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Saini K, Sharma S, Khan Y. DPP-4 inhibitors for treating T2DM - hype or hope? an analysis based on the current literature. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1130625. [PMID: 37287751 PMCID: PMC10242023 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DPP-4 inhibition is an interesting line of therapy for treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and is based on promoting the incretin effect. Here, the authors have presented a brief appraisal of DPP-4 inhibitors, their modes of action, and the clinical efficiency of currently available drugs based on DPP-4 inhibitors. The safety profiles as well as future directions including their potential application in improving COVID-19 patient outcomes have also been discussed in detail. This review also highlights the existing queries and evidence gaps in DPP-4 inhibitor research. Authors have concluded that the excitement surrounding DPP-4 inhibitors is justified because in addition to controlling blood glucose level, they are good at managing risk factors associated with diabetes.
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2
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ZD-2, a novel DPP4 inhibitor, protects islet β-cell and improves glycemic control in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci 2022; 298:120515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Fayyaz S, Shaikh M, Gasperini D, Nolan SP, Smith AD, Choudhary MI. In vitro and in cellulo anti-diabetic activity of AuI- and AuIII-isothiourea complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Yazbeck R, Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: Applications in innate immunity? Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114517. [PMID: 33722535 PMCID: PMC7954778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are a class of orally available, small molecule inhibitors that prolong the insulinotropic activity of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and are highly effective for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes. DPP4 can also cleave several immunoregulatory peptides including chemokines. Emerging evidence continues to implicate DPP4 inhibitors as immunomodulators, with recent findings suggesting DPP4 inhibitors modify specific aspects of innate immunity. This review summarises recent insights into how DPP4 inhibitors could be implicated in endothelial, neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage mediated immunity. Additionally, this review highlights additional avenues of research with DPP4 inhibitors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yazbeck
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - S E Jaenisch
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - C A Abbott
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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5
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Arshia, Fayyaz S, Shaikh M, Khan KM, Choudhary MI. Anti-glycemic potential of benzophenone thio/semicarbazone derivatives: synthesis, enzyme inhibition and ligand docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7339-7350. [PMID: 33769204 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1897045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has been identified as a promising approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, development of DPP-IV inhibitors with new chemical scaffold is of utmost importance to medicinal chemistry. In the present study, we identified benzophenone thio- and semicarbazone scaffolds as novel DPP-IV inhibitors. For that purpose, benzophenone thio- and semicarbazone were synthesized through a 2-step reaction. These newly synthetic derivatives were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques, including HREI-MS and NMR. whereas stereochemistry of the iminic bond was predicted by NOESY experiments. Thio- and semicarbazones derivatives were evaluated for their DPP-IV inhibitory potential and found to exhibit a good to moderate enzyme inhibitory activity. Most active and non-cytotoxic derivatives were further evaluated for their DPP-IV inhibitory potential in in cellulo model. The binding sites as well as affinity of active compounds for DPP- IV enzyme were predicted by in silico studies, and compared to a standard drug, sitagliptin. Pharmacophore studies of thio- and semicarbazones derivatives 1-29 suggest that substitution of aryl group, particularly a lipophilic substituents at C-4″ of benzene ring, and a hydroxyl at C-4' strongly influenced the DPP-IV inhibitory activity. Compound 9 showed the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 15.0 ± 0.6 µM), whereas compounds 10, 17, 12, 14 and 23 showed a moderate activity with IC50 values in the range of 28.9-39.2 µM. This study identifies thio- and semicarbazones as new classes of DPP-IV inhibitors which may translate into safe and effective therapeutics for a better management of type 2 diabetes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sharmeen Fayyaz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muniza Shaikh
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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6
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Ren Y, Qiang Y, Zhu B, Tang W, Duan X, Li Z. General Strategy for Bioluminescence Sensing of Peptidase Activity In Vivo Based on Tumor-Targeting Probiotic. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4334-4341. [PMID: 33624497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The abnormally expressed peptidases in human tissues are associated with many kinds of cancers. Monitoring of endogenous peptidase activity could allow us for pathophysiology elucidation and early clinical diagnosis. Herein, we developed a general strategy for bioluminescence (BL) sensing of peptidase activity in vivo based on tumor-targeting probiotics. The probiotic that harbored a luciferase-encoding plasmid was used to target and colonize tumor and provide luciferase for BL imaging. The peptide-based probes Lc and GPc were applied to track leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity, respectively, by simply adding l-leucine and Gly-Pro dipeptides at the N-terminus of d-cysteine, which were specifically controlled by peptidase cleavage and released free d-cysteine to conduct a subsequent click condensation reaction with 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (HCBT) to produce firefly luciferin in situ, giving rise to a strong BL signal. Neither gene modification of cells of interest nor complicated synthesis was required in this BL system. Encouraged by these advantages, we successfully used our probes to monitor LAP and DPPIV activities in vitro and in vivo, respectively. A good linearity between BL and peptidase was obtained in the concentration range of 2.5-40.0 mU/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 mU/mL (55 ng/mL) for LAP and 2.0-40.0 mU/mL with a LOD of 0.78 mU/mL (1.15 ng/mL) for DPPIV, respectively. Additionally, approximately 5-fold (LAP) and 10-fold (DPPIV) differences in the BL signal before and after treatment with a specific inhibitor were also obtained for in vivo BL imaging. All these results reflected the potential application value of our probes in BL sensing of peptidase activity. We envision that our strategy may be a useful approach for monitoring a wide range of peptidases in tumors, especially in primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ren
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yao Qiang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Li
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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7
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Abdeldayem A, Raouf YS, Constantinescu SN, Moriggl R, Gunning PT. Advances in covalent kinase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2617-2687. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review details recent advances, challenges and innovations in covalent kinase inhibition within a 10 year period (2007–2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Abdeldayem
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yasir S. Raouf
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics
- University of Veterinary Medicine
- 1210 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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Carnovale C, Mazhar F, Arzenton E, Moretti U, Pozzi M, Mosini G, Leoni O, Scatigna M, Clementi E, Radice S. Bullous pemphigoid induced by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance-pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic assessment through an analysis of the vigibase®. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:1099-1108. [PMID: 31519110 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1668373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the signals of bullous pemphigoid (BP) with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) in VigiBase® and the potential role of their pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic parameters in the occurrence of BP. Methods: Case/non-case analyses were performed in VigiBase® to examine the signal of BP [reporting odds ratio (ROR)] for gliptins. Secondly, the authors performed linear regression analyses to explore the association between DPP-4i signals for BP and their affinities toward different target enzymes (DPP-2, DPP-4, DPP-8, and DPP-9) and their volume of distribution (Vd). Results: A significant BP signal was found for DPP-4i. The ROR for pooled DPP-4i was 179.48 (95% CI: 166.41-193.58). The highest ROR was found for teneligliptin 975.04 (801.70-1185.87) and lowest for saxagliptin 18.9 (11.5-30.9). Linear regression analyses showed a considerable trend to significance for the linear correlation between the BP signal and gliptin affinity at DPP-4 (slope = 1.316 [-0.4385-3.21], p = 0.067, R2 = 0.40) but not the other enzyme targets, nor for Vd. Conclusion: The findings suggest a clinical relevance of gliptins selectivity for DDP-4 in the development of BP as a result of exposure to these drugs. Future preclinical and clinical studies are needed for a better understanding of this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Faizan Mazhar
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Arzenton
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Ugo Moretti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Lecco , Italy
| | - Giulia Mosini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Olivia Leoni
- Regional Pharmacovigilance Center of Lombardy , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco Scatigna
- Specialisation School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università di Milano , Milan , Italy.,Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Lecco , Italy
| | - Sonia Radice
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università di Milano , Milan , Italy
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Utilizing the Combination of Binding Kinetics and Micro-Pharmacokinetics Link in Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition to in Vivo Target Occupancy. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090493. [PMID: 31527517 PMCID: PMC6770063 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds with good inhibitory activity (i.e., high affinity) within in vitro experiments failed in vivo studies due to a lack of efficacy from limited target occupancy (TO) in the drug discovery process. Recently, it was found that rate constants of the formation and dissociation of the binary drug-target complex, rather than affinity, often govern in vivo efficacy. Therefore, the binding kinetics (BK) properties of compound-target interaction are emerging as a pivotal parameter. However, it is obvious that BK rate constants of the compound against target would not be directly linked to the in vivo TO unless the compound concentration in the target vicinity at any time point (TPK) can be evaluated. Here, we developed a novel simulation model to quantitate the dynamic change of target engagement over time in rat with a combined use of BK and TPK features of Epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the basis of α-glucosidase (AGH). Analysis of the results displayed that the percent of maximum AGH occupancies by the ECG were varied significantly from 48.9 to 95.3% and by the EGCG slightly from 96 to 99.8%; that the time course of above 70% engagement by ECG spanned a range from 0 to 0.64 h and by EGCG a range of 1.5 to 8.9 h in four different intestinal segments of the rat. It was clearly analyzed how each parameter in the simulation model effected on the in vivo the AGH engagement by ECG and EGCG. Our results provide a novel approach for assessing the potential inhibitory activity of the compounds against AGH.
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IJzerman AP, Guo D. Drug-Target Association Kinetics in Drug Discovery. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:861-871. [PMID: 31101454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The important role of ligand-receptor binding kinetics in drug design and discovery is increasingly recognized by the drug research community. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has shown that optimizing the ligand's dissociation rate constant can lead to desirable duration of in vivo target occupancy and, hence, improved pharmacodynamic properties. However, the association rate constant as a pharmacological principle remains less investigated, whereas it can play an equally important role in the selection of drug candidates. This review provides a compilation and discussion of otherwise scarce and dispersed information on this topic, bringing to light the importance of drug-target association in kinetics-directed drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Abstract
There remains an ongoing controversy regarding the safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and the risk of developing heart failure (HF). In addition, none of the animal studies suggested a mechanism for the DPP-4 inhibitors and HF risk. To date, advances in pharmacogenomics have enabled the identification of genetic variants in DPP-4 gene. Studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding DPP-4 may be associated with potential pathways involved in HF risk. This review discusses the contradictory findings of DPP-4 inhibitors and HF and a potential role for pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics of DPP-4 inhibitors is promising, and genetic information from randomized control trials is urgently needed to gain a full understanding of the safety of DPP-4 inhibitors and the risk of HF.
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12
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De S, Banerjee S, Kumar SA, Paira P. Critical Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV: A Therapeutic Target for Diabetes and Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:88-97. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180423112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an emerging predator and affecting around 422 million adults worldwide.
Higher levels of circulating insulin and increased pressure on the pancreas to produce insulin
have been inferred as possible etiology for diabetes leading to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. Out of
several drug targets in hypoglycemic discovery, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has been considered
an emerging target. It is a protease enzyme which inactivates incretin hormones i.e., Glucagonlike
peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP). Inhibition of DPP-4
results in the longer action of GLP-1 and GIP, therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors play an important role in
maintaining glucose homeostasis. In comparison to early oral hypoglycemic, DPP-IV inhibitors are
well tolerated and provide a better glycemic control over a longer period. These enzymes are expressed
in a dimeric form on the surface of different cells such as prostate, liver and small intestinal
epithelium cells. Disruption of the local signaling environment is an emerging factor in cancer development.
Till date, not even a single DPP-IV inhibitor as anticancer has been developed. This review
focuses on various features of the enzyme and their suitable inhibitors for target disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol-713301, West Bengal, India
| | - S.K. Ashok Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kong L, Berg FJ. Identification of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide amide metabolites in liver microsomes of human, Rhesus Monkey, Sprague-Dawley rat and CD1 mouse using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1096:80-87. [PMID: 30149298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a fragment derived from a larger peptide hormone, cholecystokinin (or gastrin). As a panicogenic agent, CCK-4 is commonly used in clinic settings to induce panic attacks for the study of new anxiolytic drugs. However, few studies on CCK-4 metabolism have been published to date. In the present study, we investigate the metabolism of CCK-4 in liver microsomes of human (HLM), Rhesus Monkey (RMLM), Sprague-Dawley rat (RLM) and CD1 mouse (MLM) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spetrometer. Ten metabolites, inlcuding tryptophan (M1), tryptophan amide (M2), hydroxy metabolites (M3-M5), truncated peptides (M6-M9), and CCK-4 acid (M10), were identified and 8 of them were reported for the first time. The metabolic pattern of CCK-4 in HLM was distinctly different from these in RMLM, RLM, and MLM. M2 and M9 were the major metabolites in HLM and accounted for 19.8% and 13.4% of initial CCK-4, respectively. In contrast, M2 was the major metabolite in RMLM and accounted for 41.4%, whereas M6 was the major metabolite in RLM and account for 39.1%. Three major metabolites M2, M7 and M8 in MLM accounted for 22.6%, 17.9% and 17.8% of initial CCK-4, respectively. Chemical inhibition experiment showed that aminopeptidase and/or endopeptidase hydrolysis were the major metabolic pathways in human to generate these metabolites. We further showed that cytochrome P450 were also involved in the metabolism of CCK-4 via hydroxylation, but to a less extend. These findings provide valuable information for the metabolic processes of CCK-4 among various species and an important reference basis for its safety evaluation and rational clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kong
- Research and Technology Directorate, U. S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424, United States.
| | - Frederic J Berg
- Research and Technology Directorate, U. S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424, United States
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Zhu MR, Zhou J, Jin Y, Gao LH, Li L, Yang JR, Lu CM, Zhao QH, Xie MJ. A manganese-salen complex as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1232-1239. [PMID: 30171949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A manganese Schiff base complex with N,N'-1,2-phenylenediamine-bis(salicyladimine) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. This complex was administered intragastrically to alloxan-diabetic mice 3 weeks. In vivo tests showed that the complex significantly lowered serum glucose levels in alloxan-diabetic mice at doses of 77 mg V kg-1. Meanwhile, this complex was investigated as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compound exhibit moderate inhibition against DPP-IV and possessed an IC50 value of 30 μM. Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the inhibition kinetics data demonstrated that it was a noncompetitive inhibitor of DPP-IV and Ki value was 136.3 μM. Moreover, molecular modeling studies suggested that the complex could fit well within the active-site cleft of DPP-IV. An acute toxicity study showed that animals treated intragastically with complex 1 at a dose of 5.0 g/kg did not show any significantly abnormal signs. These preliminary results suggest that the manganese Schiff base complex can induce a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Hui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Ru Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Hua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Jin Xie
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
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15
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Maciejewski BS, Manion TB, Steppan CM. Pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 and insights into postprandial gut peptide secretion. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:161-175. [PMID: 29184702 PMCID: PMC5696614 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the role that enzyme Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) plays in postprandial gut peptide secretion and signaling.
METHODS The standard experimental paradigm utilized to evaluate the incretin response was a lipid challenge. Following a lipid challenge, plasma was collected via cardiac puncture at each time point from a cohort of 5-8 mice per group from baseline at time zero to 10 h. Incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] were then quantitated. The impact of pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 on the incretin effect was evaluated in WT mice. Additionally, a comparison of loss of DGAT1 function either by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition. To further elucidate the pathways and mechanisms involved in the incretin response to DGAT1 inhibition, other interventions [inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (sitagliptin), pancreatic lipase (Orlistat), GPR119 knockout mice] were evaluated.
RESULTS DGAT1 deficient mice and wildtype C57/BL6J mice were lipid challenged and levels of both active and total GLP-1 in the plasma were increased. This response was further augmented with DGAT1 inhibitor PF-04620110 treated wildtype mice. Furthermore, PF-04620110 was able to dose responsively increase GLP-1 and PYY, but blunt GIP at all doses of PF-04620110 during lipid challenge. Combination treatment of PF-04620110 and Sitagliptin in wildtype mice during a lipid challenge synergistically enhanced postprandial levels of active GLP-1. In contrast, in a combination study with Orlistat, the ability of PF-04620110 to elicit an enhanced incretin response was abrogated. To further explore this observation, GPR119 knockout mice were evaluated. In response to a lipid challenge, GPR119 knockout mice exhibited no increase in active or total GLP-1 and PYY. However, PF-04620110 was able to increase total GLP-1 and PYY in GPR119 knockout mice as compared to vehicle treated wildtype mice.
CONCLUSION Collectively, these data provide some insight into the mechanism by which inhibition of DGAT1 enhances intestinal hormone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Maciejewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tara B Manion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
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16
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Rea D, Van Elzen R, De Winter H, Van Goethem S, Landuyt B, Luyten W, Schoofs L, Van Der Veken P, Augustyns K, De Meester I, Fülöp V, Lambeir AM. Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:482-491. [PMID: 28826083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with chronic periodontitis. Clinical isolates of P. gingivalis strains with high dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression also had a high capacity for biofilm formation and were more infective. The X-ray crystal structure of P. gingivalis DPP4 was solved at 2.2 Å resolution. Despite a sequence identity of 32%, the overall structure of the dimer was conserved between P. gingivalis DPP4 and mammalian orthologues. The structures of the substrate binding sites were also conserved, except for the region called S2-extensive, which is exploited by specific human DPP4 inhibitors currently used as antidiabetic drugs. Screening of a collection of 450 compounds as inhibitors revealed a structure-activity relationship that mimics in part that of mammalian DPP9. The functional similarity between human and bacterial DPP4 was confirmed using 124 potential peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Van Goethem
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Walter Luyten
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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17
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Xie MJ, Zhu MR, Lu CM, Jin Y, Gao LH, Li L, Zhou J, Li FF, Zhao QH, Liu HK, Sadler PJ, Sanchez-Cano C. Synthesis and characterization of oxidovanadium complexes as enzyme inhibitors targeting dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 175:29-35. [PMID: 28692886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two oxidovanadium(IV) complexes carrying Schiff base ligands obtained from the condensation of 4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,2-diamine and salicylaldehyde derivatives were synthesised and characterised, including their X-ray crystallographic structures. They were evaluated as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These compounds were moderate inhibitors of DPP-IV, with IC50 values of ca. 40μM. In vivo tests showed that complexes 1 and 2 could lower significantly the level of glucose in the blood of alloxan-diabetic mice at doses of 22.5mgV·kg-1 and 29.6mgV·kg-1, respectively. Moreover, molecular modeling studies suggested that the oxidovanadium complexes 1 and 2 could fit well into the active-site cleft of the kinase domain of DPP-IV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of vanadium complexes capable of inhibiting DPP-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jin Xie
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ming-Rong Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Hui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan-Fang Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Hua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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18
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Vanderheyden PML, Benachour N. Influence of the cellular environment on ligand binding kinetics at membrane-bound targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3621-3628. [PMID: 28666735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While historically 'in vitro' binding data were obtained by analyzing equilibrium experiments, kinetic data are increasingly appreciated to provide information on the time a particular compound remains bound to its target. This information is of biological importance to understand the molecular mechanism of a drug not only to evaluate the time a particular receptor/enzyme is blocked in the case of antagonists/inhibitors but also to investigate its contribution to the efficacy to mediate signaling in the case of agonists. There is accumulating evidence that many drugs binding to either membrane-bound receptors or enzymes are found to display long duration of action which can be ascribed to slow dissociation from their target proteins. In the present review three such examples are discussed which encompass ligands that bind to membrane-bound proteins and from which it appears that the tight binding kinetics is influenced by the cellular/membrane environment of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Research Group of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB-MBFA, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nerdjes Benachour
- Research Group of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB-MBFA, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Van Elzen R, Schoenmakers E, Brandt I, Van Der Veken P, Lambeir AM. Ligand-induced conformational changes in prolyl oligopeptidase: a kinetic approach. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:217-224. [PMID: 28062644 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most kinetic studies of prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) were performed with the porcine enzyme using modified peptide substrates. Yet recent biophysical studies used the human homolog. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the kinetic behavior of human and porcine PREP, as well as to find a suitable method to study enzyme kinetics with an unmodified biological substrate. It was found that human PREP behaves identically to the porcine homolog, displaying a double bell-shaped pH profile and a pH-dependent solvent kinetic isotope effect of the kcat/Km, features that set it apart from the related exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). However, the empirical temperature coefficient Q10, describing the temperature dependency of the kinetic parameters and the non-linear Arrhenius plot of kcat/Km are common characteristics between PREP and DPP IV. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of microcalorimetry for measuring turn-over of proline containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Van Elzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Schoenmakers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - I Brandt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Van Der Veken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A M Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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20
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Sattigeri JA, Sethi S, Davis JA, Ahmed S, Rayasam GV, Jadhav BG, Chilla SM, Datta D, Gadhave A, Tulasi VK, Jain T, Voleti S, Benjamin B, Udupa S, Jain G, Singh Y, Srinivas K, Bansal VS, Ray A, Bhatnagar PK, Cliffe IA. Approaches towards the development of chimeric DPP4/ACE inhibitors for treating metabolic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2313-2318. [PMID: 28442252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing drug candidates exhibiting polypharmacology is one of the strategies adopted by medicinal chemists to address multifactorial diseases. Metabolic disease is one such multifactorial disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia among others. In this paper we report a new class of molecular framework combining the pharmacophoric features of DPP4 inhibitors with those of ACE inhibitors to afford potent dual inhibitors of DPP4 and ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra A Sattigeri
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India.
| | - Sachin Sethi
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Joseph A Davis
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Shahadat Ahmed
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Geeta V Rayasam
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Balasaheb G Jadhav
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Satya M Chilla
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - A Gadhave
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Vamshi K Tulasi
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Tarun Jain
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Sreedhara Voleti
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Biju Benjamin
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Sunitha Udupa
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Garima Jain
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Yogender Singh
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Kona Srinivas
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Vinay S Bansal
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Abhijit Ray
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Pradip K Bhatnagar
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
| | - Ian A Cliffe
- New Drug Discovery Research, R&D III, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
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21
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Kleppinger EL, Helms K. The Role of Vildagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 41:824-32. [PMID: 17456545 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1h460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To highlight the role of incretin hormones in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a focus on vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor currently in development. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE (1950–April 2007) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2007) using the key words vildagliptin, LAF237, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Additional data were obtained from abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions (2003–2006) and from the manufacturer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertaining to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of vildagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes were reviewed for inclusion. When available, human trials were included over animal studies. Data Synthesis: Reduced incretin effect is thought to be associated with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, stimulates postprandial insulin release; however, it is rapidly degraded by DPP IV. Studies evaluating the use of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes found significant decreases in DPP IV and increased GLP-1 activity 45 minutes after dosing. Glucagon levels were reduced, with little to no change in insulin levels. With vildagliptin doses ranging from 25 mg daily to 100 mg twice daily, researchers observed consistent reductions in fasting plasma glucose, 4 hour postprandial glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. Similar benefits were seen when vildagliptin was used in combination with metformin. Vildagliptin was well tolerated after 12 weeks; however, incidences of hypoglycemia increased with longer study duration. Optimal results with minimal adverse effects were achieved with 25 mg twice daily and 50 mg once daily doses. Conclusions: Vildagliptin represents a safe and effective new approach to targeting GLP-1 deficiencies in patients with type 2 diabetes by inhibiting DPP IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Kleppinger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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22
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Nojima H, Kanou K, Terashi G, Takeda-Shitaka M, Inoue G, Atsuda K, Itoh C, Iguchi C, Matsubara H. Comprehensive analysis of the Co-structures of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitor. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 27491540 PMCID: PMC4974693 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We comprehensively analyzed X-ray cocrystal structures of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) and its inhibitor to clarify whether DPP-4 alters its general or partial structure according to the inhibitor used and whether DPP-4 has a common rule for inhibitor binding. Results All the main and side chains in the inhibitor binding area were minimally altered, except for a few side chains, despite binding to inhibitors of various shapes. Some residues (Arg125, Glu205, Glu206, Tyr662 and Asn710) in the area had binding modes to fix a specific atom of inhibitor to a particular spatial position in DPP-4. We found two specific water molecules that were common to 92 DPP-4 structures. The two water molecules were close to many inhibitors, and seemed to play two roles: maintaining the orientation of the Glu205 and Glu206 side chains through a network via the water molecules, and arranging the inhibitor appropriately at the S2 subsite. Conclusions Our study based on high-quality resources may provide a necessary minimum consensus to help in the discovery of a novel DPP-4 inhibitor that is commercially useful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-016-0062-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nojima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Kanou
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.,Present address: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Genki Terashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mayuko Takeda-Shitaka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Gaku Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Koichiro Atsuda
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chihiro Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chie Iguchi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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23
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Sekar R, Singh K, Arokiaraj AWR, Chow BKC. Pharmacological Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, and Glucagon. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:279-341. [PMID: 27572131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon family of peptide hormones is a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides that exert their pleiotropic actions through interactions with unique members of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are key regulators of hormonal homeostasis and are important drug targets for metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and dysregulations of the nervous systems such as migraine, anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The current review aims to provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic advances of three members within this family including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A W R Arokiaraj
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - B K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Grimshaw CE, Jennings A, Kamran R, Ueno H, Nishigaki N, Kosaka T, Tani A, Sano H, Kinugawa Y, Koumura E, Shi L, Takeuchi K. Trelagliptin (SYR-472, Zafatek), Novel Once-Weekly Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes, Inhibits Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) via a Non-Covalent Mechanism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157509. [PMID: 27328054 PMCID: PMC4915685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trelagliptin (SYR-472), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, shows sustained efficacy by once-weekly dosing in type 2 diabetes patients. In this study, we characterized in vitro properties of trelagliptin, which exhibited approximately 4- and 12-fold more potent inhibition against human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 than alogliptin and sitagliptin, respectively, and >10,000-fold selectivity over related proteases including dipeptidyl peptidase-8 and dipeptidyl peptidase-9. Kinetic analysis revealed reversible, competitive and slow-binding inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 by trelagliptin (t1/2 for dissociation ≈ 30 minutes). X-ray diffraction data indicated a non-covalent interaction between dipeptidyl peptidase and trelagliptin. Taken together, potent dipeptidyl peptidase inhibition may partially contribute to sustained efficacy of trelagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Grimshaw
- Enzymology and Biophysical Chemistry, Takeda California, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andy Jennings
- Computational Sciences and Crystallography, Takeda California, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ruhi Kamran
- Enzymology and Biophysical Chemistry, Takeda California, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hikaru Ueno
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishigaki
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuo Kosaka
- Bio-Molecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tani
- Bio-Molecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sano
- Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kinugawa
- Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emiko Koumura
- Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lihong Shi
- Enzymology and Biophysical Chemistry, Takeda California, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Chen XW, He ZX, Zhou ZW, Yang T, Zhang X, Yang YX, Duan W, Zhou SF. Clinical pharmacology of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:999-1024. [PMID: 26173919 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve glycaemic control without causing weight gain or increasing hypoglycaemic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The eight available DPP-4 inhibitors, including alogliptin, anagliptin, gemigliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, and vildagliptin, are small molecules used orally with identical mechanism of action and similar safety profiles in patients with T2DM. DPP-4 inhibitors may be used as monotherapy or in double or triple combination with other oral glucose-lowering agents such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, or sulfonylureas. Although DPP-4 inhibitors have the same mode of action, they differ by some important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that may be clinically relevant in some patients. The main differences between the eight gliptins include: potency, target selectivity, oral bioavailability, elimination half-life, binding to plasma proteins, metabolic pathways, formation of active metabolite(s), main excretion routes, dosage adjustment for renal and liver insufficiency, and potential drug-drug interactions. The off-target inhibition of selective DPP-4 inhibitors is responsible for multiorgan toxicities such as immune dysfunction, impaired healing, and skin reactions. As a drug class, the DPP-4 inhibitors have become accepted in clinical practice due to their excellent tolerability profile, with a low risk of hypoglycaemia, a neutral effect on body weight, and once-daily dosing. It is unknown if DPP-4 inhibitors can prevent disease progression. More clinical studies are needed to validate the optimal regimens of DPP-4 inhibitors for the management of T2DM when their potential toxicities are closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Centre & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-Xue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Centre & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Han R, Wang X, Bachovchin W, Zukowska Z, Osborn JW. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 8/9 impairs preadipocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12348. [PMID: 26242871 PMCID: PMC4525143 DOI: 10.1038/srep12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are the primary cells in adipose tissue, and adipocyte dysfunction causes lipodystrophy, obesity and diabetes. The dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 family includes four enzymes, DPP4, DPP8, DPP9 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP). DPP4 family inhibitors have been used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes patients, but their role in adipocyte formation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the DPP8/9 selective inhibitor 1G244 blocks adipogenesis in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F422A, while DPP4 and FAP inhibitors have no effect. In addition, knockdown of DPP8 or DPP9 significantly impairs adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes. We further uncovered that blocking the expression or activities of DPP8 and DPP9 attenuates PPARγ2 induction during preadipocyte differentiation. Addition of PPARγ agonist thiazolidinediones (TZDs), or ectopic expression of PPARγ2, is able to rescue the adipogenic defect caused by DPP8/9 inhibition in preadipocytes. These results indicate the importance of DPP8 and DPP9 on adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Han
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zofia Zukowska
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John W Osborn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Nakamura Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji M, Udaka Y, Mihara M, Shimizu T, Inoue M, Goto Y, Gotoh H, Inagaki M, Oguchi K. Diabetes therapies in hemodialysis patients: Dipeptidase-4 inhibitors. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:840-9. [PMID: 26131325 PMCID: PMC4478579 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several previous studies have been published on the effects of dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients, the findings have yet to be reviewed comprehensively. Eyesight failure caused by diabetic retinopathy and aging-related dementia make multiple daily insulin injections difficult for HD patients. Therefore, we reviewed the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors with a focus on oral antidiabetic drugs as a new treatment strategy in HD patients with diabetes. The following 7 DPP-4 inhibitors are available worldwide: sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin, teneligliptin, anagliptin, and saxagliptin. All of these are administered once daily with dose adjustments in HD patients. Four types of oral antidiabetic drugs can be administered for combination oral therapy with DPP-4 inhibitors, including sulfonylureas, meglitinide, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Nine studies examined the antidiabetic effects in HD patients. Treatments decreased hemoglobin A1c and glycated albumin levels by 0.3% to 1.3% and 1.7% to 4.9%, respectively. The efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitor treatment is high among HD patients, and no patients exhibited significant severe adverse effects such as hypoglycemia and liver dysfunction. DPP-4 inhibitors are key drugs in new treatment strategies for HD patients with diabetes and with limited choices for diabetes treatment.
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Mo DW, Dong S, Sun H, Chen JS, Pang JX, Xi BM, Chen WH. Synthesis and potent inhibitory activities of carboxybenzyl-substituted 8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(2-chloro/cyanobenzyl)-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-diones as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1872-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
DPP-4 specifically degrades the incretin hormone GLP-1 and GIP, both of which are vital modulators of blood glucose homeostasis. Attributed to its potential biological function, DPP-4 inhibition has presently represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes and aroused a significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical stability, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties have been continuously emphasized during the long journey of R&D centered on DPP-4 inhibitors. The current landscape of the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is outlined in this review, with a focus on rational drug design and structural optimization to pursue chemical stability, selectivity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, the structure-activity relationships, based on reported DPP-4 inhibitors, will be discussed.
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Pabreja K, Mohd MA, Koole C, Wootten D, Furness SGB. Molecular mechanisms underlying physiological and receptor pleiotropic effects mediated by GLP-1R activation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1114-28. [PMID: 23889512 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes in developed countries is increasing yearly with a significant negative impact on patient quality of life and an enormous burden on the healthcare system. Current biguanide and thiazolidinedione treatments for type 2 diabetes have a number of clinical limitations, the most serious long-term limitation being the eventual need for insulin replacement therapy (Table 1). Since 2007, drugs targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor have been marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These drugs have enjoyed a great deal of success even though our underlying understanding of the mechanisms for their pleiotropic effects remain poorly characterized even while major pharmaceutical companies actively pursue small molecule alternatives. Coupling of the GLP-1 receptor to more than one signalling pathway (pleiotropic signalling) can result in ligand-dependent signalling bias and for a peptide receptor such as the GLP-1 receptor this can be exaggerated with the use of small molecule agonists. Better consideration of receptor signalling pleiotropy will be necessary for future drug development. This is particularly important given the recent failure of taspoglutide, the report of increased risk of pancreatitis associated with GLP-1 mimetics and the observed clinical differences between liraglutide, exenatide and the newly developed long-acting exenatide long acting release, albiglutide and dulaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pabreja
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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The emerging role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in cardiovascular protection: current position and perspectives. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 27:297-307. [PMID: 23645229 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 or CD26) inhibitors, a new class of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents that prolong the bioavailability of the endogenously secreted incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are effective in the treatment of diabetes. Accumulating data have indicated that DPP-4 inhibitors play important protective roles in the cardiovascular system. DPP-4 inhibitors act to decrease myocardial infarct size, stabilize the cardiac electrophysiological state during myocardial ischemia, reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury, and prevent left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Moreover, DPP-4 inhibitors can mobilize stem/progenitor cells to move to sites of cardiovascular injury, thus further promoting tissue repair. In addition, DPP-4 inhibitors not only improve myocardial metabolism but also regulate cardioactive peptides. DPP-4 inhibitors can also protect the vasculature through their anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects and through the ability of the inhibitors to promote vascular relaxation. Finally, the potential effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on blood pressure and lipid metabolism have also been investigated. However, some reports on the cardioprotective activities of DPP-4 inhibitors are controversial. Herein, we summarize the available data on cardiovascular protection by DPP-4 inhibitors that have emerged in recent years and discuss current position and future perspectives concerning the use of DPP-4 inhibitors in cardiovascular medicine.
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Patel BD, Ghate MD. Recent approaches to medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:574-605. [PMID: 24531198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is one of the widely explored novel targets for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) currently. Research has been focused on the strategy to preserve the endogenous glucagon like peptide (GLP)-1 activity by inhibiting the DPP-4 action. The DPP-4 inhibitors are weight neutral, well tolerated and give better glycaemic control over a longer duration of time compared to existing conventional therapies. The journey of DPP-4 inhibitors in the market started from the launch of sitagliptin in 2006 to latest drug teneligliptin in 2012. This review is mainly focusing on the recent medicinal aspects and advancements in the designing of DPP-4 inhibitors with the therapeutic potential of DPP-4 as a target to convey more clarity in the diffused data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Manjunath D Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
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Sharma M, Gupta M, Singh D, Kumar M, Kaur P. Synthesis, Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Prolyl-Fluoropyrrolidine Derivatives as Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:156-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Monica Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi; 110029; India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi; 110029; India
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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35
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Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012; 51:501-14. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Golightly LK, Drayna CC, McDermott MT. Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012. [PMID: 22686547 DOI: 10.2165/11632930-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors collectively comprise a presently unique form of disease management for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to compare the clinical pharmacokinetics of available DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin) for the purpose of identifying potential selection preferences according to individual patient variables and co-morbidities. DPP-4 inhibitors are readily absorbed orally. Following oral ingestion, absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine, with median times to maximum (peak) plasma concentration ranging from 1 to 3 hours. The fraction of each dose absorbed ranges from approximately 30% with linagliptin to 75-87% for all others. Numerical differences in maximum (peak) plasma drug concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve among the DPP-4 inhibitors vary by an order of magnitude. However, functional capacity measured in terms of glucose-lowering ability remains comparable among all available DPP-4 inhibitors. Distribution of DPP-4 inhibitors is strongly influenced by both lipophilicity and protein binding. Apparent volumes of distribution (V(d)) for most agents range from 70 to 300 L. Linagliptin exhibits a V(d) of more than 1000 L, indicating widespread distribution into tissues. Binding to target proteins in plasma and peripheral tissues exerts a major influence upon broadening linagliptin distribution. DPP-4 inhibitor metabolism is widely variable, with reported terminal half-lives ranging from approximately 3 to more than 200 hours. Complex relationships between rates of receptor binding and dissociation appear to strongly influence the durations of action of those DPP-4 inhibitors with comparatively shorter half-lives. Durations of activity often are not reflective of clearance and, with the exception of vildagliptin which may be administered either once daily in the evening or twice daily, these medications are effective when used with a once-daily dosing schedule. Saxagliptin and, to a lesser extent, sitagliptin are largely metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and 3A5 isoforms. With the exception of the primary hydroxylated metabolite of saxagliptin, which is 2-fold less potent than its parent molecule, metabolic products of hepatic biotransformation are minimally active and none appreciably contribute to either the therapeutic or the toxic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors. No DPP-4 inhibitor has been shown to inhibit or to induce hepatic CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Accordingly, the number of clinically significant drug-drug interactions associated with these agents is minimal, with only saxagliptin necessitating dose adjustment if administered concurrently with medications that strongly inhibit CYP3A4. Linagliptin undergoes enterohepatic cycling with a large majority (85%) of the absorbed dose eliminated in faeces via biliary excretion. Other DPP-4 inhibitors predominantly undergo renal excretion, with 60-85% of each dose eliminated as unchanged parent compound in the urine. Systematic reviews of clinical trials suggest that the overall efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes generally is similar. Apart from these generalizations, pharmacokinetic distinctions that potentially influence product selection are tentative. When considered in total, data reviewed in this report suggest that the best overall balance between potency and the clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics of distribution, metabolism and elimination may be observed with linagliptin followed closely by vildagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin and alogliptin.
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Furuta S, Smart C, Hackett A, Benning R, Warrington S. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]anagliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in humans. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:432-42. [PMID: 23075005 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.731618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1. The disposition of anagliptin, an orally active, highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, was investigated after a single oral dose of 100 mg/1.92 MBq [(14)C]anagliptin to six healthy men. Almost all the dose (98.2%) was recovered within 168 h: 73.2% in urine and 25.0% in faeces. 2. Anagliptin was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations of unchanged drug attained at a mean time of 1.8-h postdose. Mean fraction of the dose absorbed was >73%. Unchanged drug and a carboxylate metabolite (M1) were the major components in plasma, accounting for 66.0 and 23.4% of total plasma radioactivity area under the curve, respectively. 3. Anagliptin was incompletely metabolized, with about 50% dose eliminated as unchanged drug (46.6% in urine and 4.1% in faeces). Metabolism to M1 accounted for 29.2% of the dose. No other metabolite accounted for >1% dose in excreta or yielded measurable systemic exposure. Terminal half-life of anagliptin and M1 was 4.37 and 9.88 h, respectively. Renal clearance of unbound anagliptin and unbound M1 far exceeded glomerular filtration rate, indicating active renal elimination: that might reflect the fact that anagliptin may be a substrate of OAT1, OAT3, MDR1 and MRP2, and M1 a substrate of OAT3, BCRP, MRP2 and MRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Furuta
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co. Ltd, Mie, Japan.
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Sharma M, Gupta M, Singh D, Kumar M, Kaur P. Synthesis, Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Thiazolopyrimidine Derivatives as Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:918-28. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hocher B, Reichetzeder C, Alter ML. Renal and cardiac effects of DPP4 inhibitors--from preclinical development to clinical research. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 36:65-84. [PMID: 22947920 DOI: 10.1159/000339028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase (DDP-4) were developed and approved for the oral treatment of type 2 diabetes. Its mode of action is to inhibit the degradation of incretins, such as type 1 glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), and GIP. GLP-1 stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells and suppresses glucagon release from alpha-cells, thereby improving glucose control. Besides its action on the pancreas type 1 glucagon like peptide has direct effects on the heart, vessels and kidney mainly via the type 1 glucagon like peptide receptor (GLP-1R). Moreover, there are substrates of DPP-4 beyond incretins that have proven renal and cardiovascular effects such as BNP/ANP, NPY, PYY or SDF-1 alpha. Preclinical evidence suggests that DPP-4 inhibitors may be effective in acute and chronic renal failure as well as in cardiac diseases like myocardial infarction and heart failure. Interestingly, large cardiovascular meta-analyses of combined phase II/III clinical trials with DPP-4 inhibitors point all in the same direction: a potential reduction of cardiovascular events in patients treated with these agents. A pooled analysis of pivotal phase III, placebo-controlled, registration studies of linagliptin further showed a significant reduction of urinary albumin excretion after 24 weeks of treatment. The observation suggests direct renoprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibition that may go beyond its glucose-lowering potential. Type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors have been shown to be very well tolerated in general, but for those excreted via the kidney dose adjustments according to renal function are needed to avoid side effects. In conclusion, the direct cardiac and renal effects seen in preclinical studies as well as meta-analysis of clinical trials may offer additional potentials - beyond improvement of glycemic control - for this newer class of drugs, such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure as well as acute myocardial infarction and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Landersdorfer CB, He YL, Jusko WJ. Mechanism-based population pharmacokinetic modelling in diabetes: vildagliptin as a tight binding inhibitor and substrate of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:391-401. [PMID: 22442826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the pharmacokinetics of vildagliptin at different doses and build a mechanism-based population model that simultaneously describes vildagliptin pharmacokinetics and its effects on DPP-4 activity based on underlying physiology and biology. METHODS Vildagliptin concentrations and DPP-4 activity vs. time from 13 type 2 diabetic patients after oral vildagliptin 10, 25 or 100 mg and placebo twice daily for 28 days were co-modelled. NONMEM VI and S-ADAPT were utilized for population modelling. RESULTS A target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model accounting for capacity-limited high affinity binding of vildagliptin to DPP-4 in plasma and tissues had good predictive performance. Modelling the full time course of the vildagliptin-DPP-4 interaction suggested parallel vildagliptin dissociation from DPP-4 by a slow first-order process and hydrolysis by DPP-4 to an inactive metabolite as a disposition mechanism. Due to limited amounts of DPP-4, vildagliptin concentrations increased slightly more than dose proportionally. This newly proposed model and the parameter estimates are supported by published in vitro studies. Mean parameter estimates (inter-individual coefficient of variation) were: non-saturable clearance 36 l h−1 (25%), central volume of distribution 22 l (37%), half-life of dissociation from DPP-4 1.1 h (94%) and half-life of hydrolysis 6.3 h (81%). CONCLUSIONS Vildagliptin is both an inhibitor and substrate for DPP-4. By utilizing the TMDD approach, slow dissociation of vildagliptin from DPP-4 was found in patients and the half-life of hydrolysis by DPP-4 estimated. This model can be used to predict DPP-4 inhibition effects of other dosage regimens and be modified for other DPP-4 inhibitors to differentiate their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Method comparison of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity assays and their application in biological samples containing reversible inhibitors. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Baetta R, Corsini A. Pharmacology of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: similarities and differences. Drugs 2012; 71:1441-67. [PMID: 21812507 DOI: 10.2165/11591400-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, which enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells by preventing DPP-4-mediated degradation of endogenously released incretin hormones, represent a new therapeutic approach to the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The 'first-in-class' DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, was approved in 2006; it was followed by vildagliptin (available in the EU and many other countries since 2007, although approval in the US is still pending), saxagliptin (in 2009), alogliptin (in 2010, presently only in Japan) and linagliptin, which was approved in the US in May 2011 and is undergoing regulatory review in Japan and the EU. As the number of DPP-4 inhibitors on the market increases, potential differences among the different members of the class become important when deciding which agent is best suited for an individual patient. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated comparison of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of DPP-4 inhibitors, and to pinpoint pharmacological differences of potential interest for their use in therapy. Despite their common mechanism of action, these agents show significant structural heterogeneity that could translate into different pharmacological properties. At the pharmacokinetic level, DPP-4 inhibitors have important differences, including half-life, systemic exposure, bioavailability, protein binding, metabolism, presence of active metabolites and excretion routes. These differences could be relevant, especially in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, and when considering combination therapy. At the pharmacodynamic level, the data available so far indicate a similar glucose-lowering efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors, either as monotherapy or in combination with other hypoglycaemic drugs, a similar weight-neutral effect, and a comparable safety and tolerability profile. Data on nonglycaemic parameters are scant at present and do not allow a comparison among DPP-4 inhibitors. Several phase III trials of DPP-4 inhibitors are currently ongoing; these trials, along with post-marketing surveillance data, will hopefully increase our knowledge about the long-term efficacy and safety of DPP-4 inhibitor therapy, the effect on pancreatic cell function and peripheral glucose metabolism, and the effect on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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Clinical pharmacology of incretin therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for treatment. Clin Ther 2011; 33:528-76. [PMID: 21665041 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased understanding of the role of incretin hormones in maintaining glucose homeostasis has enabled the development of pharmacotherapies that target deficient incretin activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Incretin therapies are premised on 1 of 2 approaches: (1) augmenting the activity of the hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (GLP-1 receptor agonists) and (2) inhibiting the degradation of GLP-1 by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 (DPP-4 inhibitors). OBJECTIVE This review discusses the pharmacokinetic properties and clinical profiles of the GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide twice daily, liraglutide once daily, exenatide once weekly, taspoglutide, and albiglutide) and the DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, and alogliptin) available for use or in late-stage development. METHODS A search of PubMed for literature published between 2000 and mid-2010 was conducted using the names of each agent as key words. Phase III and IV studies were included in the review of efficacy and tolerability. Supplemental searches of abstracts from major diabetes conferences provided additional information on pharmacokinetic properties. Searches of all reference lists were performed to identify additional references of interest. RESULTS The PubMed search identified multiple randomized, controlled clinical studies of the GLP-1 receptor agonists and the DPP-4 inhibitors administered as monotherapy or in combination regimens. Reductions from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin ranged from 0.4% to 1.5% with exenatide 5 to 10 μg/d (7 studies), 0.6% to 1.5% with liraglutide 0.6 to 1.8 mg/d (6 studies), 0.3% to 1.0% with sitagliptin 25 to 200 mg/d (9 studies), 0.5% to 0.9% with saxagliptin 2.5 to 10 mg/d (3 studies), 0.4% to 1.0% with vildagliptin 50 to 100 mg/d (6 studies), and 0.4% to 0.8% with alogliptin 12.5 to 25 mg/d (4 studies). Dosage adjustments and caution in prescribing incretin therapies are recommended in patients with renal disease, with those recommendations varying based on the agent and the degree of dysfunction. Incretin therapies have been associated with few interactions with commonly used antihyperglycemic and cardiovascular therapies. CONCLUSION Based on the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic characteristics described in previously published Phase III and IV studies of incretin therapies, these agents may provide an option for the management of T2DM.
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Greene RJ, Tu H, Gibbs JP, Greg Slatter J. Target-mediated metabolism and target-mediated drug disposition of the DPPIV inhibitor AMG 222. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:945-57. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.597455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Davis JA, Singh S, Sethi S, Roy S, Mittra S, Rayasam G, Bansal V, Sattigeri J, Ray A. Nature of action of Sitagliptin, the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor in diabetic animals. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 42:229-33. [PMID: 20927248 PMCID: PMC2941613 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.68425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor sitagliptin with respect to mode of inhibition and its in vivo duration of inhibition and efficacy in type 2 diabetes animal model. Materials and Methods: DPP-IV enzyme assay was carried out in human plasma (10 μL) or human recombinant enzyme (10 ng) using H-Gly-Pro-AMC as a substrate. The competitive nature was estimated by plotting IC50 values measured at different substrate concentrations on the Y axis and substrate concentration on the X axis. The tight binding nature was estimated by plotting IC50 values measured at different plasma volumes on the Y axis and plasma volumes on the X axis. Fast binding kinetics was assessed by progressive curves at different inhibitor concentrations in the DPP-IV assay. The reversibility of the inhibitor was assessed by a dissociation study of the DPP-IV-sitagliptin complex. Durations of DPP-IV inhibition and efficacy were shown in ob/ob mice dosed at 10 mg/kg, p.o. Results: Sitagliptin is a competitive, reversible, fast and tight binding DPP-IV inhibitor. In ob/ob mice, 10 mg/kg, (p.o.) showed a long duration of inhibition of > 70% at 8 h. The duration was translated into long duration of efficacy (~ 35% glucose excursion at 8 h) in the same model and the effect was comparable to vildagliptin. Conclusion: The DPP-IV inhibitor sitagliptin behaves as a competitive, tight, and fast binding inhibitor. Sitagliptin differs mechanistically from vildagliptin and exhibits comparable efficacy to that of latter. The finding may give an understanding to develop-second generation DPP-IV inhibitors with desired kinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Okawada M, Holst JJ, Teitelbaum DH. Administration of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor enhances the intestinal adaptation in a mouse model of short bowel syndrome. Surgery 2011; 150:217-23. [PMID: 21719060 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-2 induces small intestine mucosal epithelial cell proliferation and may have benefit for patients who suffer from short bowel syndrome. However, glucagon-like peptide-2 is inactivated rapidly in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Therefore, we hypothesized that selectively inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV would prolong the circulating life of glucagon-like peptide-2 and lead to increased intestinal adaptation after development of short bowel syndrome. METHODS Eight-week old C57BL/6J mice underwent a 50% proximal small bowel resection and were treated with either sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor, starting 1 day before surgery versus placebo. The efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor was assessed 3 days after resection, including intestinal morphology, epithelial cell apoptosis, and epithelial cell proliferation. Adaptive mechanisms were assessed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and plasma bioactive glucagon-like peptide-2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Body weight loss and peripheral blood glucose levels did not change compared with short bowel syndrome controls. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor treatment led to significant increases in villus height and crypt depth. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor treatment did not change EC apoptosis rates significantly, but it did increase crypt epithelial cell proliferation significantly versus placebo-short bowel syndrome controls. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor treatment markedly increased messenger RNA expression of β-catenin and c-myc in ileal mucosa. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 levels increased significantly (∼ 40.9%) in dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor short bowel syndrome mice. CONCLUSION Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitor treatment increased short bowel syndrome adaptation and might potentially be useful for short bowel syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
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Fibroblast activation protein-α promotes tumor growth and invasion of breast cancer cells through non-enzymatic functions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:567-79. [PMID: 21604185 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a cell surface, serine protease of the post-prolyl peptidase family that is expressed in human breast cancer but not in normal tissues. Previously, we showed that FAP expression increased tumor growth rates in a mouse model of human breast cancer. Here the role of the proteolytic activities of FAP in promoting tumor growth, matrix degradation and invasion was investigated. Mammary fat pads of female SCID mice were inoculated with breast cancer cells that express FAP and the mice treated with normal saline or Val-boroPro (talabostat); Glu-boroPro (PT-630); or 1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (LAF-237) that inhibit prolyl peptidases. Other mice were injected with breast cancer cells expressing a catalytically inactive mutant of FAP and did not receive inhibitor treatment. PT-630 and LAF-237 did not slow growth of tumors produced by any of the three cell lines expressing FAP. Talabostat slightly decreased the growth rates of the FAP-expressing tumors but because PT-630 and LAF-237 did not, the growth retardation was likely not related to the inhibition of FAP or the related post-prolyl peptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Breast cancer cells expressing a catalytically inactive mutant of FAP (FAP(S624A)) also produced tumors that grew rapidly. In vitro studies revealed that cells expressing wild type FAP or FAP(S624A) degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) more extensively, accumulate higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in conditioned medium, are more invasive in type I collagen gels, and have altered signaling compared to control transfectants that do not express FAP and form slow growing tumors. We conclude that the proteolytic activity of FAP participates in matrix degradation, but other functions of the protein stimulate increased tumor growth.
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Enzymatic preparation of 5-hydroxy-l-proline, N-Cbz-5-hydroxy-l-proline, and N-boc-5-hydroxy-l-proline from (α-N-protected)-l-ornithine using a transaminase or an amine oxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Singh S, Sethi S, Khanna V, Benjamin B, Kant R, Sattigeri J, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK, Davis JA. RBx-0597, a potent, selective and slow-binding inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 652:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tajima A, Yamamoto K, Kozakai A, Okumura-Kitajima L, Mita Y, Kitano K, Jingu S, Nakaike S. (2S,4S)-4-Fluoro-1-{[(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile monobenzenesulfonate (TS-021) is a selective and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 655:99-107. [PMID: 21262219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has significant roles in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism, and the active form of GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV. Therefore, DPP-IV inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the character of a DPP-IV inhibitor, TS-021, (2S, 4S)-4-fluoro-1-{[(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile monobenzenesulfonate both in vitro and in vivo. TS-021 inhibits DPP-IV activity in human plasma with an IC(50) value of 5.34nM. In kinetics experiments, TS-021 had a relatively higher dissociation rate constant, with a k(off) value of 1.09×10(-3)s, despite exhibiting a potent human plasma DPP-IV inhibition activity with a K(i) value of 4.96nM. TS-021 exhibited significant inhibition selectivity against DPP-8 (>600 fold), DPP-9 (>1200 fold) and other peptidases examined (>15,000 fold). In normal rats, dogs and monkeys, a single oral dose of TS-021 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. In Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats, a rat model of obesity and impaired glucose tolerance, the oral administration of TS-021 resulted in the suppression of plasma DPP-IV activity and an increase in the active form of GLP-1. Furthermore, TS-021 exhibited a significant improvement in glucose tolerance by increasing the plasma insulin level during oral glucose tolerance tests at doses of 0.02-0.5mg/kg. These results suggest that TS-021 is a selective and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor and has excellent characteristics as an oral anti-diabetic agent for postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tajima
- Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
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