1
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Van Elzen R, Konijnenberg A, Van der Veken P, Edgeworth MJ, Scrivens JH, Fülöp V, Sobott F, Lambeir AM. Study of the Conformational Dynamics of Prolyl Oligopeptidase by Mass Spectrometry: Lessons Learned. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10436-10446. [PMID: 38783480 PMCID: PMC11215766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) can be used to analyze native proteins according to their size and shape. By sampling individual molecules, it allows us to study mixtures of conformations, as long as they have different collision cross sections and maintain their native conformation after dehydration and vaporization in the mass spectrometer. Even though conformational heterogeneity of prolyl oligopeptidase has been demonstrated in solution, it is not detectable in IM-MS. Factors that affect the conformation in solution, binding of an active site ligand, the stabilizing Ser554Ala mutation, and acidification do not qualitatively affect the collision-induced unfolding pattern. However, measuring the protection of accessible cysteines upon ligand binding provides a principle for the development of MS-based ligand screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory
of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Albert Konijnenberg
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew J. Edgeworth
- Waters/Warwick
Centre for BioMedical Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, School of
Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - James H. Scrivens
- Waters/Warwick
Centre for BioMedical Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, School of
Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Frank Sobott
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory
of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Pätsi HT, Kilpeläinen TP, Jumppanen M, Uhari-Väänänen J, Wielendaele PV, De Lorenzo F, Cui H, Auno S, Saharinen J, Seppälä E, Sipari N, Savinainen J, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Myöhänen TT, Wallén EAA. 5-Aminothiazoles Reveal a New Ligand-Binding Site on Prolyl Oligopeptidase Which is Important for Modulation of Its Protein-Protein Interaction-Derived Functions. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5421-5436. [PMID: 38546708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel 5-aminothiazole-based ligands for prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) comprise selective, potent modulators of the protein-protein interaction (PPI)-mediated functions of PREP, although they are only weak inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of PREP. The disconnected structure-activity relationships are significantly more pronounced for the 5-aminothiazole-based ligands than for the earlier published 5-aminooxazole-based ligands. Furthermore, the stability of the 5-aminothiazole scaffold allowed exploration of wider substitution patterns than that was possible with the 5-aminooxazole scaffold. The intriguing structure-activity relationships for the modulation of the proteolytic activity and PPI-derived functions of PREP were elaborated by presenting a new binding site for PPI modulating PREP ligands, which was initially discovered using molecular modeling and later confirmed through point mutation studies. Our results suggest that this new binding site on PREP is clearly more important than the active site of PREP for the modulation of its PPI-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri T Pätsi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi P Kilpeläinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Jumppanen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Uhari-Väänänen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francesca De Lorenzo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hengjing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Samuli Auno
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Saharinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erin Seppälä
- School of Medicine/Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 8, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Savinainen
- School of Medicine/Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 8, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A A Wallén
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Zolotov NN, Schepetkin IA, Voronina TA, Pozdnev VF, Khlebnikov AI, Krylova IV, Quinn MT. Therapeutic Effect of Novel Cyanopyrrolidine-Based Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors in Rat Models of Amnesia. Front Chem 2022; 9:780958. [PMID: 35004610 PMCID: PMC8727363 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.780958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a large cytosolic serine peptidase that is altered in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonian syndrome, muscular dystrophies, and other denervating diseases. Thus, POP may represent a relevant therapeutic target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the characterization of five novel cyanopyrrolidine-based compounds (BocTrpPrdN, BocGlyPrdN, CbzMetPrdN, CbzGlnPrdN, and CbzAlaPrdN) and show that they are potent inhibitors of POP and are predicted to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Indeed, we show that CbzMetPrdN penetrates the rat BBB and effectively inhibits POP in the brain when administered intraperitoneally. Furthermore, molecular modeling confirmed these compounds likely inhibit POP via interaction with the POP catalytic site. We evaluated protective effects of the cyanopyrrolidine-based POP inhibitors using scopolamine- and maximal electroshock-induced models of amnesia in rats and showed that BocTrpPrdN, BocGlyPrdN, CbzMetPrdN, and CbzGlnPrdN significantly prolonged conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) retention time when administered intraperitoneally (1 and 2 mg/kg) before evaluation in both models of amnesia, although CbzAlaPrdN was not effective in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Our data support previous reports on the antiamnesic effects of prolinal-based POP inhibitors and indicate an important role of POP in the regulation of learning and memory processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | | | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,Institute of Pharmacy, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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De Hert E, Bracke A, Lambeir AM, Van der Veken P, De Meester I. The C-terminal cleavage of angiotensin II and III is mediated by prolyl carboxypeptidase in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114738. [PMID: 34418354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system, with the octapeptide angiotensin II as key player, is important in the renal, cardiac and vascular physiology. Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are reported to be involved in the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin (1-7). Previous investigations showed that the processing of angiotensin II is cell- and species-specific and little is known about its conversion in human endothelial cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the C-terminal processing of angiotensin II and III in comparison to the processing of des-Arg9-bradykinin in human endothelial cells. To this end, human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells (HUVEC and HAoEC) were incubated with the peptides for different time periods. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the supernatants to check for cleavage products. Contribution of PRCP, ACE2 and PREP to the peptide cleavage was evaluated by use of the selective inhibitors compound 8o, DX600 and KYP-2047. The use of these selective inhibitors revealed that the C-terminal cleavage of angiotensin II and III was PRCP-dependent in HUVEC and HAoEC. In contrast, the C-terminal cleavage of des-Arg9-bradykinin was PRCP-dependent in HUVEC and PRCP- and ACE2-dependent in HAoEC. With this study, we contribute to a better understanding of the processing of peptides involved in the alternative renin-angiotensin system. We conclude that PRCP is the main enzyme for the C-terminal processing of angiotensin peptides in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells. For the first time the contribution of PRCP was investigated by use of a selective PRCP-inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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5
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De Hert E, De Meester I. Use of Nonspecific Protease Inhibitors in Research: An Underestimated Problem. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:542-543. [PMID: 34325847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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KYP-2047, an Inhibitor of Prolyl-Oligopeptidase, Reduces GlioBlastoma Proliferation through Angiogenesis and Apoptosis Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143444. [PMID: 34298658 PMCID: PMC8306782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain tumor characterized by necrosis, excessive proliferation, and invasiveness. Despite relevant progress in conventional treatments, the survival rate for patients with GB remains low. The present study investigated the potential effect of KYP-2047, an inhibitor of the prolyl-oligopeptidase (POP or PREP), in an in vivo U87-xenograft model and in an in vitro study on human GB cells. This study demonstrated the abilities of KYP-2047 to counteract and reduce GB progression through angiogenesis and apoptosis modulation. Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by excessive proliferation, necrosis and invasiveness. The survival rate for patients with GB still remains low. Angiogenesis and apoptosis play a key role in the development of GB. Thus, the modulation of angiogenesis and apoptosis processes represent a possible strategy to counteract GB progression. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of KYP-2047, an inhibitor of the prolyl-oligopeptidase (POP), known to modulate angiogenesis, in an in vivo U87-xenograft model and in an in vitro study on human GB cells. Our results showed that KYP-2047 at doses of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg was able to reduce tumor burden in the xenograft-model. Moreover, KYP-2047 significantly reduced vascular endothelial-growth-factor (VEGF), angiopoietins (Ang) and endothelial-nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. In vitro study revealed that KYP-2047 at different concentrations reduced GB cells’ viability. Additionally, KYP-2047 at the concentrations of 50 µM and 100 µM was able to increase the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, p53 and caspase-3 expression whereas Bcl-2 expression was reduced. Thus, KYP-2047 could represent a potential therapeutic treatment to counteract or reduce GB progression, thanks its abilities to modulate angiogenesis and apoptosis pathways.
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De Hert E, Bracke A, Pintelon I, Janssens E, Lambeir AM, Van Der Veken P, De Meester I. Prolyl Carboxypeptidase Mediates the C-Terminal Cleavage of (Pyr)-Apelin-13 in Human Umbilical Vein and Aortic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136698. [PMID: 34206648 PMCID: PMC8268575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human endothelial cells with respect to the role and subcellular location of prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP). Human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, pre-treated with prolyl carboxypeptidase-inhibitor compound 8o and/or angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-inhibitor DX600, were incubated with (pyr)-apelin-13 for different time periods. Cleavage products of (pyr)-apelin-13 in the supernatant were identified by mass spectrometry. The subcellular location of PRCP was examined via immunocytochemistry. In addition, PRCP activity was measured in supernatants and cell lysates of LPS-, TNFα-, and IL-1β-stimulated cells. PRCP cleaved (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, while ACE2 only contributed to this cleavage in aortic endothelial cells. PRCP was found in endothelial cell lysosomes. Pro-inflammatory stimulation induced the secretion of PRCP in the extracellular environment of endothelial cells, while its intracellular level remained intact. In conclusion, PRCP, observed in endothelial lysosomes, is responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, while in aortic endothelial cells ACE2 also contributes to this cleavage. These results pave the way to further elucidate the relevance of the C-terminal Phe of (pyr)-apelin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3265-2741
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8
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Kilpeläinen TP, Tyni JK, Lahtela-Kakkonen MK, Eteläinen TS, Myöhänen TT, Wallén EAA. Tetrazole as a Replacement of the Electrophilic Group in Characteristic Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1635-1640. [PMID: 31857839 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Phenylbutanoyl-aminoacyl-2(S)-tetrazolylpyrrolidines were studied as prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors. The compounds were more potent than expected from the assumption that the tetrazole would also here be a bioisostere of the carboxylic acid group and the corresponding carboxylic acids are at their best only weak inhibitors. The aminoacyl groups l-prolyl and l-alanyl gave potent inhibitors with IC50 values of 12 and 129 nM, respectively. This was in line with typical prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors; however, we did observe a difference with N-methyl-l-alanyl, which gave potent inhibitors in typical prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors but not in our novel compound series. Furthermore, all studied 4-phenylbutanoyl-aminoacyl-2(S)-tetrazolylpyrrolidines decreased α-synuclein dimerization at the concentration of 10 μM, also when they were only weak inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of the enzyme with an IC50 value of 205 μM. Molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds are likely to bind differently to the enzyme compared to typical prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors represented in this study by 4-phenylbutanoyl-aminoacyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi P. Kilpeläinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna K. Tyni
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija K. Lahtela-Kakkonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tony S. Eteläinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T. Myöhänen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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The development and validation of a combined kinetic fluorometric activity assay for fibroblast activation protein alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:154-160. [PMID: 30981844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast activiation protein alpha (FAP) is considered a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for various types of cancer. FAP shares substrate specificity with prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), studied in (neuro)inflammation and neurodegeneration as well as cancer. Current assays inadequately discriminate between FAP and PREP and there is need for an assay that reliably quantitates the FAP/PREP activity ratio in plasma. METHODS FAP and PREP activities were measured in human EDTA-plasma in presence of well characterized PREP and FAP inhibitors. RESULTS A combined kinetic assay was developed in conditions to optimally measure FAP as well as PREP activity with Z-Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate. Limit of detection was 0.009 U/L and limit of quantitation was 0.027 U/L for the combined FAP-PREP assay. Within-run coefficient of variation was 3% and 4% and between-run precision was 7% and 12% for PREP and FAP, respectively. Accuracy was demonstrated by comparison with established end-point assays. Hemolysis interferes with the assay with 1.5 g/L hemoglobin as cut-off value. PREP (but not FAP) activity can increase upon lysis of platelets and red blood cells during sample preparation. CONCLUSION With this new assay, on average 67% of the Z-Gly-Pro-AMC converting activity in plasma can be attributed to FAP.
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10
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Natunen TA, Gynther M, Rostalski H, Jaako K, Jalkanen AJ. Extracellular prolyl oligopeptidase derived from activated microglia is a potential neuroprotection target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:40-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu A. Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Aaro J. Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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11
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Guardiola S, Prades R, Mendieta L, Brouwer AJ, Streefkerk J, Nevola L, Tarragó T, Liskamp RM, Giralt E. Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP): Discovery of Sulfonylfluoride Peptidomimetics. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1031-1037.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Bainbridge TW, Dunshee DR, Kljavin NM, Skelton NJ, Sonoda J, Ernst JA. Selective Homogeneous Assay for Circulating Endopeptidase Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP). Sci Rep 2017; 7:12524. [PMID: 28970566 PMCID: PMC5624913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound serine protease whose expression is often elevated in activated fibroblasts associated with tissue remodeling in various common diseases such as cancer, arthritis and fibrosis. Like the closely related dipeptidyl peptidase DPPIV, the extracellular domain of FAP can be released into circulation as a functional enzyme, and limited studies suggest that the circulating level of FAP correlates with the degree of tissue fibrosis. Here we describe a novel homogeneous fluorescence intensity assay for circulating FAP activity based on a recently identified natural substrate, FGF21. This assay is unique in that it can effectively distinguish endopeptidase activity of FAP from that of other related enzymes such as prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) and was validated using Fap-deficient mice. Structural modeling was used to elucidate the mechanistic basis for the observed specificity in substrate recognition by FAP, but not by DPPIV or PREP. Finally, the assay was used to detect elevated FAP activity in human patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and to determine the effectiveness of a chemical inhibitor for FAP in mice. We propose that the assay presented here could thus be utilized for diagnosis of FAP-related pathologies and for the therapeutic development of FAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noelyn M Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas J Skelton
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Junichiro Sonoda
- Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - James A Ernst
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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13
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Prolyl oligopeptidase and its role in the organism: attention to the most promising and clinically relevant inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), also called prolyl endopeptidase, is a cytosolic enzyme investigated by several research groups. It has been proposed to play an important role in physiological processes such as modulation of the levels of several neuronal peptides and hormones containing a proline residue. Due to its proteolytic activity and physiological role in cell signaling pathways, inhibition of POP offers an emerging approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as other diseases related to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it may also represent an interesting target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and as an antiangiogenesis or antineoplastic agent. In this review paper, we summarized naturally occurring POP inhibitors together with peptide-like inhibitors and their biological effects. Some of them have shown promising results and interesting pharmacological profiles. However, to date, there is no POP inhibitor available on the market although several clinical trials have been undertaken.
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Dynamics and ligand-induced conformational changes in human prolyl oligopeptidase analyzed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2456. [PMID: 28550305 PMCID: PMC5446394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is conserved in many organisms across life. It is involved in numerous processes including brain function and neuropathology, that require more than its strict proteolytic role. It consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller juxtaposed to a catalytic α/β-hydrolase domain. The conformational dynamics of PREP involved in domain motions and the gating mechanism that allows substrate accessibility remain elusive. Here we used Hydrogen Deuterium eXchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) to derive the first near-residue resolution analysis of global PREP dynamics in the presence or absence of inhibitor bound in the active site. Clear roles are revealed for parts that would be critical for the activation mechanism. In the free state, the inter-domain interface is loose, providing access to the catalytic site. Inhibitor binding "locks" the two domains together exploiting prominent interactions between the loop of the first β-propeller blade and its proximal helix from the α/β-hydrolase domain. Loop A, thought to drive gating, is partially stabilized but remains flexible and dynamic. These findings provide a conformational guide for further dissection of the gating mechanism of PREP, that would impact drug development. Moreover, they offer a structural framework against which to study proteolysis-independent interactions with disordered proteins like α-synuclein involved in neurodegenerative disease.
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Prades R, Munarriz-Cuezva E, Urigüen L, Gil-Pisa I, Gómez L, Mendieta L, Royo S, Giralt E, Tarragó T, Meana JJ. The prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor IPR19 ameliorates cognitive deficits in mouse models of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:180-191. [PMID: 27986355 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are considered a key feature of schizophrenia, and they usually precede the onset of the illness and continue after psychotic symptoms appear. Current antipsychotic drugs have little or no effect on the cognitive deficits of this disorder. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is an 81-kDa monomeric serine protease that is expressed in brain and other tissues. POP inhibitors have shown neuroprotective, anti-amnesic and cognition-enhancing properties. Here we studied the potential of IPR19, a new POP inhibitor, for the treatment of the cognitive symptoms related to schizophrenia. The efficacy of the inhibitor was evaluated in mouse models based on subchronic phencyclidine and acute dizocilpine administration, and in adult offspring from mothers with immune reaction induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid administration during pregnancy. Acute IPR19 administration (5mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the cognitive performance deficits of the three mouse models in the novel object recognition test, T-maze, and eight-arm radial maze. The compound also ameliorates deficits of the prepulse inhibition response. The in vitro inhibitory efficacy and selectivity, brain penetration and exposure time after injection of IPR19 were also addressed. Our results indicate that the inhibition of POP using IPR19 may offer a promising strategy to develop drugs to ameliorate the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Munarriz-Cuezva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Itziar Gil-Pisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Iproteos SL, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain.
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Prolyl Oligopeptidase Regulates Dopamine Transporter Phosphorylation in the Nigrostriatal Pathway of Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:470-482. [PMID: 27966077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is the main component of Lewy bodies, a histopathological finding of Parkinson's disease. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that binds to α-synuclein and accelerates its aggregation in vitro. PREP enzyme inhibitors have been shown to block the α-synuclein aggregation process in vitro and in cellular models, and also to enhance the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates in transgenic mouse models. Moreover, PREP inhibitors have induced alterations in dopamine and metabolite levels, and dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal tissue. In this study, we characterized the role of PREP in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic and GABAergic systems of wild-type C57Bl/6 and PREP knockout mice, and the effects of PREP overexpression on these systems. Extracellular concentrations of dopamine and protein levels of phosphorylated dopamine transporter were increased and dopamine reuptake was decreased in the striatum of PREP knockout mice, suggesting increased internalization of dopamine transporter from the presynaptic membrane. Furthermore, PREP overexpression increased the level of dopamine transporters in the nigrostriatal tissue but decreased phosphorylated dopamine transporters in the striatum in wild-type mice. Our results suggest that PREP regulates the function of dopamine transporter, possibly by controlling the phosphorylation and transport of dopamine transporter into the striatum or synaptic membrane.
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Svarcbahs R, Julku UH, Myöhänen TT. Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Restores Spontaneous Motor Behavior in the α-Synuclein Virus Vector-Based Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Decreasing α-Synuclein Oligomeric Species in Mouse Brain. J Neurosci 2016; 36:12485-12497. [PMID: 27927963 PMCID: PMC6601975 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2309-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased clearance of α-synuclein (aSyn) and aSyn protein misfolding and aggregation are seen as major factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies that leads to disruption in neuronal function and eventually to cell death. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aSyn aggregation process, while inhibition of PREP by a small molecule inhibitor decreases aSyn oligomer formation and enhances its clearance via autophagy in different aSyn overexpressing cell types and in transgenic PD animal models. In this study, we investigated the impact of chronic PREP inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047), on aSyn oligomerization, clearance, and underlying spontaneous motor behavior in a virus vector-based aSyn overexpression mouse model 4 weeks after aSyn microinjections and after the onset of symptomatic forepaw bias. Following 4 weeks of PREP inhibition, we saw an improved spontaneous forelimb use in mice that correlated with a decreased immunoreactivity against oligomer-specific forms of aSyn. Additionally, KYP-2047 had a trend to enhance dopaminergic systems activity. Our results suggest that PREP inhibition exhibits a beneficial effect on the aSyn clearance and aggregation in a virus mediated aSyn overexpression PD mouse model and that PREP inhibitors could be a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) has been implicated in Parkinson's disease, with aSyn aggregates believed to exert toxic effects on neurons, while prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been shown to interact with aSyn both in cells and cell free conditions, thus enhancing its aggregation. We demonstrate the possibility to abolish motor imbalance caused by aSyn viral vector injection with chronic 4 week PREP inhibition by a potent small-molecule PREP inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047). Treatment was initiated postsymptomatically, 4 weeks after aSyn injection. KYP-2047-treated animals had a significantly decreased amount of oligomeric aSyn particles and improved dopamine system activity compared to control animals. To our knowledge, this is the first time viral overexpression of aSyn has been countered and movement impairments abolished after their onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Svarcbahs
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika H Julku
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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López A, Herranz-Trillo F, Kotev M, Gairí M, Guallar V, Bernadó P, Millet O, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Active-Site-Directed Inhibitors of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Abolish Its Conformational Dynamics. Chembiochem 2016; 17:913-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham López
- Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program; Institute for Research in Biomedicine; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Fátima Herranz-Trillo
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale; INSERM U1054; CNRS UMR 5048; Université de Montpellier 1 and 2; 29 rue de Navacelles 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Martin Kotev
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology; Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Jordi Girona 31 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Margarida Gairí
- NMR Facility; Scientific and Technological Centers University of Barcelona (CCiTUB); Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology; Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Jordi Girona 31 08034 Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23; 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale; INSERM U1054; CNRS UMR 5048; Université de Montpellier 1 and 2; 29 rue de Navacelles 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Oscar Millet
- Structural Biology Unit; CIC bioGUNE; Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program; Institute for Research in Biomedicine; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Iproteos; S L; Barcelona Science Park; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program; Institute for Research in Biomedicine; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
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Mariaule G, De Cesco S, Airaghi F, Kurian J, Schiavini P, Rocheleau S, Huskić I, Auclair K, Mittermaier A, Moitessier N. 3-Oxo-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxylic Acid as a Drug Chiral Bicyclic Scaffold: Structure-Based Design and Preparation of Conformationally Constrained Covalent and Noncovalent Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4221-34. [PMID: 26619267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mariaule
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Francesco Airaghi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jerry Kurian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sylvain Rocheleau
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Igor Huskić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anthony Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Savolainen MH, Yan X, Myöhänen TT, Huttunen HJ. Prolyl oligopeptidase enhances α-synuclein dimerization via direct protein-protein interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5117-5126. [PMID: 25555914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) accelerates the aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn), a key protein involved in development of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. PREP inhibitors reduce aSyn aggregation, but the mechanism has remained unknown. We have now used protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA) and microscale thermophoresis in parallel to show that PREP interacts directly with aSyn in both intact cells and in a cell-free system. Using split luciferase-based PCA, we first showed that PREP enhances the formation of soluble aSyn dimers in live Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells. A PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, reduced aSyn dimerization in PREP-expressing cells but not in cells lacking PREP expression. aSyn dimerization was also enhanced by PREP(S554A), an enzymatically inactive PREP mutant, but this was not affected by KYP-2047. PCA and microscale thermophoresis studies showed that aSyn interacts with both PREP and PREP(S554A) with low micromolar affinity. Neither the proline-rich, C-terminal domain of aSyn nor the hydrolytic activity of PREP was required for the interaction with PREP. Our results show that PREP binds directly to aSyn to enhance its dimerization and may thus serve as a nucleation point for aSyn aggregation. Native gel analysis showed that KYP-2047 shifts PREP to a compact monomeric form with reduced ability to promote aSyn nucleation. As PREP inhibition also enhances autophagic clearance of aSyn, PREP inhibitors may reduce accumulation of aSyn inclusions via a dual mechanism and are thus a novel therapeutic candidate for synucleinopathies. Our results also suggest that PREP has other cellular functions in addition to its peptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Xu Yan
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Dokleja L, Hannula MJ, Myöhänen TT. Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase increases the survival of alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells after rotenone exposure by reducing alpha-synuclein oligomers. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:37-42. [PMID: 25240592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage has been shown to be related to the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is proposed to increase aSyn aggregation, and PREP inhibition has been shown to inhibit the aggregation process in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of a specific PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, on rotenone induced aSyn aggregation and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells overexpressing A53T mutation of aSyn. Rotenone, a mitochondrial toxin that induces oxidative damage and aSyn aggregation, associated with PD pathology, was selected as a model for this study. The results showed that rotenone induced the formation of high-molecular-weight aSyn oligomers, and this was countered by simultaneous incubation with KYP-2047. Inhibition of PREP also decreased the production of ROS in [A53T]aSyn overexpressing cells, leading to improved cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Dokleja
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mirva J Hannula
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Viikinkaari 5E, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel (123)I-labeled 4-(4-iodophenyl)butanoyl-L-prolyl-(2S)-pyrrolidines for imaging prolyl oligopeptidase in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:436-45. [PMID: 24763264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) may be associated with neuromodulation and development of neurodegenerative diseases and it was recently shown to participate in the inflammatory cascade along with matrix metalloproteinases. Radiotracers, which can be used for non-invasive imaging, are needed for investigating the role of POP in normal physiology and in pathophysiological conditions in vivo. We synthesized two novel POP-specific (123)I-radiolabeled 4-phenylbutanoyl-L-prolyl-pyrrolidines of which 4-(4-[(123)I]iodophenyl)butanoyl-L-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine ([(123)I]2f, Ki = 4.2 nM) was selected. The selected compound has an electrophilic cyano group that is known to increase the dissociation time of POP inhibitors. [(123)I]2f was synthesized in high radiochemical yield and purity (87 ± 4%, >99%, respectively) and with a specific activity of 456 ± 98 GBq/μmol. [(123)I]2f was evaluated in healthy mice (C57Bl/6JRccHsd) by ex vivo biodistribution studies and SPECT imaging. Pretreatment with the known inhibitor 4-phenylbutanoyl-L-prolyl-(2S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047, 2d, Ki = 0.023 nM) showed that binding of [(123)I]2f was POP specific. In addition, [(123)I]2f was evaluated in models of neuroinflammation and acute localized inflammation. A minor increase in binding of [(123)I]2f was observed in the inflamed region in the acute localized inflammation model. Similar increase in binding was not observed in the neuroinflammation model.
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23
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Savolainen MH, Richie CT, Harvey BK, Männistö PT, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Myöhänen TT. The beneficial effect of a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047, on alpha-synuclein clearance and autophagy in A30P transgenic mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:1-15. [PMID: 24746855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) eventually lead to an accumulation of toxic forms that disturb normal neuronal function and result in cell death. aSyn rich inclusions are seen in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and other synucleinopathies. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aggregation process of aSyn and the inhibition of PREP leads to a decreased amount of aggregated aSyn in cell models and in aSyn transgenic mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of 5- and 28-day PREP inhibitor (KYP-2047) treatments on a mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the aSyn coding gene. Following PREP inhibition, we found a decrease in high molecular-weight oligomeric aSyn and a concomitant increase in the amount of the autophagosome marker, LC3BII, suggesting enhanced macroautophagy (autophagy) and aSyn clearance by KYP-2047. Moreover, 28-day treatment with KYP-2047 caused significant increases in striatal dopamine levels. In cell culture, overexpression of PREP reduced the autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibition of PREP normalized the changes on autophagy markers (LC3BII and p62) caused by an autophagy inhibition or aSyn overexpression, and induced the expression of beclin 1, a positive regulator of autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest that PREP inhibition accelerates the clearance of protein aggregates via increased autophagy and thus normalizes the cell functions in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, PREP inhibition may have future potential in the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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24
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Jalkanen AJ, Leikas JV, Forsberg MM. KYP-2047 penetrates mouse brain and effectively inhibits mouse prolyl oligopeptidase. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:460-3. [PMID: 24350801 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that specific prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) inhibitors can modulate inflammation, angiogenesis and neurodegeneration. As most diseases that may be potential targets for PREP inhibitors are being modelled in mice, it is essential to evaluate the pharmacological properties of investigative PREP inhibitors in mice. This study characterizes the single-dose brain pharmacokinetics and PREP inhibitory action of a potent PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, in wild-type C57 mice. KYP-2047 penetrated into the mouse brain rapidly (tmax ≤10 min.) and achieved pharmacologically active concentrations after a single dose of 15 or 50 μmol/kg i.p. The brain/blood AUC ratio was 0.050 and 0.039 after 15 and 50 μmol/kg i.p., respectively. KYP-2047 produced efficient brain PREP inhibition at both doses; 15 μmol/kg blocked PREP activity fully for 30 min., and it took 12 hr for the activity to recover, whereas 50 μmol/kg inhibited brain PREP activity fully for 1 hr, and most, 84%, of the activity had been restored by 12 hr. Both doses completely blocked PREP activity in liver for at least 1 hr, and only about 25% the activity was recovered within 12 hr. The pharmacokinetics and inhibition kinetics of KYP-2047 in mice were found to be similar as those previously reported in rats and indicate that KYP-2047 would need to be administered twice per day to achieve continuous brain PREP inhibition in mice. In conclusion, KYP-2047 is a suitable pharmacological tool with which to assess the effects of PREP inhibition in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro J Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Peptide POP inhibitors for the treatment of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1509-23. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious life-long disease that affects a significant part of the adult population. Although there is considerably effective medication for the positive symptoms of the disease, none are available for the associated cognitive deficits. These deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and they severely impair the functionality and social integration of patients. POP is a promising target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Inhibitors of this peptidase show cognition-enhancing properties, act through a complex mechanism and have suitable pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, several studies must be carried out in order to improve the design and clinical evaluation of these substances. Permeability to the brain, appropriate animal models and suitable indications are the main issues that must be addressed. However, current information supports the potential of POP as an interesting drug target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia.
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Hannula M, Myöhänen T, Tenorio-Laranga J, Männistö P, Garcia-Horsman J. Prolyl oligopeptidase colocalizes with α-synuclein, β-amyloid, tau protein and astroglia in the post-mortem brain samples with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Neuroscience 2013; 242:140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Peltonen I, Keskitalo S, Duran-Torres G, Natarajan R, Männistö PT, Nurmi A, Vartiainen N, Airas L, Elovaara I, García-Horsman JA. Alteration of prolyl oligopeptidase and activated α-2-macroglobulin in multiple sclerosis subtypes and in the clinically isolated syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1783-94. [PMID: 23643808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been considered as a drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In plasma, PREP has been found altered in several disorders of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and the levels of an endogenous plasma PREP inhibitor have been proposed to decrease PREP activity in MS. In this work, we measured the circulating levels of PREP in patients suffering of relapsing remitting (RR), secondary progressive (SP), primary progressive (PP) MS, and in subjects with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). We found a significantly lower PREP activity in plasma of RRMS as well as in PPMS patients and a trend to reduced activity in subjects diagnosed with CIS, compared to controls. No signs of oxidative inactivation of PREP, and no correlation with the endogenous PREP inhibitor, identified as activated α-2-macroglobulin (α2M*), were observed in any of the patients studied. However, a significant decrease of α2M* was recorded in MS. In cell cultures, we found that PREP specifically stimulates immune active cells possibly by modifying the levels of fibrinogen β, thymosin β4, and collagen. Our results open new lines of research on the role of PREP and α2M* in MS, aiming to relate them to the diagnosis and prognosis of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Tenorio-Laranga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Finland
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Van der Veken P, Fülöp V, Rea D, Gerard M, Van Elzen R, Joossens J, Cheng JD, Baekelandt V, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Augustyns K. P2-substituted N-acylprolylpyrrolidine inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase: biochemical evaluation, binding mode determination, and assessment in a cellular model of synucleinopathy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9856-67. [PMID: 23121075 DOI: 10.1021/jm301060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of regiospecifically introducing substituents in the P2 part of the typical dipeptide derived basic structure of PREP inhibitors. This hitherto unexplored modification type can be used to improve target affinity, selectivity, and physicochemical parameters in drug discovery programs focusing on PREP inhibitors. Biochemical evaluation of the produced inhibitors identified several substituent types that significantly increase target affinity, thereby reducing the need for an electrophilic "warhead" functionality. Pronounced PREP specificity within the group of Clan SC proteases was generally observed. Omission of the P1 electrophilic function did not affect the overall binding mode of three representative compounds, as studied by X-ray crystallography, while the P2 substituents were demonstrated to be accommodated in a cavity of PREP that, to date, has not been probed by inhibitors. Finally, we report on results of selected inhibitors in a SH-SY5Y cellular model of synucleinopathy and demonstrate a significant antiaggregation effect on α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Myöhänen TT, Hannula MJ, Van Elzen R, Gerard M, Van Der Veken P, García-Horsman JA, Baekelandt V, Männistö PT, Lambeir AM. A prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047, reduces α-synuclein protein levels and aggregates in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1097-113. [PMID: 22233220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aggregation of α-synuclein is connected to the pathology of Parkinson's disease and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) accelerates the aggregation of α-synuclein in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, on α-synuclein aggregation in cell lines overexpressing wild-type or A30P/A53T mutant human α-syn and in the brains of two A30P α-synuclein transgenic mouse strains. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cells were exposed to oxidative stress and then incubated with the PREP inhibitor during or after the stress. Wild-type or transgenic mice were treated for 5 days with KYP-2047 (2 × 3 mg·kg(-1) a day). Besides immunohistochemistry and thioflavin S staining, soluble and insoluble α-synuclein protein levels were measured by Western blot. α-synuclein mRNA levels were quantified by PCR. The colocalization of PREP and α-synuclein,and the effect of KYP-2047 on cell viability were also investigated. KEY RESULTS In cell lines, oxidative stress induced a robust aggregation of α-synuclein,and low concentrations of KYP-2047 significantly reduced the number of cells with α-synuclein inclusions while abolishing the colocalization of α-synuclein and PREP. KYP-2047 significantly reduced the amount of aggregated α-synuclein,and it had beneficial effects on cell viability. In the transgenic mice, a 5-day treatment with the PREP inhibitor reduced the amount of α-synuclein immunoreactivity and soluble α-synuclein protein in the brain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest that the PREP may play a role in brain accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein, while KYP-2047 seems to effectively prevent these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Myöhänen TT, Pyykkö E, Männistö PT, Carpen O. Distribution of prolyl oligopeptidase in human peripheral tissues and in ovarian and colorectal tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:706-15. [PMID: 22740343 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412453051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that hydrolyzes peptides shorter than 30-mer, and it has been connected with multiple physiological and pathological conditions. PREP has been mostly studied in the brain, but significant PREP activities have been measured in peripheral tissues. Moreover, increased PREP activities have been found in tumors. In this study, the authors studied the immunohistochemical distribution of PREP protein in human peripheral tissues and in ovarian and colorectal tumors. PREP was found to be widely distributed in human peripheral tissues and specifically in certain cells. The most intense PREP expression was seen in the testis, ovaries, liver, and some parts of the skin. At the cellular level, high PREP levels were seen as a rule in secreting epithelial cells and cells involved in reproduction. Increased PREP expression was seen in most of the tumors studied. PREP expression was higher in malignant than benign tumors, and in ovarian epithelial cancers, there was a trend for increased PREP staining with increased malignancy grade. Results suggest that PREP may be associated with secretory processes as well as in reproduction. A more abundant expression of PREP in malignant than benign tumors suggests that PREP may be associated with expansion and metastasis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Different Interactions of Prolyl Oligopeptidase and Neurotensin in Dopaminergic Function of the Rat Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic Pathways. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2033-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaszuba K, Róg T, Danne R, Canning P, Fülöp V, Juhász T, Szeltner Z, St. Pierre JF, García-Horsman A, Männistö PT, Karttunen M, Hokkanen J, Bunker A. Molecular dynamics, crystallography and mutagenesis studies on the substrate gating mechanism of prolyl oligopeptidase. Biochimie 2012; 94:1398-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Männistö PT, Storvik M, Van der Veken P, García-Horsman JA. Four day inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase causes significant changes in the peptidome of rat brain, liver and kidney. Biochimie 2012; 94:1849-59. [PMID: 22546504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) cleaves short peptides at the C-side of proline. Although several proline containing neuropeptides have been shown to be efficiently cleaved by PREP in vitro, the actual physiological substrates of this peptidase are still a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the peptidome of rat tissues caused by a repeated 4-day administration of the potent and specific PREP inhibitor KYP-2047, using our recently developed iTRAQ-based technique. We found tissue-dependent changes in the levels of specific subsets of peptides mainly derived from cytosolic proteins. Particularly in the kidney, where the levels of cytochrome c oxidase were found decreased, many of the altered peptides originated from mitochondrial proteins being involved in energy metabolism. However, in the hypothalamus, we found significant changes in peptides derived from hormone precursors. We could not confirm a role of PREP as the metabolising enzyme for β-endorphin, galanin, octadecaneuropeptide, neuropeptide-glutamic acid-isoleucine, substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and neuropeptide Y. Furthermore, changes in the degradation patterns of some of these neuropeptides, and also most of those derived from other larger proteins, did not follow specificity to proline. After a 4-day treatment, we found a significant amount of peptides, all derived from secreted pro-proteins, being cleaved with pair of basic residue specificity. In vitro experiments indicated that PREP modifies the endogenous dibasic residue specific proteolysis, in a KYP-2047 sensitive way. These findings suggest that PREP may act indirectly within the routes leading to the specific peptide changes that we observed. The data reported here suggest a wider tissue specific physiological role of PREP rather than the mere metabolism of proline containing active peptides and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Tenorio-Laranga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Klimaviciusa L, Jain RK, Jaako K, Van Elzen R, Gerard M, van Der Veken P, Lambeir AM, Zharkovsky A. In situ prolyl oligopeptidase activity assay in neural cell cultures. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 204:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Myöhänen TT, Tenorio-Laranga J, Jokinen B, Vázquez-Sánchez R, Moreno-Baylach MJ, García-Horsman JA, Männistö PT. Prolyl oligopeptidase induces angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo in a novel regulatory manner. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1666-78. [PMID: 21133893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A serine protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) has been reported to be involved in the release of the pro-angiogenic tetrapeptide acetyl-N-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP) from its precursor, 43-mer thymosin β4 (Tβ4). Recently, it was shown that both POP activity and the levels of Ac-SDKP are increased in malignant tumours. The aim of this study was to clarify the release of Ac-SDKP, and test if POP and a POP inhibitor, 4-phenyl-butanoyl-L-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047), can affect angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used HPLC for bioanalytical and an enzyme immunoassay for pharmacological analysis. Angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was assessed in vitro using a 'tube formation' assay and in vivo using a Matrigel plug assay (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) in adult male rats. Moreover, co-localization of POP and blood vessels was studied. KEY RESULTS We showed the sequential hydrolysis of Tβ4: the first-step hydrolysis by proteases to <30-mer peptides is followed by an action of POP. Unexpectedly, POP inhibited the first hydrolysis step, revealing a novel regulation system. POP with Tβ4 significantly induced, while KYP-2047 effectively prevented, angiogenesis in both models compared with Tβ4 addition itself. POP and endothelial cells were abundantly co-localized in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have now revealed that POP is a second-step enzyme in the release of Ac-SDKP from Tβ4, and it has novel autoregulatory effect in the first step. Our results also advocate a role for Ac-SDKP in angiogenesis, and suggest that POP has a pro-angiogenic role via the release of Ac-SDKP from its precursor Tβ4 and POP inhibitors can block this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jalkanen AJ, Piepponen TP, Hakkarainen JJ, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Forsberg MM. The effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition on extracellular acetylcholine and dopamine levels in the rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:301-9. [PMID: 22210165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors have potential as cognition enhancers, but the mechanism of action behind the cognitive effects remains unclear. Since acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) are known to be associated with the regulation of cognitive processes, we investigated the effects of two PREP inhibitors on the extracellular levels of ACh and DA in the rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis. KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 were administered either as a single systemic dose (50 μmol/kg∼17 mg/kg i.p.) or directly into the striatum by retrodialysis via the microdialysis probe (12.5, 37.5 or 125 μM at 1.5 μl/min for 60 min). PREP inhibitors had no significant effect on striatal DA levels after systemic administration. JTP-4819 significantly decreased ACh levels both after systemic (by ∼25%) and intrastriatal (by ∼30-50%) administration. KYP-2047 decreased ACh levels only after intrastriatal administration by retrodialysis (by ∼40-50%) when higher drug levels were reached, indicating that higher brain drug levels are needed to modulate ACh levels than to inhibit PREP. This result does not support the earlier hypothesis that the positive cognitive effects of PREP inhibitors in rodents would be mediated through the cholinergic system. In vitro specificity studies did not reveal any obvious off-targets that could explain the observed effect of KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 on ACh levels, instead confirming the concept that these compounds have a high selectivity towards PREP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro J Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Soblik H, Younis AE, Mitreva M, Renard BY, Kirchner M, Geisinger F, Steen H, Brattig NW. Life cycle stage-resolved proteomic analysis of the excretome/secretome from Strongyloides ratti--identification of stage-specific proteases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.010157. [PMID: 21964353 PMCID: PMC3237078 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of biomolecules, including proteins, are excreted and secreted from helminths and contribute to the parasite's successful establishment, survival, and reproduction in an adverse habitat. Excretory and secretory proteins (ESP) are active at the interface between parasite and host and comprise potential targets for intervention. The intestinal nematode Strongyloides spp. exhibits an exceptional developmental plasticity in its life cycle characterized by parasitic and free-living generations. We investigated ESP from infective larvae, parasitic females, and free-living stages of the rat parasite Strongyloides ratti, which is genetically very similar to the human pathogen, Strongyloides stercoralis. Proteomic analysis of ESP revealed 586 proteins, with the largest number of stage-specific ESP found in infective larvae (196), followed by parasitic females (79) and free-living stages (35). One hundred and forty proteins were identified in all studied stages, including anti-oxidative enzymes, heat shock proteins, and carbohydrate-binding proteins. The stage-selective ESP of (1) infective larvae included an astacin metalloproteinase, the L3 Nie antigen, and a fatty acid retinoid-binding protein; (2) parasitic females included a prolyl oligopeptidase (prolyl serine carboxypeptidase), small heat shock proteins, and a secreted acidic protein; (3) free-living stages included a lysozyme family member, a carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme, and saponin-like protein. We verified the differential expression of selected genes encoding ESP by qRT-PCR. ELISA analysis revealed the recognition of ESP by antibodies of S. ratti-infected rats. A prolyl oligopeptidase was identified as abundant parasitic female-specific ESP, and the effect of pyrrolidine-based prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors showed concentration- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on female motility. The characterization of stage-related ESP from Strongyloides will help to further understand the interaction of this unique intestinal nematode with its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Soblik
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase by KYP-2047 fails to increase the extracellular neurotensin and substance P levels in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jalkanen AJ, Hakkarainen JJ, Lehtonen M, Venäläinen T, Kääriäinen TM, Jarho E, Suhonen M, Forsberg MM. Brain pharmacokinetics of two prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors, JTP-4819 and KYP-2047, in the rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:443-51. [PMID: 21707925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) inhibitors are potential drug candidates for the treatment of neurological disorders, but little is known about their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and to reach the target site. This study characterizes brain pharmacokinetics of two potent PREP inhibitors, JTP-4819 and KYP-2047. Firstly, the in vitro permeability (P(app) ) of JTP-4819 and KYP-2047 through a bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayer was assessed. Then, the in vivo brain/blood ratio was determined for the total brain and plasma concentrations and also for the unbound extracellular drug concentrations after a single dose (50 μmol/kg i.p.). KYP-2047 had a significantly higher P(app) than JTP-4819. In vivo, KYP-2047 had higher total and unbound brain/blood ratios. KYP-2047 was equally distributed between the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. In the case of JTP-4819, the unbound brain extracellular concentrations could not be readily predicted from the unbound blood levels, probably because of its poor membrane penetration properties. KYP-2047 displayed a better ability to reach the intracellularly located brain PREP, and it inhibited this enzyme more effectively than JTP-4819 after an equimolar single dose. In conclusion, KYP-2047 showed better brain penetration characteristics than JTP-4819 both in vitro and in vivo. KYP-2047 is a brain-penetrating, potent and long-acting PREP inhibitor; thus, it represents a convenient pharmacological tool for assessing the potential of PREP as a drug target.
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Wang X, Jing F, Zhu H, Fang H, Zhang J, Xu W. Activity screening and structure-activity relationship of the hit compounds targeting APN/CD13. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 25:217-28. [PMID: 20636366 PMCID: PMC7164084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) plays an important role in tumor progression, which participates in the progress such as proliferation, attachment, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion. All of this makes APN as a good chemical therapeutic anti‐tumor target. In this study, a series of chemically synthesized APN inhibitors were tested for the anti‐tumor activities, and three most effective compounds were chosen according to the MTT assay. Then, the enzyme inhibitory, anti‐tumor, specificity, angiogenesis, and invasion were determined to evaluate the activity of these three compounds. All compounds can markedly inhibit the enzyme activity of APN, angiogenesis of endothelial cells, and the invasion of ES‐2 cells. And it had little effect on the viability of K562 which express low level of APN. This data indicated that the tested compounds were APN hit compounds. We also did kinetic assay to determine the inhibition constant and constructed a three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship model to analyze the structure–activity relationship to direct the further design of novel APN inhibitors as anti‐tumor agents. These data demonstrate that the tested compounds can be developed as novel candidates of anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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41
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López A, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Low molecular weight inhibitors of Prolyl Oligopeptidase: a review of compounds patented from 2003 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1023-44. [PMID: 21539473 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.577416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine peptidase that cleaves post-proline bonds in short peptides. Besides the direct hydrolytic regulation function over peptides, neuropeptides and peptide hormones, POP is probably involved in the regulation of the inositol pathway and participates in protein-protein interactions. Experimental data show that POP inhibitors have neuroprotective, anti-amnesic and cognition-enhancing properties. These compounds are considered therapeutic agents of interest for the treatment of cognitive deficits related to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Recent findings pointed to the involvement of POP in angiogenesis, although the exact mechanism is still under study. AREAS COVERED This review comprises patents and patent applications involving POP inhibitors patented between 2003 and 2010, classified as peptidomimetics, heteroaryl ketones and alkaloids. The binding processes and the mechanisms of inhibition of these inhibitors are also discussed, together with their in vivo effects. EXPERT OPINION The major part of the repertory of POP inhibitors derived from systematical modification of the canonical compound benzyloxycarbonyl-prolyl-prolinal (ZPP). Nevertheless, only two of them have progressed into the clinical trials. One possible reason for this failure is the lack of studies concerning pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, together with the absence of suitable animal models. Moreover, POP is still not a well-defined therapeutic target. Further studies are required for the elucidation of the biological role of POP and to validate the therapeutic action of inhibitors in cognitive processes. In contrast, the involvement of POP in protein-protein interactions together with the recent evidences in angiogenesis opens alternative approaches to the traditional active site-directed inhibitors, as well as new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham López
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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Moreno-Baylach MJ, Puttonen KA, Tenorio-Laranga J, Venäläinen JI, Storvik M, Forsberg MM, García-Horsman JA. Prolyl endopeptidase is involved in cellular signalling in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosignals 2011; 19:97-109. [PMID: 21487212 DOI: 10.1159/000326342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), probably acting through the inositol cycle, has been implicated in memory and learning. However, the physiological role of PREP is unknown. It has been shown that PREP expression, regulated in cerebellar granule cells, has probably a role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we report the levels and subcellular distribution of PREP in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in proliferating conditions and under differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA). We analysed the levels of cell signalling intermediates, growth behavior and gene expression, and differentiation morphology changes, upon PREP inhibition. After induction of differentiation, PREP activity was found decreased in the nucleus but increased to high levels in the cytoplasm, due in part to increased PREP transcription. The levels of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate revealed no correlation with PREP activity, but phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 were decreased by PREP inhibition during early stages of differentiation. Morphological evaluation indicated that PREP inhibition retarded the onset of differentiation. PREP activity regulated gene expression of protein synthesis machinery, intracellular transport and kinase complexes. We conclude that PREP is a regulatory target and a regulatory element in cell signalling. This is the first report of a direct influence of a cell signalling molecule, RA, on PREP expression.
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Hannula MJ, Männistö PT, Myöhänen TT. Sequential expression, activity and nuclear localization of prolyl oligopeptidase protein in the developing rat brain. Dev Neurosci 2010; 33:38-47. [PMID: 21160163 DOI: 10.1159/000322082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine protease that hydrolyzes peptides shorter than 30-mer. Some evidence has recently been obtained that POP can generate protein-protein interactions and therefore participate in various physiological and pathological events. Several studies have reported that POP may be involved in neurogenesis since its activity increases during development and can be found in the nucleus of proliferating tissues. In cell cultures, POP has been shown to be localized in the nucleus, but only early in the development, since during maturation it is moved to the cytosol. We have now studied for the first time the expression of POP protein, its enzymatic activity and nuclear localization in vivo in the developing rat brain. We observed that enzymatic activity of POP is highest on embryonic day 18 while the protein amounts reach their peak at birth. Furthermore, POP is located in the nucleus only early in the development but is transferred to the cytosol already before parturition. Our in vivo results confirm the previous cell culture results supporting the role of POP in neurogenesis. A discordance of antenatal protein amounts and enzymatic activities is suggesting a tight regulation of POP activity and possibly even a nonhydrolytic role at that stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirva J Hannula
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lawandi J, Gerber-Lemaire S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidases for the therapy of human diseases: defining diseases and inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3423-38. [PMID: 20058865 DOI: 10.1021/jm901104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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Wang X, Zhang L, Yang K, Zhang C, Zhang J, Fang H, Xu W. The Effect of Different Species Aminopeptidase N Structure on the Activity Screening of Aminopeptidase N Inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1658-65. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Kanghui Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Hao Fang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
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Myöhänen TT, Kääriäinen TM, Jalkanen AJ, Piltonen M, Männistö PT. Localization of prolyl oligopeptidase in the thalamic and cortical projection neurons: a retrograde neurotracing study in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2008; 450:201-5. [PMID: 19041368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine endopeptidase which hydrolyses proline-containing peptides shorter than 30-mer. POP is believed to be associated with cognitive functions via neuropeptide cleavage. POP has been also connected to the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) signalling but the effects of POP-inhibition to the IP(3) accumulation in vivo are still unclear. However, little is known about the physiological role of POP in the brain. We have previously found that in the rat brain POP was specifically expressed in the pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, and corresponding projection areas in thalamus. Using a retrograde neurotracer we have now visualized the localization of POP in thalamocortical and corticothalamic projection neurons in ventrobasal complex and medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus and somatosensory/motor and auditory cortices. We observed that both in thalamus and cortex over 50% of projection neurons contained POP. These results support the hypothesis that POP is involved in thalamocortical and corticothalamic signal processing. We also propose, based on our neuroanatomical findings and literature, that POP may take part in the thalamocortical oscillations by interacting with IP(3) signalling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Moreno-Baylach MJ, Felipo V, Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Expression and traffic of cellular prolyl oligopeptidase are regulated during cerebellar granule cell differentiation, maturation, and aging. Neuroscience 2008; 156:580-5. [PMID: 18718510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is an endopeptidase which cleaves short proline-containing neuropeptides, and it is involved in memory and learning. POP also has an intercellular function mediated through the inositol pathway, and has been involved in cell death. POP has been early considered as a housekeeping enzyme, but the recent research indicates that POP expression is regulated across tissues and intracellularly. In the brain, POP is exclusively expressed in neurons and most abundantly in pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex, in the CA1 field neurons of hippocampus and in cerebellar Purkinje's cells. Intracellularly, POP is mainly present in the cytoplasm and some in intracellular membranes, like rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In this paper, we systematically studied the levels of expression of POP along the life of cerebellar granule cells (CGC) in culture and the distribution of POP within different intracellular compartments. We used the tight-binding inhibitor JTP-4819 covalently coupled with fluorescein (FJTP) as a tool to study the changes on expression and localization of POP protein. Our results indicate that POP activity levels are regulated during the life of the neurons. POP was found mainly in cytoplasm and neuronal projections, but at an early developmental phase significant amounts were found also in nuclei. Along the life of the neurons, POP activity fluctuated in 7-day cycles. In young neurons, the cytosolic POP activity was low but increased by maturation so that the activity peak coincided with full differentiation. Over aging, cytoplasmic POP was concentrated around nucleus, but the activity decreased with time. POP was also present in vesicles across the neuron. No major changes were seen in the nuclear or membrane bound POP over aging until activity disappeared upon neuronal death. This is the first time when POP was found in the nuclei of human neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Moreno-Baylach
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Av. Del Saler 16, 46013 Valencia, Spain
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Venäläinen JI, Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Characterization of membrane-bound prolyl endopeptidase from brain. FEBS J 2008; 275:4415-27. [PMID: 18657187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine protease that cleaves small peptides at the carboxyl side of an internal proline residue. Substance P, arginine-vasopressin, thyroliberin and gonadoliberin are proposed physiological substrates of this protease. POP has been implicated in a variety of brain processes, including learning, memory, and mood regulation, as well as in pathologies such as neurodegeneration, hypertension, and psychiatric disorders. Although POP has been considered to be a soluble cytoplasmic peptidase, significant levels of activity have been detected in membranes and in extracellular fluids such as serum, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal fluid, and urine, suggesting the existence of noncytoplasmic forms. Furthermore, a closely associated membrane prolyl endopeptidase (PE) activity has been previously detected in synaptosomes and shown to be different from the cytoplasmic POP activity. Here we isolated, purified and characterized this membrane-bound PE, herein referred to as mPOP. Although, when attached to membranes, mPOP presents certain features that distinguish it from the classical POP, our results indicate that this protein has the same amino acid sequence as POP except for the possible addition of a hydrophobic membrane anchor. The kinetic properties of detergent-soluble mPOP are fully comparable to those of POP; however, when attached to the membranes in its natural conformation, mPOP is significantly less active and, moreover, it migrates anomalously in SDS/PAGE. Our results are the first to show that membrane-bound and cytoplasmic POP are encoded by variants of the same gene.
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Distribution of prolyl oligopeptidase in the mouse whole-body sections and peripheral tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Myöhänen TT, Venäläinen JI, Garcia-Horsman JA, Piltonen M, Männistö PT. Cellular and subcellular distribution of rat brain prolyl oligopeptidase and its association with specific neuronal neurotransmitters. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1694-708. [PMID: 18253937 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine endopeptidase that hydrolyzes proline-containing peptides shorter than 30-mer. It has been suggested that POP is associated with cognitive functions and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) signaling. However, little is known about the distribution and physiological role of POP in the brain. We used immunohistochemistry to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of POP in the rat brain. POP was specifically expressed in the glutamatergic pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, and also in the CA1 field of hippocampus. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum were also intensively immunostained for POP. Double immunofluorescence indicated that POP was present in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and cholinergic interneurons of the thalamus and cortex but not in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. POP did not colocalize with astrocytic markers in any part of the rat brain. We used postembedding immunoelectron microscopy to determine the distribution of POP at the subcellular level. POP was mainly present in neuronal cytosol and membranes, hardly at all in neuronal plasma membrane, but more extensively in intracellular membranes such as the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Our findings point to a role for POP--evidently modifying neuropeptide levels--in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system via glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission systems. Furthermore, according to our results, POP may be involved in thalamocortical neurotransmission, memory and learning functions of the hippocampal formation, and GABAergic regulation of voluntary movements. Subcellular distribution of POP points to a role in protein processing and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo T Myöhänen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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