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Griffin MS, Dahlgren AR, Nagaswami C, Litvinov RI, Keeler K, Madenjian C, Fuentes R, Fish RJ, Neerman-Arbez M, Holinstat M, Adili R, Weisel JW, Shavit JA. Composition of thrombi in zebrafish: similarities and distinctions with mammals. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1056-1068. [PMID: 38160724 PMCID: PMC11293624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood clots are primarily composed of red blood cells (RBCs), platelets/thrombocytes, and fibrin. Despite the similarities observed between mammals and zebrafish, the composition of fish thrombi is not as well known. OBJECTIVES To analyze the formation of zebrafish blood clots ex vivo and arterial and venous thrombi in vivo. METHODS Transgenic zebrafish lines and laser-mediated endothelial injury were used to determine the relative ratio of RBCs and thrombocytes in clots. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy provided high-resolution images of the structure of adult and larval clots. Adult and larval thrombocyte spreading on fibrinogen was evaluated ex vivo. RESULTS RBCs were present in arterial and venous thrombi, making up the majority of cells in both circulations. However, bloodless mutant fish demonstrated that fibrin clots can form in vivo in the absence of blood cells. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy showed that larval and adult zebrafish thrombi and mammalian thrombi look surprisingly similar externally and internally, even though the former have nucleated RBCs and thrombocytes. Although adult thrombocytes spread on fibrinogen, we found that larval cells do not fully activate without the addition of plasma from adult fish, suggesting a developmental deficiency of a plasma activating factor. Finally, mutants lacking αIIbβ3 demonstrated that this integrin mediates thrombocyte spreading on fibrinogen. CONCLUSION Our data showed strong conservation of arterial and venous and clot/thrombus formation across species, including developmental regulation of thrombocyte function. This correlation supports the possibility that mammals also do not absolutely require circulating cells to form fibrin clots in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna R Dahlgren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chandrasekaran Nagaswami
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Keeler
- US Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles Madenjian
- US Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard J Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marguerite Neerman-Arbez
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan A Shavit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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2
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Sundaramoorthi H, Fallatah W, Mary J, Jagadeeswaran P. Discovery of seven hox genes in zebrafish thrombopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102796. [PMID: 37717409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Thrombopoiesis is the production of platelets from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow of mammals. In fish, thrombopoiesis involves the formation of thrombocytes without megakaryocyte-like precursors but derived from erythrocyte thrombocyte bi-functional precursor cells. One unique feature of thrombocyte differentiation involves the maturation of young thrombocytes in circulation. In this study, we investigated the role of hox genes in zebrafish thrombopoiesis to model platelet production. We selected hoxa10b, hoxb2a, hoxc5a, hoxd3a, and hoxc11b from thrombocyte RNA expression data, and checked whether they are expressed in young or mature thrombocytes. We found hoxa10b, hoxb2a, hoxc5a, and hoxd3a were expressed in both young and mature thrombocytes and hoxc11b was expressed in only young thrombocytes. We then performed knockdowns of these 5 hox genes and found hoxc11b knockdown resulted in thrombocytosis and the rest showed thrombocytopenia. To identify hox genes that could have been missed by the above datasets, we performed knockdowns 47 hox genes in the zebrafish genome and found hoxa9a, and hoxb1a knockdowns resulted in thrombocytopenia and they were expressed in both young and mature thrombocytes. In conclusion, our comprehensive knockdown study identified Hoxa10b, Hoxb2a, Hoxc5a, Hoxd3a, Hoxa9a, and Hoxb1a, as positive regulators and Hoxc11b, as a negative regulator for thrombocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
| | - Weam Fallatah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
| | - Jabila Mary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America.
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3
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Al Qaryoute A, Fallatah W, Dhinoja S, Raman R, Jagadeeswaran P. Role of microRNAs and their downstream target transcription factors in zebrafish thrombopoiesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16066. [PMID: 37752184 PMCID: PMC10522587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that human platelets and megakaryocytes carry microRNAs suggesting their role in platelet function and megakaryocyte development, respectively. However, a comprehensive study on the microRNAs and their targets has not been undertaken. Zebrafish thrombocytes could be used as a model to study their role in megakaryocyte maturation and platelet function because thrombocytes have both megakaryocyte features and platelet properties. In our laboratory, we identified 15 microRNAs in thrombocytes using single-cell RNA sequencing. We knocked down each of these 15 microRNAs by the piggyback method and found knockdown of three microRNAs, mir-7148, let-7b, and mir-223 in adult zebrafish led to an increase in the percentage of thrombocytes. Functional thrombocyte analysis using plate tilt assay showed no modulatory effect of the three microRNAs on thrombocyte aggregation/agglutination. We also found enhanced thrombosis using arterial laser thrombosis assay in a group of zebrafish larvae after mir-7148, let-7b, and mir-223 knockdowns. These results suggested mir-7148, let-7b, and mir-223 are repressors for thrombocyte production. We then explored miRWalk database for let-7b downstream targets and then selected those that are expressed in thrombocytes, and from this list based on their role in differentiation selected 14 genes, rorca, tgif1, rfx1a, deaf1, zbtb18, mafba, cebpa, spi1a, spi1b, fhl3b, ikzf1, irf5, irf8, and lbx1b that encode transcriptional regulators. The qRT-PCR analysis of expression levels of the above genes following let-7b knockdown showed changes in the expression of 13 targets. We then studied the effect of the 13 targets on thrombocyte production and identified 5 genes, irf5, tgif1, irf8, cebpa, and rorca that showed thrombocytosis and one gene, ikzf1 that showed thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, we tested whether mir-223 regulates any of the above 13 transcription factors after mir-223 knockdown using qRT-PCR. Six of the 13 genes showed similar gene expression as observed with let-7b knockdown and 7 genes showed opposing results. Thus, our results suggested a possible regulatory network in common with both let-7b and mir-223. We also identified that tgif1, cebpa, ikzf1, irf5, irf8, and ikzf1 play a role in thrombopoiesis. Since the ikzf1 gene showed a differential expression profile in let-7b and mir-223 knockdowns but resulted in thrombocytopenia in ikzf1 knockdown in both adults and larvae we also studied an ikzf1 mutant and showed the mutant had thrombocytopenia. Taken together, these studies showed that thrombopoiesis is controlled by a network of transcription regulators that are regulated by multiple microRNAs in both positive and negative manner resulting in overall inhibition of thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Al Qaryoute
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore Street, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Weam Fallatah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore Street, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Sanchi Dhinoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore Street, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Revathi Raman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore Street, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore Street, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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Qaryoute AA, Fallatah W, Dhinoja S, Raman R, Jagadeeswaran P. Role of MicroRNAs and their Downstream Target Transcription Factors in Zebrafish Thrombopoiesis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2807790. [PMID: 37162944 PMCID: PMC10168436 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2807790/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that human platelets and megakaryocytes carry microRNAs suggesting their role in platelet function and megakaryocyte development, respectively. However, a comprehensive study on the microRNAs and their targets has not been undertaken. Zebrafish thrombocytes could be used as a model to study their role in megakaryocyte maturation and platelet function because thrombocytes have both megakaryocyte features and platelet properties. In our laboratory, we identified 15 microRNAs in thrombocytes using single-cell RNA sequencing. We knocked down each of these 15 microRNAs by the piggyback method and found knockdown of three microRNAs, mir-7148, let-7b , and mir-223 in adult zebrafish led to an increase in the percentage of thrombocytes. Functional thrombocyte analysis using plate tilt assay showed no modulatory effect of the three microRNAs on thrombocyte aggregation/agglutination. We also found enhanced thrombosis using arterial laser thrombosis assay in a group of zebrafish larvae after mir-7148, let-7b , and mir-223 knockdowns. These results suggested mir-7148, let-7b , and mir-223 are repressors for thrombocyte production. We then explored miRWalk database for let-7b downstream targets and then selected those that are expressed in thrombocytes, and from this list based on their role in differentiation selected 14 genes, rorca, tgif1, rfx1a, deaf1, zbtb18, mafba, cebpa, spi1a, spi1b, fhl3b, ikzf1, irf5, irf8 , and lbx1b that encode transcriptional regulators. The qRT-PCR analysis of expression levels of the above genes following let-7b knockdown showed changes in the expression of 13 targets. We then studied the effect of the 13 targets on thrombocyte production and identified 5 genes, irf5, tgif1, irf8, cebpa , and rorca that showed thrombocytosis and one gene, ikzf1 that showed thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, we tested whether mir-223 regulates any of the above 13 transcription factors after mir-223 knockdown using qRT-PCR. Six of the 13 genes showed similar gene expression as observed with let-7b knockdown and 7 genes showed opposing results. Thus, our results suggested a possible regulatory network in common with both let-7b and mir-223 . We also identified that tgif1, cebpa, ikzf1, irf5 , irf8 , and ikzf1 play a role in thrombopoiesis. Since the ikzf1 gene showed a differential expression profile in let-7b and mir-223 knockdowns but resulted in thrombocytopenia in ikzf1 knockdown in both adults and larvae we also studied an ikzf1 mutant and showed the mutant had thrombocytopenia. Taken together, these studies showed that thrombopoiesis is controlled by a network of transcription regulators that are regulated by multiple microRNAs in both positive and negative manner resulting in overall inhibition of thrombopoiesis.
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Role of ribosomal RNA released from red cells in blood coagulation in zebrafish and humans. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4634-4647. [PMID: 34547768 PMCID: PMC8759119 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysis releases 5.8S rRNA and activates blood coagulation in human and zebrafish via FXII and Hgfac, respectively. Only the 3'-end 26 nucleotides of 5.8S rRNA were necessary and sufficient for this activation.
Hemolytic disorders are characterized by hemolysis and are prone to thrombosis. It has previously been shown that the RNA released from damaged blood cells activates clotting. However, the nature of the RNA released from hemolysis is still elusive. We found that after hemolysis, red blood cells from both zebrafish and humans released RNA that contained mostly 5.8S ribosomal RNA (5.8S rRNA), This RNA activated coagulation in zebrafish and human plasmas. By using both natural and synthetic 5.8S rRNA and its truncated fragments, we found that the 3'-end 26-nucleotide-long RNA (3'-26 RNA) and its stem-loop secondary structure were necessary and sufficient for clotting activity. Corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI), a coagulation factor XII (FXII) inhibitor, blocked 3'-26 RNA–mediated coagulation activation in the plasma of both zebrafish and humans. CTI also inhibited zebrafish coagulation in vivo. 5.8S rRNA monoclonal antibody inhibited both 5.8S rRNA– and 3'-26 RNA–mediated zebrafish coagulation activity. Both 5.8S rRNA and 3'-26 RNA activated normal human plasma but did not activate FXII-deficient human plasma. Taken together, these results suggested that the activation of zebrafish plasma is via an FXII-like protein. Because zebrafish have no FXII and because hepatocyte growth factor activator (Hgfac) has sequence similarities to FXII, we knocked down the hgfac in adult zebrafish. We found that plasma from this knockdown fish does not respond to 3'-26 RNA. To summarize, we identified that an rRNA released in hemolysis activates clotting in human and zebrafish plasma. Furthermore, we showed that fish Hgfac plays a role in rRNA-mediated activation of coagulation.
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Iyer N, Al Qaryoute A, Kacham M, Jagadeeswaran P. Identification of zebrafish ortholog for human coagulation factor IX and its age-dependent expression. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2137-2150. [PMID: 33974340 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a serine protease zymogen involved in the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway, and its deficiency causes hemophilia B. Zebrafish has three f9 genes, and the ortholog to human F9 is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the zebrafish ortholog to F9 using sequence analysis and piggyback knockdown technology. METHODS Gene and protein sequence analysis for three f9 genes, f9a, f9b, and f9l, present in the zebrafish genome was performed. In vivo and in vitro assays after knockdown of each gene and immunodepletion using specific antibodies were carried out. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed that f9a and f9b are similar to human F9, whereas f9l is similar to human F10. RNA analysis showed an age-dependent increase in expression of all three genes. Zebrafish f9a gene knockdown and Fixa immunodepletion prolonged kinetic partial thromboplastin time (kPTT), whereas f9l knockdown and Fixl immunodepletion prolonged kPTT, kinetic prothrombin time, and kinetic Russell viper venom activation time. Laser-assisted venous thrombosis increased time to occlusion after f9a and f9l knockdown and antibody inhibition of Fixa and Fixl. Further, analysis of plasma proteins by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry detected all three proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that zebrafish f9a has functional activity similar to human F9. Fixl is functionally similar to Fx. The age-dependent increases of these factors are comparable to those observed in mice and humans. Thus, the zebrafish model could be used to study factors involved in increasing f9a expression during aging. It could also be used to test whether normal human Factor IX and Factor IX Leyden promoter work in zebrafish background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Ayah Al Qaryoute
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Meghana Kacham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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7
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RNaseH-mediated simultaneous piggyback knockdown of multiple genes in adult zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20187. [PMID: 33214638 PMCID: PMC7677540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a piggyback knockdown method that was used to knockdown genes in adult zebrafish. In this method, a vivo morpholino (VMO) piggybacks an antisense deoxyoligonucleotide (dO) into the somatic cells and reduces the cognate mRNA levels. In this paper, we tested whether we can piggyback more than one dO with one VMO. We designed various hybrids that had more than one dO that could be piggybacked with one VMO. We chose f7, f8, and αIIb genes and tested their knockdown by the appropriate assays. The knockdown with piggybacking either two or three dOs by one VMO yielded > 85% knockdown efficiency. We also performed knockdown of argonautes and rnaseh separately along with f7. We found the knockdown of f7 occurs when knockdown of argonautes happens and not when rnaseh knockdown was performed, suggesting that RNaseH is involved in mRNA degradation. In conclusion, we developed a method where we could knockdown three genes at one time, and by increasing the concentration of VMO by twofold, we could knockdown six genes simultaneously. These multiple gene knockdowns will not only increase the efficiency of the method in whole genome-wide knockdowns but will also be useful to study multifactorial disorders.
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8
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Khandekar G, Iyer N, Jagadeeswaran P. Prostasin and hepatocyte growth factor B in factor VIIa generation: Serine protease knockdowns in zebrafish. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:1150-1157. [PMID: 33134781 PMCID: PMC7590325 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood clotting in humans is initiated by the binding of tissue factor to activated coagulation factor VII (FVIIa) in the plasma. Previous studies have reported that hepsin and factor VII (FVII)-activating protease are responsible for generating FVIIa. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify other proteases that may activate FVII using zebrafish as a model. METHODS We screened 179 genes encoding serine protease domains using the piggyback knockdown method to identify genes involved in the activation of zebrafish Fvii. A prolonged kinetic prothrombin time (kPT) assay was used to detect gene knockdown effects. RESULTS In the primary screen, 21 genes showed prolonged kPT. In the secondary screen, 14 of 21 genes showed positive results. In the tertiary screen, all 14 genes showed prolonged kPT. These 14 genes were knocked down again to estimate relative levels of zebrafish Fviia. Six genes, including known genes, such as f10 and novel prostasin and hepatocyte growth factor B (hgfb), showed lower Fviia levels. Fvii levels were affected only by the knockdown of f7 and not by the knockdown of the other five genes. CONCLUSIONS Prostasin and hgfb are involved in generating Fviia. We hypothesize that prostasin exerts serine protease activity directly or indirectly to activate Fvii. As Hgfb has a mutated serine protease domain, it may not cleave Fvii but may bind to Fvii to induce autoactivation. The approach developed here may be extended to design other large-scale knockdown screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Khandekar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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Wang D, Weng Y, Guo S, Qin W, Ni J, Yu L, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Ben J, Ma J. microRNA-1 Regulates NCC Migration and Differentiation by Targeting sec63. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2538-2547. [PMID: 31754327 PMCID: PMC6854364 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Neural crest cells play a vital role in craniofacial development, microRNA-1 (miR-1) is essential in development and disease of the cardiac and skeletal muscle, the objective of our study is to investigate effects of miR-1 on neural crest cell in the craniofacial development and its molecular mechanism. Methods: We knocked down miR-1 in zebrafish by miR-1 morpholino (MO) microinjection and observed phenotype of neural crest derivatives. We detected neural crest cell migration by time-lapse. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to monitor the expressions of genes involved in neural crest cell induction, specification, migration and differentiation. We performed a quantitative proteomics study (iTRAQ) and bioinformatics prediction to identify the targets of miR-1 and validate the relationship between miR-1 and its target gene sec63. Results: We found defects in the tissues derived from neural crest cells: a severely reduced lower jaw and delayed appearance of pigment cells. miR-1 MO injection also disrupted neural crest cell migration. At 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), reduced expression of tfap2a, dlx2, dlx3b, ngn1 and crestin indicated that miR-1 deficiency affected neural crest cell differentiation. iTRAQ and luciferase reporter assay identified SEC63 as a direct target gene of miR-1. The defects of miR-1 deficiency could be reversed, at least in part, by specific suppression of sec63 expression. Conclusion: miR-1 is involved in the regulation of neural crest cell development, and that it acts, at least partially, by targeting sec63 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yajuan Weng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Wenhao Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Jieli Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210019, China
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10
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Radhakrishnan U, Alsrhani A, Sundaramoorthi H, Khandekar G, Kashyap M, Fuchs JL, Perkins BD, Omori Y, Jagadeeswaran P. Intraflagellar transport proteins are involved in thrombocyte filopodia formation and secretion. Platelets 2017; 29:811-820. [PMID: 29125377 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1361524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are vital for the genesis and maintenance of cilia. Our identification of ift122 transcripts in zebrafish thrombocytes that lack primary cilia was unexpected. IFT proteins serve transport in cilia, whose narrow dimensions may have necessitated the evolution of IFT from vesicular transport in ancestral eukaryotes. We hypothesized that IFTs might also facilitate transport within the filopodia that form when thrombocytes are activated. To test this possibility, we knocked down ift122 expression by injecting antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into zebrafish embryos. Laser-induced arterial thrombosis showed prolonged time to occlusion (TTO) of the vessel, as would be expected with defective thrombocyte function. Acute effects in adult zebrafish were evaluated by Vivo-Morpholino (Vivo-MO) knockdown of ift122. Vivo-MO morphants showed a prolonged time to thrombocyte aggregation (TTA) in the plate tilt assay after thrombocyte activation by the following agonists: ADP, collagen, PAR1 peptide, and epinephrine. A luminescence assay for ATP revealed that ATP secretion by thrombocytes was reduced in collagen-activated blood of Vivo-MO ift122 morphants. Moreover, DiI-C18 labeled morphant thrombocytes exposed to collagen showed reductions in filopodia number and length. Analysis of ift mutants, in which cilia defects have been noted, also showed prolongation of TTO in our arterial laser thrombosis assay. Additionally, collagen activation of wild-type thrombocytes led to a concentration of IFT122 both within and at the base of filopodia. Taken together these results, suggest that IFT proteins are involved in both the extension of filopodia and secretion of ATP, which are critical in thrombocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvaraj Radhakrishnan
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | | | - Gauri Khandekar
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Meghana Kashyap
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Jannon L Fuchs
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Brian D Perkins
- b Department of Ophthalmic Research , Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- c Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
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Jagadeeswaran P, Cooley BC, Gross PL, Mackman N. Animal Models of Thrombosis From Zebrafish to Nonhuman Primates: Use in the Elucidation of New Pathologic Pathways and the Development of Antithrombotic Drugs. Circ Res 2017; 118:1363-79. [PMID: 27126647 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animal models are used to understand the pathological pathways involved in thrombosis and to test the efficacy and safety of new antithrombotic drugs. In this review, we will first describe the central role a variety of animal models of thrombosis and hemostasis has played in the development of new antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. These include the widely used P2Y12 antagonists and the recently developed orally available anticoagulants that directly target factor Xa or thrombin. Next, we will describe the new players, such as polyphosphate, neutrophil extracellular traps, and microparticles, which have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in mouse models, particularly venous thrombosis models. Other mouse studies have demonstrated roles for the factor XIIa and factor XIa in thrombosis. This has spurred the development of strategies to reduce their levels or activities as a new approach for preventing thrombosis. Finally, we will discuss the emergence of zebrafish as a model to study thrombosis and its potential use in the discovery of novel factors involved in thrombosis and hemostasis. Animal models of thrombosis from zebrafish to nonhuman primates are vital in identifying pathological pathways of thrombosis that can be safely targeted with a minimal effect on hemostasis. Future studies should focus on understanding the different triggers of thrombosis and the best drugs to prevent each type of thrombotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.).
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
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Heestermans M, van Vlijmen BJ. Oligonucleotides targeting coagulation factor mRNAs: use in thrombosis and hemophilia research and therapy. Thromb J 2017; 15:7. [PMID: 28286423 PMCID: PMC5341404 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-017-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering (si) RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs; here for simplicity reasons, both referred to as oligonucleotides) are small synthetic RNA or DNA molecules with a sequence complementary to a (pre)mRNA. Although the basic mechanisms of action between siRNAs and ASO are distinct, a sequence-specific interaction of the both oligonucleotides with the target (pre)mRNA alters the target's fate, which includes highly effective sequence-specific blockade of translation and consequently depletion of the corresponding protein. For a number of years, these oligonucleotides have been used as a tool in biological research to study gene function in vitro. More recently, safe and specific delivery of these oligonucleotides to the liver of mammals has been achieved and optimized. This not only allowed their use for in vivo gene studies in physiology and disease, but also opened the opportunity for the development of a new generation of RNA-specific drugs for therapeutic purposes. In 2013, the first oligonucleotide product targeting RNA from the hepatic cholesterol pathway was approved. For blood coagulation, a large portion of key proteins are produced in the liver, and thereby siRNAs and ASOs can also be used as appropriate tools to target these proteins in vivo. In this review, we describe the first use of oligonucleotides for this purpose from zebrafish to primates. As the use of oligonucleotides allows avoidance of early lethality associated with full deficiency of several coagulation factors, it has proved to be of value for studying these proteins in physiology and disease. Currently, oligonucleotides are tested as therapeutics, with the ultimate goal to beneficially modulate the hemostatic balance in thrombosis and hemophilia patients. We discuss both the preclinical and clinical studies of a number of siRNAs and ASOs with the potential to be introduced as drugs for prophylactic and/or treatment of thrombosis or hemophilia. We conclude that for the coagulation field, oligonucleotides are of value for research purposes, and now the moment has come to fulfill their promise as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heestermans
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J.M. van Vlijmen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sundaramoorthi H, Panapakam R, Jagadeeswaran P. Zebrafish thrombocyte aggregation by whole blood aggregometry and flow cytometry. Platelets 2015; 26:613-9. [PMID: 25902147 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1018879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has become an excellent model system to study mammalian hemostasis. Despite our extensive efforts to develop technologies to measure zebrafish hemostasis and even with previously established thrombocyte qualitative and quantitative functional assays, quantifying thrombocyte function for high throughput applications has been a challenge. In this paper, we have developed two quantitative methods to estimate thrombocyte aggregation: one by whole blood aggregometry and the other by flow cytometry. We found that it is possible to conduct whole blood aggregometry using only 2 µl of blood and the currently available aggregometer. Each of three agonists, arachidonic acid, ADP, and collagen yielded impedance curves similar to those obtained with human blood. We were also able to use flow cytometry to indirectly quantify the extent of thrombocyte aggregation by labeling whole blood with mepacrine, aggregating in the presence of each of the above agonists, separating the aggregates from the white blood cells by centrifugation, and then sorting the resulting white cell fraction for thrombocyte numbers. These methods have high throughput capabilities and have the potential to be used in large scale screens to detect and characterize mutants with thrombocyte functional defects or to identify genes involved in thrombocyte function by large scale knockdowns.
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