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Ezechukwu HC, Ney LJ, Jarvis MA, Shrestha N, Holland OJ, Cuffe JSM, Perkins AV, Yau SY, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7911. [PMID: 39063152 PMCID: PMC11277558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is required for neuronal development. We have previously demonstrated sex-specific changes in cardiovascular and hepatic function in rat offspring from mothers consuming a high-LA diet, with some effects associated with reduced LA concentration in the postnatal diet. At this time, the impact of a high-maternal-LA diet on offspring brain development and the potential for the postnatal diet to alter any adverse changes are unknown. Rat offspring from mothers fed low- (LLA) or high-LA (HLA) diets during pregnancy and lactation were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25) and fed LLA or HLA diets until sacrifice in adulthood (PN180). In the offspring's brains, the postnatal HLA diet increased docosapentaenoate in males. The maternal HLA diet increased LA, arachidonate, docosapentaenoate, C18:0 dimethylacetal (DMA), C16:0 DMA, C16:0 DMA/C16:0, and C18:0 DMA/C18:0, but decreased eoicosenoate, nervoniate, lignocerate, and oleate in males. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets reduced oleate and vaccenate and had an interaction effect on myristate, palmitoleate, and eicosapentaenoate in males. In females, maternal HLA diet increased eicosadienoate. Postnatal HLA diet increased stearate and docosapentaenoate. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets had an interaction effect on oleate, arachidate, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/omega (n)-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in females. Postnatal HLA diet decreased DHA/n-6 DPA in males and females. Postnatal HLA diet increased plasma endocannabinoids (arachidonoyl ethanolamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol), as well as other N-acyl ethanolamides and testosterone. HLA diet alters brain fatty acids, plasma endocannabinoids, and plasmalogen concentrations in a development-specific and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Ezechukwu
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Luke J. Ney
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.J.N.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Madeline A. Jarvis
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.J.N.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Olivia J. Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
- School of Health, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
- Mental Health Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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a-Synuclein and lipids in erythrocytes of Gaucher disease carriers and patients before and after enzyme replacement therapy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277602. [PMID: 36735655 PMCID: PMC9897572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that patients with Gaucher disease, as well as carriers of the disease have an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease. A plethora of evidence suggests that disturbed α-Synuclein homeostasis is the link between Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. The pathogenic mechanism linking these entities is still a topic of debate and both gain- and loss-of-function theories have been put forward, which however are not mutually exclusive. In the present study we expanded our previous studies to include not only Gaucher disease patients but also Gaucher disease carriers and Gaucher disease patients following Enzyme Replacement Therapy. In these groups we investigated α-Synuclein in red blood cell membranes in association with lipid abnormalities described in Gaucher disease. These included glucosylceramide and its species, glucosylsphingosine, glucosylcholesterol and plasmalogens. Increased oligomerization of α-Synuclein in red blood cell membranes was observed not only in Gaucher disease patients but also in carriers of the disease. There were no qualitative differences in the lipids identified in the groups studied. However, significant quantitative differences compared to controls were observed in Gaucher disease patients but not in Gaucher disease carriers. Enzyme Replacement Therapy reversed the biochemical defects and normalized α-Synuclein homeostasis, providing for the first time evidence in human subjects that such homeostatic dysregulation is reversible. Further studies investigating α-Synuclein status during the differentiation of erythroid progenitors could provide new data on the pathogenic mechanism of α-Synuclein oligomerization in this system.
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Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Cause of Neurodegenerative Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Diseases and an Overview of Potential Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810573. [PMID: 36142486 PMCID: PMC9503973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognised a major contributory factor to the pathophysiology of a number of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs is as yet uncertain, but appears to be triggered by a number of different factors, although oxidative stress and impaired mitophagy appear to be common inhibitory mechanisms shared amongst this group of disorders, including Gaucher’s disease, Niemann–Pick disease, type C, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Many LSDs resulting from defects in lysosomal hydrolase activity show neurodegeneration, which remains challenging to treat. Currently available curative therapies are not sufficient to meet patients’ needs. In view of the documented evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurodegeneration of LSDs, along with the reciprocal interaction between the mitochondrion and the lysosome, novel therapeutic strategies that target the impairment in both of these organelles could be considered in the clinical management of the long-term neurodegenerative complications of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to outline the putative mechanisms that may be responsible for the reported mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs and to discuss the new potential therapeutic developments.
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Koch J, Watschinger K, Werner ER, Keller MA. Tricky Isomers—The Evolution of Analytical Strategies to Characterize Plasmalogens and Plasmanyl Ether Lipids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864716. [PMID: 35573699 PMCID: PMC9092451 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Typically, glycerophospholipids are represented with two esterified fatty acids. However, by up to 20%, a significant proportion of this lipid class carries an ether-linked fatty alcohol side chain at the sn-1 position, generally referred to as ether lipids, which shape their specific physicochemical properties. Among those, plasmalogens represent a distinct subgroup characterized by an sn-1 vinyl-ether double bond. The total loss of ether lipids in severe peroxisomal defects such as rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata indicates their crucial contribution to diverse cellular functions. An aberrant ether lipid metabolism has also been reported in multifactorial conditions including Alzheimer’s disease. Understanding the underlying pathological implications is hampered by the still unclear exact functional spectrum of ether lipids, especially in regard to the differentiation between the individual contributions of plasmalogens (plasmenyl lipids) and their non-vinyl-ether lipid (plasmanyl) counterparts. A primary reason for this is that exact identification and quantification of plasmalogens and other ether lipids poses a challenging and usually labor-intensive task. Diverse analytical methods for the detection of plasmalogens have been developed. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is increasingly used to resolve complex lipid mixtures, and with optimized parameters and specialized fragmentation strategies, discrimination between ethers and plasmalogens is feasible. In this review, we recapitulate historic and current methodologies for the recognition and quantification of these important lipids and will discuss developments in this field that can contribute to the characterization of plasmalogens in high structural detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Koch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus A. Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Markus A. Keller,
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Jiménez-Rojo N, Riezman H. On the road to unraveling the molecular functions of ether lipids. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2378-2389. [PMID: 31166014 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ether lipids are glycerolipids further classified into alkyl-ether and alkenyl-ether (also termed plasmalogens) lipids. The two ether lipid subclasses share the first steps of their synthesis. However, alkyl-ether and alkenyl-ether lipids differ in their structure and physico-chemical properties (featuring different head groups) and, thus, probably in their functions. Ether lipids have intermittent distribution across the evolutionary tree and defects in their synthesis have been shown to perturb cellular homeostasis and lead to disease in humans. Here, we review their structure, their interactions with other lipids, and their potential roles in cellular functions, such as membrane homeostasis and membrane trafficking. Moreover, we discuss still unclear aspects of these lipids such as their subcellular distribution, and the need to unravel their molecular functions as well as how novel tools to study lipid biology will help clarify these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Jiménez-Rojo
- NCCR Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Donida B, Jacques CED, Mescka CP, Rodrigues DGB, Marchetti DP, Ribas G, Giugliani R, Vargas CR. Oxidative damage and redox in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Biochemical markers. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Moraitou M, Dermentzaki G, Dimitriou E, Monopolis I, Dekker N, Aerts H, Stefanis L, Michelakakis H. α-Synuclein dimerization in erythrocytes of Gaucher disease patients: correlation with lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2015; 613:1-5. [PMID: 26708635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several observations suggest that disturbed homeostasis of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) may provide a link between Gaucher disease (GD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We recently reported increased dimerization of α-Syn in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane of patients with GD. Several studies indicate a crucial relationship between lipids, oxidative stress and α-Syn status. Here we investigated the relationship between the observed increased dimerization of α-Syn in the cell membranes of RBCs, cells devoid of lysosomes and lacking lysosomal enzyme synthesis, and the lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress already described in GD. Correlation studies showed that in GD the α-Syn dimer/monomer ratio is positively correlated with the levels of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and the glucosylceramide/ceramide (GlcCer/Cer) ratio and negatively with the levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and plasmalogens. In conclusion, we have shown that the increased tendency of α-Syn to form dimers in the RBC membrane of patients with GD, is correlated with both the level of lipids, including GlcCer, the primary lipid abnormality in GD, and the increased oxidative stress observed in this disorder. The study of other tissues, and in particular brain, will be important in order to elucidate the significance of these findings regarding the link between GD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Moraitou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Dermentzaki
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Dimitriou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Monopolis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Dekker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece.
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Moraitou M, Dimitriou E, Dekker N, Monopolis I, Aerts J, Michelakakis H. Gaucher disease: Plasmalogen levels in relation to primary lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:30-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Ferraz MJ, Kallemeijn WW, Mirzaian M, Herrera Moro D, Marques A, Wisse P, Boot RG, Willems LI, Overkleeft H, Aerts J. Gaucher disease and Fabry disease: New markers and insights in pathophysiology for two distinct glycosphingolipidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:811-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Dermentzaki G, Dimitriou E, Xilouri M, Michelakakis H, Stefanis L. Loss of β-glucocerebrosidase activity does not affect alpha-synuclein levels or lysosomal function in neuronal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60674. [PMID: 23580063 PMCID: PMC3620326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, a plethora of studies have provided evidence favoring an association between Gaucher disease (GD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). GD, the most common lysosomal storage disorder, results from the diminished activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), caused by mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA). Alpha-synuclein (ASYN), a presynaptic protein, has been strongly implicated in PD pathogenesis. ASYN may in part be degraded by the lysosomes and may itself aberrantly impact lysosomal function. Therefore, a putative link between deficient GCase and ASYN, involving lysosomal dysfunction, has been proposed to be responsible for the risk for PD conferred by GBA mutations. In this current work, we aimed to investigate the effects of pharmacological inhibition of GCase on ASYN accumulation/aggregation, as well as on lysosomal function, in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and in primary neuronal cultures. Following profound inhibition of the enzyme activity, we did not find significant alterations in ASYN levels, or any changes in the clearance or formation of its oligomeric species. We further observed no significant impairment of the lysosomal degradation machinery. These findings suggest that additional interaction pathways together with aberrant GCase and ASYN must govern this complex relation between GD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dermentzaki
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Dimitriou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Increased dimerization of alpha-synuclein in erythrocytes in Gaucher disease and aging. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:205-9. [PMID: 22981881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) patients and carriers of glucocerebrosidase mutations are at an increased risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). The presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (AS) is linked to PD. In the current work we examined biochemical properties of AS in GD patients. We generated membrane-enriched lysates from erythrocytes of 27 patients with GD and 32 age- and sex-matched controls and performed Western immunoblotting with antibodies against AS. Levels of monomeric AS did not differ between GD patients and controls and did not change as a function of age. However, the ratio of dimeric to monomeric AS was significantly increased in GD patients, and showed a significant positive correlation with age. Therefore, two major risk factors for PD, aging and GD status, are associated with an increased AS dimer to monomer ratio in erythrocytes. This ratio needs to be validated in further studies as a potential biomarker for PD risk.
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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Zhang CK, Stein PB, Liu J, Wang Z, Yang R, Cho JH, Gregersen PK, Aerts JMFG, Zhao H, Pastores GM, Mistry PK. Genome-wide association study of N370S homozygous Gaucher disease reveals the candidacy of CLN8 gene as a genetic modifier contributing to extreme phenotypic variation. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:377-83. [PMID: 22388998 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1 gene result in defective acid β-glucosidase and the complex phenotype of Gaucher disease (GD) related to the accumulation of glucosylceramide-laden macrophages. The phenotype is highly variable even among patients harboring identical GBA1 mutations. We hypothesize that modifier gene(s) underlie phenotypic diversity in GD and performed a GWAS study in Ashkenazi Jewish patients with type 1 GD (GD1), homozygous for N370S mutation. Patients were assigned to mild, moderate, or severe disease categories using composite disease severity scoring systems. Whole-genome genotyping for >500,000 SNPs was performed to search for association signals using OQLS algorithm in 139 eligible patients. Several SNPs in linkage disequilibrium within the CLN8 gene locus were associated with the GD1 severity: SNP rs11986414 was associated with GD1 severity at P value 1.26 × 10(-6) . Compared to mild disease, risk allele A at rs11986414 conferred an odds ratio of 3.72 for moderate/severe disease. Loss of function mutations in CLN8 causes neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, but our results indicate that its increased expression may protect against severe GD1. In cultured skin fibroblasts, the relative expression of CLN8 was higher in mild GD compared to severely affected patients, in whom CLN8 risk alleles were overrepresented. In an in vitro cell model of GD, CLN8 expression was increased, which was further enhanced in the presence of bioactive substrate, glucosylsphingosine. Taken together, CLN8 is a candidate modifier gene for GD1 that may function as a protective sphingolipid sensor and/or in glycosphingolipid trafficking. Future studies should explore the role of CLN8 in pathophysiology of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence K Zhang
- Keck Biotechnology Laboratory Biostatistics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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14
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Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:573-89. [PMID: 21723266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of phospholipids carrying a vinyl ether bond in sn-1 and an ester bond in sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Although they are widespread in all tissues and represent up to 18% of the total phospholipid mass in humans, their physiological function is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to give an overview over the current knowledge in plasmalogen biology and pathology with an emphasis on neglected aspects of their involvement in neurological and metabolic diseases. Furthermore a better understanding of plasmalogen biology in health and disease could also lead to the development of better diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for vascular and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, inflammation, neuro-degeneration and cancer.
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15
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Moser AB, Steinberg SJ, Watkins PA, Moser HW, Ramaswamy K, Siegmund KD, Lee DR, Ely JJ, Ryder OA, Hacia JG. Human and great ape red blood cells differ in plasmalogen levels and composition. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:101. [PMID: 21679470 PMCID: PMC3129581 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmalogens are ether phospholipids required for normal mammalian developmental, physiological, and cognitive functions. They have been proposed to act as membrane antioxidants and reservoirs of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as influence intracellular signaling and membrane dynamics. Plasmalogens are particularly enriched in cells and tissues of the human nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Humans with severely reduced plasmalogen levels have reduced life spans, abnormal neurological development, skeletal dysplasia, impaired respiration, and cataracts. Plasmalogen deficiency is also found in the brain tissue of individuals with Alzheimer disease. Results In a human and great ape cohort, we measured the red blood cell (RBC) levels of the most abundant types of plasmalogens. Total RBC plasmalogen levels were lower in humans than bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, but higher than orangutans. There were especially pronounced cross-species differences in the levels of plasmalogens with a C16:0 moiety at the sn-1 position. Humans on Western or vegan diets had comparable total RBC plasmalogen levels, but the latter group showed moderately higher levels of plasmalogens with a C18:1 moiety at the sn-1 position. We did not find robust sex-specific differences in human or chimpanzee RBC plasmalogen levels or composition. Furthermore, human and great ape skin fibroblasts showed only modest differences in peroxisomal plasmalogen biosynthetic activity. Human and chimpanzee microarray data indicated that genes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis show cross-species differential expression in multiple tissues. Conclusion We propose that the observed differences in human and great ape RBC plasmalogens are primarily caused by their rates of biosynthesis and/or turnover. Gene expression data raise the possibility that other human and great ape cells and tissues differ in plasmalogen levels. Based on the phenotypes of humans and rodents with plasmalogen disorders, we propose that cross-species differences in tissue plasmalogen levels could influence organ functions and processes ranging from cognition to reproduction to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Moser
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Üllen A, Fauler G, Köfeler H, Waltl S, Nusshold C, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Leis HJ, Wintersperger A, Malle E, Sattler W. Mouse brain plasmalogens are targets for hypochlorous acid-mediated modification in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1655-65. [PMID: 20807565 PMCID: PMC4061399 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophospholipids, are significant constituents of cellular membranes and are essential for normal brain development. Plasmalogens, which contain a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position, are preferential targets for hypochlorous acid (HOCl), generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) from H(2)O(2) and chloride ions. Because MPO is implicated in neurodegeneration, this study pursued two aims: (i) to investigate the reactivity of mouse brain plasmalogens toward HOCl in vitro and (ii) to obtain in vivo evidence for MPO-mediated brain plasmalogen modification. Liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed plasmalogen modification in mouse brain lipid extracts at lower HOCl concentrations as observed for diacylphospholipids, resulting in the generation of 2-chloro fatty aldehydes and lysophospholipids. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine accumulation was transient, whereas lysophosphatidylcholine species containing saturated acyl residues remained stable. In vivo, a single, systemic endotoxin injection resulted in upregulation of cerebral MPO mRNA levels to a range comparable to that observed for tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2. This inflammatory response was accompanied by a significant decrease in several brain plasmalogen species and concomitant in vivo generation of 2-chlorohexadecanal. The present findings demonstrate that activation of the MPO-H(2)O(2)-chloride system under neuroinflammatory conditions results in oxidative attack of the total cerebral plasmalogen pool. As this lipid class is indispensable for normal neuronal function, HOCl-mediated plasmalogen modification is likely to compromise normal synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Center of Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Waltl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Leis
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children’s Hospital, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Fax: +43 316 380 9615.
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17
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Wanders RJA, Brites P. Biosynthesis of ether-phospholipids including plasmalogens, peroxisomes and human disease: new insights into an old problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Broniec A, Goto M, Matsuki H. A peculiar phase transition of plasmalogen bilayer membrane under high pressure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11265-11268. [PMID: 19697955 DOI: 10.1021/la902503n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The bilayer phase transition of plasmalogen, monounsaturated plasmenylcholine 1-O-1'-(Z)-octadecenyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Plg-SOPC), was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, high-pressure transmittance, and fluorescence techniques. The bilayer properties of Plg-SOPC such as the temperature-pressure phase diagram, the thermodynamic quantities of the transition, and the location of a fluorescent membrane probe in the bilayer, were compared with those of a similar phospholipid 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (SOPC). It turned out that a vinyl-ether bond in the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone in the Plg-SOPC molecule produces a peculiar phase transition under high pressure and significantly affects the membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Broniec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Brites P, Mooyer PAW, el Mrabet L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Plasmalogens participate in very-long-chain fatty acid-induced pathology. Brain 2008; 132:482-92. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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