Depending on the nature of the biological agent, NPs with different sizes, aggregation states, morphology, surface coatings and charges can be obtained, leading to different antimicrobial effects. Considering the drug resistance to traditional therapies, the development of versatile nanomaterials with potent antimicrobial effects is under intensive investigation. In this sense, this review presents and discusses the recent progress in the preparation and application of metal-based nanoparticles biogenically synthesized for antibacterial and antivirus applications. The strength and limitations are critically discussed.

Endophytic Nanotechnology: An Approach to Study Scope and Potential Applications

Nanotechnology has become a very advanced and popular form of technology with huge potentials. Nanotechnology has been very well explored in the fields of electronics, automobiles, construction, medicine, and cosmetics, but the exploration of nanotecnology's use in agriculture is still limited. Due to climate change, each year around 40% of crops face abiotic and biotic stress; with the global demand for food increasing, nanotechnology is seen as the best method to mitigate challenges in disease management in crops by reducing the use of chemical inputs such as herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides. The use of these toxic chemicals is potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, using NPs as fungicides/ bactericides or as nanofertilizers, due to their small size and high surface area with high reactivity, reduces the problems in plant disease management. There are several methods that have been used to synthesize NPs, such as physical and chemical methods. Specially, we need ecofriendly and nontoxic methods for the synthesis of NPs. Some biological organisms like plants, algae, yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi have emerged as superlative candidates for the biological synthesis of NPs (also considered as green synthesis). Among these biological methods, endophytic microorganisms have been widely used to synthesize NPs with low metallic ions, which opens a new possibility on the edge of biological nanotechnology. In this review, we will have discussed the different methods of synthesis of NPs, such as top-down, bottom-up, and green synthesis (specially including endophytic microorganisms) methods, their mechanisms, different forms of NPs, such as magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs), copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs), β-d-glucan nanoparticles (GNPs), and engineered nanoparticles (quantum dots, metalloids, nonmetals, carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, and liposomes), and their molecular approaches in various aspects. At the molecular level, nanoparticles, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and RNA-interference molecules, can also be used as molecular tools to carry genetic material during genetic engineering of plants. In plant disease management, NPs can be used as biosensors to diagnose the disease.

Proanthocyanin-Capped Biogenic TiO2 Nanoparticles with Enhanced Penetration, Antibacterial and ROS Mediated Inhibition of Bacteria Proliferation and Biofilm Formation: A Comparative Approach

Biofunctionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles with a size range of 18.42±1.3 nm were synthesized in a single-step approach employing Grape seed extract (GSE) proanthocyanin (PAC) polyphenols. The effect of PACs rich GSE corona was examined with respect to 1) the stability and dispersity of as-synthesized GSE-TiO₂ -NPs, 2) their antiproliferative and antibiofilm efficacy, and 3) their propensity for internalization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in urinary tract infections (UTIs) causing Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains. State-of-the-art techniques were used to validate GSE-TiO₂ -NPs formation. Comparative Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis demonstrated that PACs linked functional -OH groups likely play a central role in Ti⁴⁺ reduction and nucleation to GSE-TiO₂ -NPs, while forming a thin, soft corona around nascent NPs to attribute significantly enhanced stability and dispersity. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analyses confirmed there was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced intracellular uptake of GSE-TiO₂ -NPs in both Gram-negative and -positive test uropathogens as compared to bare TiO₂ -NPs. Correspondingly, compared to bare NPs, GSE-TiO₂ -NPs induced intracellular ROS formation that corresponded well with dose-dependent inhibitory patterns of cell proliferation and biofilm formation in both the tested strains. Overall, this study demonstrates that -OH rich PACs of GSE corona on biogenic TiO₂ -NPs maximized the functional stability, dispersity and propensity of penetration into planktonic cells and biofilm matrices. Such unique merits warrant the use of GSE-TiO₂ -NPs as a novel, functionally stable and efficient antibacterial nano-formulation to combat the menace of UTIs in clinical settings.

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective Biotechnological Applications: an Overview

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs, and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts. Recently, numerous methods are used to increase the productivity of nanoparticles with variable size, shape, and stability. The different mechanical, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of NPs have been related to their shape, size, surface charge, and surface area. Detection and characterization of biosynthesized NPs are conducted using different techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, zeta potential analyses, etc. NPs synthesized by the green approach can be incorporated into different biotechnological fields as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant agents; as a control for phytopathogens; and as bioremediative factors, and they are also used in the food and textile industries, in smart agriculture, and in wastewater treatment. This review will address biological entities that can be used for the green synthesis of NPs and their prospects for biotechnological applications.

Synergistic effect of TEMPO-coated TiO2 nanorods for PDT applications in MCF-7 cell line model

This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of the synergistic effect of 2,2,6,6, tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-coated titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO2 NRs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Firstly, TiO2 NRs were synthesized by the sol-gel technique. Then, TEMPO was grafted on TiO2 NRs with the aid of oxoammonium salts. Next, the final product was characterized by applying manifold characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction was used to perform crystallographic analysis; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to conduct morphological analysis; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra were recorded to perform molecular fingerprint analysis. Furthermore, experimental and empirical modeling was performed to confirm the suitability of as-prepared samples for PDT applications using (MCF-7 cell line) Human Breast Cancer cell line. Our results revealed that bare TiO2 NRs did not exhibit a significant response for therapeutic applications compared to TEMPO-conjugated TiO2 NRs in the dark; however, they exhibited a prominent response for the PDT application under UV-A light. Therefore, it is concluded that TEMPO-coated TiO2 NRs shows the synergistic response for therapeutic approach under UV-A light irradiation. In addition, TEMPO capped TiO2 nanorods not only overcome the multidrug resistance (MDR) hindrance but also exhibit excellent response for cancer cell (MCF-7 cells) treatment only under UV light irradiation via PDT. It is expected that the proposed TiO2 NRs + TEMPO nanocomposite, which is suitable for PDT treatment, may be essential for photodynamic therapy.

New avenues of controlling microbial infections through anti-microbial and anti-biofilm potentials of green mono-and multi-metallic nanoparticles: A review

Nanoparticles synthesized through the green route deserve special mention because this green technology is not only energy-efficient and cost-effective but also amenable to the environment. Various biological resources have been used for the generation of these 'green nanoparticles'. Biological wastes have also been focused in this direction thereby promoting the value of waste. Reports indicate that green nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activitiesboth singly as well as in combination with standard antibiotics. The current phenomenon of multi-drug resistance has resulted due to indiscriminate administration of high-doses of antibiotics followed by significant toxicity. In the face of this emergence of drug-resistant microbesthe efficacy of green nanoparticles might prove greatly beneficial. Microbial biofilm is another hurdle in the effective treatment of diseases as the microorganismsbeing embedded in the meshwork of the biofilmevade the antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles may act as a ray of hope on the face of this challenge tooas they not only destroy the biofilms but also lessen the doses of antibiotics requiredwhen administered in combination with the nanoparticles. It should be further noted that the resistance mechanisms exhibited by the microorganisms seem not that relevant for nanoparticles. The current review, to the best of our knowledgefocuses on the structures of these green nanoparticles along with their biomedical potentials. It is interesting to note how a variety of structures are generated by using resources like microbes or plants or plant products and how the structure affects their activities. This study might pave the way for further development in this arena and future work may be taken up in identifying the detailed mechanism by which 'green' synthesis empowers nanoparticles to kill pathogenic microbes.