1
|
Oliver VL, Siederer S, Cahn A, Gajewska-Knapik K, Gibson RA, Goodall C, Kirkpatrick C, Murray J, Nguyen TH, Schneider I, Lambert P, McIntosh MP, Parry S. Exploring the role of ex vivo metabolism on blood and plasma measurements of oxytocin among women in the third stage of labour: A post hoc study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3669-3680. [PMID: 37522415 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the role of ex vivo oxytocin metabolism in post-dose peptide measurements. METHODS The stability of oxytocin (Study 1) and oxytocinase activity (Study 2) in late-stage pregnancy blood was quantified using liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a fluorogenic assay, respectively. Analyses were conducted using blood from pregnant women (>36 weeks gestation) evaluated in lithium heparin (LH), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and BD P100 blood collection tubes with or without protease inhibitors. In addition, plasma oxytocin concentrations following administration of oxytocin 240 IU inhaled, 5 IU intravenous or 10 IU intramuscular in women in third stage of labour (TSL) were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LC-MS/MS to understand how quantified peptide concentrations differ between these analytical methods (Study 3). RESULTS Study 1: Oxytocin was stable in blood collected into EDTA tubes with or without protease inhibitors but not in LH tubes. Study 2: Blood collected into all EDTA-containing collection tubes led to near-complete inhibition of oxytocinase (≤100 min). In plasma, a 35% reduction in oxytocinase activity was observed in LH tubes with EDTA added. In plasma from late-stage pregnancy compared to nonpregnant participants, the oxytocinase activity was approximately 11-fold higher. Study 3: Plasma oxytocin concentrations from nonpregnant or women in TSL following exogenous oxytocin administration were ≤33 times higher when analysed using ELISA vs. LC-MS/MS methods. CONCLUSIONS Collection of blood from late-stage pregnant women into tubes containing EDTA inhibits oxytocinase effectively stabilizing oxytocin, suggesting low concentrations of oxytocin after dose administration reflect rapid in vivo metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Oliver
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Cleo Goodall
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl Kirkpatrick
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jack Murray
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Schneider
- GSK Clinical Unit Cambridge, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pete Lambert
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle P McIntosh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Q, Wang K, Tan X, Li Z, Wang H. Immunomodulatory role of metalloproteases in cancers: Current progress and future trends. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1064033. [PMID: 36591235 PMCID: PMC9800621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1064033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases (MPs) is a large family of proteinases with metal ions in their active centers. According to the different domains metalloproteinases can be divided into a variety of subtypes mainly including Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAMs) and ADAMs with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS). They have various functions such as protein hydrolysis, cell adhesion and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Metalloproteinases expressed in multiple types of cancers and participate in many pathological processes involving tumor genesis and development, invasion and metastasis by regulating signal transduction and tumor microenvironment. In this review, based on the current research progress, we summarized the structure of MPs, their expression and especially immunomodulatory role and mechanisms in cancers. Additionally, a relevant and timely update of recent advances and future directions were provided for the diagnosis and immunotherapy targeting MPs in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Tan
- Department of Oncology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Zhenxiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Zhenxiang Li, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Zhenxiang Li, ; Haiyong Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xia P, Zou Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Liu W, Francis DH, Zhu G. Receptor for the F4 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4953-9. [PMID: 25967654 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection with F4(+) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) responsible for diarrhea in neonatal and post-weaned piglets leads to great economic losses in the swine industry. These pathogenic bacteria express either of three fimbrial variants F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad, which have long been known for their importance in host infection and initiating protective immune responses. The initial step in infection for the bacterium is to adhere to host enterocytes through fimbriae-mediated recognition of receptors on the host cell surface. A number of receptors for ETEC F4 have now been described and characterized, but their functions are still poorly understood. The current review summarizes the latest research addressing the characteristics of F4 fimbriae receptors and the interactions of F4 fimbriae and their receptors on host cells. These include observations that as follows: (1) FaeG mediates the binding activities of F4 and is an essential component of the F4 fimbriae, (2) the F4 fimbrial receptor gene is located in a region of chromosome 13, (3) the biochemical properties of F4 fimbrial receptors that form the binding site of the bacterium are now recognized, and (4) specific receptors confer susceptibility/resistance to ETEC F4 infection in pigs. Characterizing the host-pathogen interaction will be crucial to understand the pathogenicity of the bacteria, provide insights into receptor activation of the innate immune system, and develop therapeutic strategies to prevent this illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Discovery of inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase as cognitive enhancers. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:789671. [PMID: 23304452 PMCID: PMC3529497 DOI: 10.1155/2012/789671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of Ang IV improved memory and learning in the rat. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the positive effects of Ang IV and related analogues on cognition. It has been proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the main target of Ang IV. This paper discusses progress in the discovery of inhibitors of IRAP as potential enhancers of cognitive functions. Very potent inhibitors of the protease have been synthesised, but pharmacokinetic issues (including problems associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier) remain to be solved. The paper also briefly presents an overview of the status in the discovery of inhibitors of ACE and renin, and of AT1R antagonists and AT2R agonists, in order to enable other discovery processes within the RAS system to be compared. The paper focuses on the relationship between binding affinities/inhibition capacity and the structures of the ligands that interact with the target proteins.
Collapse
|
7
|
Structural approaches to probing metal interaction with proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 115:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Demaegdt H, Gard P, De Backer JP, Lukaszuk A, Szemenyei E, Tóth G, Tourwé D, Vauquelin G. Binding of "AT4 receptor" ligands to insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) in intact Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:34-44. [PMID: 21457753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) recognises "AT(4)-receptor" ligands like angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and peptidomimetics like AL-11. The metabolic stability and high affinity of [(3)H]AL-11 for catalytically active IRAP allowed its detection in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell membranes in the absence of chelators (Demaegdt et al., 2009). Here, we show that, contrary to [(3)H]Ang IV, [(3)H]AL-11 displays high affinity and specificity for IRAP in intact CHO-K1 cells as well. After binding to IRAP at the surface, [(3)H]AL-11 is effectively internalized by an endocytotic process. Unexpectedly, surface binding and internalization of [(3)H]AL-11 was not affected by pretreating the cells with Ang IV but declined with AL-11. In the latter case surface expression of IRAP even increased. After elimination of simpler explanations, it is proposed that metabolically stable "AT(4)-receptor" ligands undergo semi-continuous cycling between the cell surface and endosomal compartments. The in vivo efficacy of stable and unstable "AT(4)-receptor" ligands could therefore differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Research Group of Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Andersson H, Demaegdt H, Johnsson A, Vauquelin G, Lindeberg G, Hallberg M, Erdélyi M, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Potent Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Olefin Ring-Closing Metathesis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3779-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200036n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Andersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Johnsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ascher DB, Cromer BA, Morton CJ, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Albiston AL, Chai SY, Parker MW. Regulation of insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase activity by its C-terminal domain. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2611-22. [PMID: 21348480 DOI: 10.1021/bi101893w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase, is a promising approach for the discovery of drugs for the treatment of memory loss such as that associated with Alzheimer's disease. There is, however, no consensus in the literature about the mechanism by which inhibition occurs. Sequence alignments, secondary structure predictions, and homology models based on the structures of recently determined related metallopeptidases suggest that the extracellular region consists of four domains. Partial proteolysis and mass spectrometry reported here confirm some of the domain boundaries. We have produced purified recombinant fragments of human IRAP on the basis of these data and examined their kinetic and biochemical properties. Full-length extracellular constructs assemble as dimers with different nonoverlapping fragments dimerizing as well, suggesting an extended dimer interface. Only recombinant fragments containing domains 1 and 2 possess aminopeptidase activity and bind the radiolabeled hexapeptide inhibitor, angiotensin IV (Ang IV). However, fragments lacking domains 3 and 4 possess reduced activity, although they still bind a range of inhibitors with the same affinity as longer fragments. In the presence of Ang IV, IRAP is resistant to proteolysis, suggesting significant conformational changes occur upon binding of the inhibitor. We show that IRAP has a second Zn(2+) binding site, not associated with the catalytic region, which is lost upon binding Ang IV. Modulation of activity caused by domains 3 and 4 is consistent with a conformational change regulating access to the active site of IRAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Ascher
- Centre for Structural Neurobiology and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Andersson H, Demaegdt H, Vauquelin G, Lindeberg G, Karlén A, Hallberg M, Erdélyi M, Hallberg A. Disulfide Cyclized Tripeptide Analogues of Angiotensin IV as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP). J Med Chem 2010; 53:8059-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100793t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Andersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Bundel D, Demaegdt H, Lahoutte T, Caveliers V, Kersemans K, Ceulemans AG, Vauquelin G, Clinckers R, Vanderheyden P, Michotte Y, Smolders I. Involvement of the AT1 receptor subtype in the effects of angiotensin IV and LVV-haemorphin 7 on hippocampal neurotransmitter levels and spatial working memory. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1223-34. [PMID: 20028450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of angiotensin IV (Ang IV) or Leu-Val-Val-haemorphin 7 (LVV-H7) improves memory performance in normal rats and reverses memory deficits in rat models for cognitive impairment. These memory effects were believed to be mediated via the putative 'AT4 receptor'. However, this binding site was identified as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Correspondingly, Ang IV and LVV-H7 were characterised as IRAP inhibitors. This study investigates whether and how IRAP may be involved in the central effects of Ang IV and LVV-H7. We determined the effects of i.c.v. administration of Ang IV or LVV-H7 on hippocampal neurotransmitter levels using microdialysis in rats. We observed that Ang IV modulates hippocampal acetylcholine levels, whereas LVV-H7 does not. This discrepancy was reflected in the observation that Ang IV binds with micromolar affinity to the AT1 receptor whereas no binding affinity was observed for LVV-H7. Correspondingly, we demonstrated that the AT1 receptor is involved in the effects of Ang IV on hippocampal neurotransmitter levels and on spatial working memory in a plus maze spontaneous alternation task. However, the AT1 receptor was not involved in the spatial memory facilitating effect of LVV-H7. Finally, we demonstrated that Ang IV did not diffuse to the hippocampus following i.c.v. injection, suggesting an extrahippocampal site of action. We propose that AT1 receptors are implicated in the neurochemical and cognitive effects of Ang IV, whereas LVV-H7 may mediate its effects via IRAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri De Bundel
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demaegdt H, Lukaszuk A, De Buyser E, De Backer JP, Szemenyei E, Tóth G, Chakravarthy S, Panicker M, Michotte Y, Tourwé D, Vauquelin G. Selective labeling of IRAP by the tritiated AT(4) receptor ligand [3H]Angiotensin IV and its stable analog [3H]AL-11. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 311:77-86. [PMID: 19643163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
'AT(4) receptors' through which Angiotensin IV (Ang IV) improves memory acquisition, were recently identified as insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Radioligand binding studies have hitherto been performed with iodinated Ang IV in the presence of divalent cation chelators EDTA and 1,10-phenanthrolin. Hence, they referred to the apo-form of IRAP. Presently, binding of [(3)H]Ang IV and [(3)H]AL-11, a stable Ang IV analog, was compared on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and mouse hippocampal (P40H1) cell membranes. With chelators, their high affinity sites showed the same pharmacological profile as for [(125)I]Ang IV binding. Without chelators, only high affinity binding was perceived for [(3)H]AL-11. The same pharmacological profile was recorded in both membrane preparations; it was different from the one in the presence of chelators and corresponded to catalytically active IRAP (despite the concurrent presence of aminopeptidase N (APN) in P40H1 cell membranes). This confirms that the active and apo-forms of IRAP have a distinct pharmacological profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Demaegdt
- Research Group of Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Demaegdt H, Smitz L, De Backer JP, Le MT, Bauwens M, Szemenyei E, Tóth G, Michotte Y, Vanderheyden P, Vauquelin G. Translocation of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase to the cell surface: detection by radioligand binding. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:872-81. [PMID: 18536739 PMCID: PMC2439846 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 colocalize in specific intracellular vesicles (that is, GLUT4 vesicles). These vesicles move slowly to the cell surface, but their translocation is markedly enhanced by insulin, resulting in higher glucose uptake. Previous studies of the insulin-mediated translocation of IRAP to the cell surface have been hampered by the laborious detection of IRAP at the cell surface. We aimed to develop a more direct and faster method to detect IRAP. To this end, we used model systems with well-characterized IRAP: CHO-K1 cells expressing endogenous IRAP and recombinant HEK293 cells expressing human IRAP. A more widespread application of the method was demonstrated by the use of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After stimulation of the cells with insulin, internalization of IRAP was inhibited by the addition of phenyl arsine oxide (PAO). Then, cell-surface IRAP was detected by the high-affinity binding of radiolabelled angiotensin (Ang) IV (either 125I or 3H). KEY RESULTS We monitored the time- and concentration dependence of insulin-mediated translocation of IRAP in both cell lines and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A plateau was reached between 6 and 8 min, and 10(-7) M insulin led to the highest amount of IRAP at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on the capacity of the IRAP apoenzyme to display high affinity for radiolabelled Ang IV and on the ability of PAO to inhibit IRAP internalization, we developed a more direct and faster method to measure insulin-mediated translocation of IRAP to the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Albiston AL, Peck GR, Yeatman HR, Fernando R, Ye S, Chai SY. Therapeutic targeting of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase: heads and tails? Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:417-27. [PMID: 17900701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, IRAP, is an abundant protein that was initially cloned from a rat epididymal fat pad cDNA library as a marker protein for specialized vesicles containing the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4, wherein it is thought to participate in the tethering and trafficking of GLUT4 vesicles. The same protein was independently cloned from human placental cDNA library as oxytocinase and is proposed to have a primary role in the regulation of circulating oxytocin (OXY) during the later stages of pregnancy. More recently, IRAP was identified as the specific binding site for angiotensin IV, and we propose that it mediates the memory-enhancing effects of the peptide. This protein appears to have multiple physiological roles that are tissue- and domain-specific; thus the protein can be specifically targeted for treating different clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Albiston
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vanderheyden PML, Demaegdt H, Swales J, Lenaerts PJ, De Backer JP, Vogel LK, Vauquelin G. Synergistic inhibition of the enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase N by divalent metal ion chelators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2006; 20:613-9. [PMID: 17109655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membranes of HEK293 cells that were transfected with human aminopeptidase N (AP-N, CD13, EC 3.4.11.2) and purified soluble porcine kidney AP-N were used to study inhibition of its enzyme activity by divalent cation chelators. Whereas pre-incubation for 10 min with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), did not or only weakly affected the enzyme activity, the bidentate chelator 1,10-phenanthroline produced a complete and concentration-dependent inhibition of AP-N. The corresponding curves had Hill slopes of 2.50 +/- 0.23 and 2.73 +/- 0.01 for soluble and recombinant AP-N respectively. EDTA increased the potency of 1,10-phenanthroline till a limit, at which Hill slopes became close to unity. In the absence of EDTA, the inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline was only weakly affected by the substrate concentration. On the other hand, competition between 1,10-phenanthroline and the substrate took place in the presence of EDTA. Similar findings were reported for the related metallopeptidase cystinyl aminopeptidase and point towards a model in which 1,10-phenanthroline inhibit enzyme activity by decreasing the free Zn2+ concentration. Moreover, EDTA is capable of removing a modulatory ion from an allosteric site at the enzyme, facilitating the direct interaction between 1,10-phenanthroline and the catalytic Zn2+. Compatible with this model, Ca2+ may bind to this allosteric site resulting in the potentiation of Zn2+-mediated re-activation of the enzyme activity in the presence of EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Demaegdt H, Lenaerts PJ, Swales J, De Backer JP, Laeremans H, Le MT, Kersemans K, Vogel LK, Michotte Y, Vanderheyden P, Vauquelin G. Angiotensin AT4 receptor ligand interaction with cystinyl aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase N: [125I]Angiotensin IV only binds to the cystinyl aminopeptidase apo-enzyme. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:19-27. [PMID: 16919623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to its high affinity for [(125)I]Angiotensin IV, cystinyl aminopeptidase (CAP) has recently been assigned as the 'angiotensin AT(4) receptor'. Since the aminopeptidase N (AP-N) activity is also susceptible to inhibition by Angiotensin IV, it might represent an additional target for this peptide. Based on [(125)I]Angiotensin IV binding and catalytic activity measurements, we compared the ligand interaction properties of recombinant human CAP and human AP-N. Both enzymes displayed distinct pharmacological profiles. Although their activity is inhibited by Angiotensin IV and LVV-hemorphin 7, both peptides are more potent CAP-inhibitors. On the other hand, substance P and l-methionine have a higher potency for AP-N. High affinity binding of [(125)I]Angiotensin IV to CAP occurs in the presence of chelators but not to AP-N in either the absence or presence of chelators. These differences were exploited to determine whether CAP and/or AP-N are present in different cell lines (CHO-K1, COS-7, HEK293, SK-N-MC and MDBK). We provide evidence that CAP predominates in these cell lines and that, comparatively, CHO-K1 cells display the highest level of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Demaegdt
- Research Group on Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Laeremans H, Demaegdt H, De Backer JP, Le M, Kersemans V, Michotte Y, Vauquelin G, Vanderheyden P. Metal ion modulation of cystinyl aminopeptidase. Biochem J 2005; 390:351-7. [PMID: 15885030 PMCID: PMC1184589 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystinyl aminopeptidase has one Zn2+-binding motif and is a member of the M1 aminopeptidase family. Ion modulation of its catalytic activity was studied in membranes of CHO-K1 cells (Chinese-hamster ovary K1 cells) using L-leucine-p-nitroanilide as substrate. The planar bidentate chelators 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine inhibited the activity in a concentration-dependent manner with Hill slopes of 3.32+/-1.78 and 2.10+/-0.26 respectively. The acetic acid-containing chelators EDTA, EGTA and DTPA (diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N'',N''-penta-acetic acid) weakly affected the activity, but they increased the potency of the planar chelators up to a limit, at which Hill slopes became close to unity. Moreover, competition between 1,10-phenanthroline and the substrate only took place in the presence of EDTA. These findings are compatible with a model in which the bidentate chelators inhibit enzyme activity by decreasing the free Zn2+ concentration. By removing a modulatory ion from an allosteric site at the enzyme, the acetic acid-containing chelators facilitate the direct interaction between the bidentate chelators and the catalytic Zn2+. The inhibitory effect of EDTA plus 1,10-phenanthroline could be completely reversed by Zn2+. Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the potency of Zn2+ for this process. This is expected if they interact with the modulatory site to decrease the sensitivity of the enzyme towards 1,10-phenanthroline. Conversely, the bidendate chelators increased the high-affinity [125I]angiotensin IV binding to the membranes and this was potentiated by the acetic acid-containing chelators. These findings support the concept that high-affinity [125I]angiotensin IV binding, previously referred to as 'AT4 receptor binding', only occurs for the cystinyl aminopeptidase apoenzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Laeremans
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul De Backer
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Minh T. Le
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- †Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Universiteit Gent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvette Michotte
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick M. L. Vanderheyden
- *Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsujimoto M, Hattori A. The oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1751:9-18. [PMID: 16054015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP), adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase (A-LAP) and leukocyte-derived aminopeptidase (L-RAP) belong to one distinct group of the M1 family of amimopeptidases, which we term the "Oxytocinase subfamily". They share HEXXH(X)18E Zn-binding and GAMEN motifs essential for the enzymatic activities. Intracellular localization is the characteristic feature of the subfamily members. While P-LAP is translocated from intracellular vesicles to plasma membrane in a stimulus-dependent manner, both A-LAP and L-RAP are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. They contain sequences necessary for the specific localization in the cell. It is getting evident that the subfamily members play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis including maintenance of normal pregnancy, memory retention, blood pressure regulation and antigen presentation. In this review, current situation of this newly identified subfamily is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Buckley CA, Rouhani FN, Kaler M, Adamik B, Hawari FI, Levine SJ. Amino-terminal TACE prodomain attenuates TNFR2 cleavage independently of the cysteine switch. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L1132-8. [PMID: 15749738 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00429.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE, ADAM17) cleaves membrane-associated cytokines and receptors and thereby regulates inflammatory and immune events, as well as lung development and mucin production. For example, the TACE-mediated cleavage of the type II 75-kDa TNF receptor (TNFR2) generates a soluble TNF-binding protein that modulates TNF bioactivity. TACE is synthesized as a latent proenzyme that is retained in an inactive state via an interaction between its prodomain and catalytic domain. Although the formation of an intramolecular bond between a cysteine in the prodomain and a zinc atom in the catalytic site had been thought to mediate this inhibitory activity, it was recently reported that the cysteine-switch motif is not required. Here, we hypothesized that the amino terminus of the TACE prodomain might contribute to the ability of the prodomain to maintain TACE in an inactive state independently of a cysteine-switch mechanism. We synthesized a 37-amino acid peptide corresponding to TACE amino acids 18-54 (N-TACE(18-54)) and assessed whether it possessed TACE inhibitory activity. In an in vitro model assay system, N-TACE(18-54) attenuated TACE-catalyzed cleavage of a TNFR2:Fc substrate. Furthermore, N-TACE(18-54) inhibited constitutive TNFR2 shedding from a human monocytic cell line by 42%. A 19-amino acid, leucine-rich domain, corresponding to TACE amino acids 30-48, demonstrated partial inhibitory activity. In summary, we have identified a subdomain within the amino terminus of the TACE prodomain that attenuates TACE catalytic activity independently of a cysteine-switch mechanism, which provides new insight into the regulation of TACE enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona A Buckley
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Inst., National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6D03, MSC 1590, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|