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Anilkumar AT, Manoharan S, Balasubramanian S, Perumal E. Garcinia gummi-gutta: Phytochemicals and pharmacological applications. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36785888 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia gummi-gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, is a member of the Guttiferae family. Garcinia is a polygamous genus consisting 200 species of trees and shrubs. It is found in different zones of the planet including Asia's tropical regions. In India alone, around 30 species have been discovered. They are widely used as a flavoring agent to garnish fish curry in southern India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, and ulcers. South Indian people have been utilizing it traditionally as evidenced by its ethnobotanical properties. In vivo and in vitro effects of the crude fruit extract showed anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anthelmintic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities. G. gummi-gutta fruit rind is medicinally significant and is frequently used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for many diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as organic acids-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides and polyisoprenylated benzophenones-garcinol, xanthochymol, guttiferone, benzophenone, xanthone, biflavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins isolated from the G. gummi-gutta have diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a summary of G. gummi-gutta, including its biological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Di Micco S, Terracciano S, Pierri M, Cantone V, Liening S, König S, Garscha U, Hofstetter RK, Koeberle A, Werz O, Bruno I, Bifulco G. Identification of 2,4-Dinitro-Biphenyl-Based Compounds as MAPEG Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200327. [PMID: 36111583 PMCID: PMC9827972 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We identified 2,4-dinitro-biphenyl-based compounds as new inhibitors of leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4 S) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), both members of the "Membrane Associated Proteins in Eicosanoid and Glutathione metabolism" (MAPEG) family involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. By molecular docking we evaluated the putative binding against the targets of interest, and by applying cell-free and cell-based assays we assessed the inhibition of LTC4 S and FLAP by the small molecules at low micromolar concentrations. The present results integrate the previously observed inhibitory profile of the tested compounds against another MAPEG member, i. e., microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, suggesting that the 2,4-dinitro-biphenyl scaffold is a suitable molecular platform for a multitargeting approach to modulate pro-inflammatory mediators in inflammation and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Micco
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS)Via Salvatore De Renzi 5084125SalernoItaly
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Martina Pierri
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Vincenza Cantone
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Robert Klaus Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Research InstituteUniversity of InnsbruckMitterweg 246020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
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Prabhakar P, Pavankumar GS, Raghu SV, Rao S, Prasad K, George T, Baliga MS. Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1543-1560. [PMID: 35652402 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220601151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS), Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
| | - Giriyapura Srikantachar Pavankumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, India.,Sri Lakshmi Group of Institution, Magadi Main Road, Sunkadakatte, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Konaje, Karnataka India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Radiation Oncology, c Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Medical Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas George
- Research Unit, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Remali J, Sahidin I, Aizat WM. Xanthone Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:809497. [PMID: 35463410 PMCID: PMC9024401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xanthones are secondary metabolites rich in structural diversity and possess a broad array of pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-microbes. These aromatic compounds are found in higher plants, such as Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae, and Gentianaceae, yet their biosynthetic pathways have not been comprehensively updated especially within the last decade (up to 2021). In this review, plant xanthone biosynthesis is detailed to illuminate their intricacies and differences between species. The pathway initially involves the shikimate pathway, either through L-phenylalanine-dependent or -independent pathway, that later forms an intermediate benzophenone, 2,3',4,6-tetrahydoxybenzophenone. This is followed by a regioselective intramolecular mediated oxidative coupling to form xanthone ring compounds, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (1,3,5-THX) or 1,3,7-THX, the core precursors for xanthones in most plants. Recent evidence has shed some lights onto the enzymes and reactions involved in this xanthone pathway. In particular, several biosynthetic enzymes have been characterized at both biochemical and molecular levels from various organisms including Hypericum spp., Centaurium erythraea and Garcinia mangostana. Proposed pathways for a plethora of other downstream xanthone derivatives including swertianolin and gambogic acid (derived from 1,3,5-THX) as well as gentisin, hyperixanthone A, α-mangostin, and mangiferin (derived from 1,3,7-THX) have also been thoroughly covered. This review reports one of the most complete xanthone pathways in plants. In the future, the information collected here will be a valuable resource for a more directed molecular works in xanthone-producing plants as well as in synthetic biology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwairiah Remali
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Idin Sahidin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Ullah MF, Ahmad A, Bhat SH, Abuduhier FM, Mustafa SK, Usmani S. Diet-derived small molecules (nutraceuticals) inhibit cellular proliferation by interfering with key oncogenic pathways: an overview of experimental evidence in cancer chemoprevention. Biol Futur 2022; 73:55-69. [PMID: 35040098 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Discouraging statistics of cancer disease has projected an increase in the global cancer burden from 19.3 to 28.4 million incidences annually within the next two decades. Currently, there has been a revival of interest in nutraceuticals with evidence of pharmacological properties against human diseases including cancer. Diet is an integral part of lifestyle, and it has been proposed that an estimated one-third of human cancers can be prevented through appropriate lifestyle modification including dietary habits; hence, it is considered significant to explore the pharmacological benefits of these agents, which are easily accessible and have higher safety index. Accordingly, an impressive embodiment of evidence supports the concept that the dietary factors are critical modulators to prevent, retard, block, or reverse carcinogenesis. Such an action reflects the ability of these molecules to interfere with multitude of pathways to subdue and neutralize several oncogenic factors and thereby keep a restraint on neoplastic transformations. This review provides a series of experimental evidence based on the current literature to highlight the translational potential of nutraceuticals for the prevention of the disease through consumption of enriched diets and its efficacious management by means of novel interventions. Specifically, this review provides the current understanding of the chemopreventive pharmacology of nutraceuticals such as cucurbitacins, morin, fisetin, curcumin, luteolin and garcinol toward their potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fahad Ullah
- Prince Fahd Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Showket H Bhat
- Prince Fahd Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Vocational Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Faisel M Abuduhier
- Prince Fahd Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Khalid Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Usmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Lim SH, Lee HS, Lee CH, Choi CI. Pharmacological Activity of Garcinia indica (Kokum): An Updated Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121338. [PMID: 34959738 PMCID: PMC8708457 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia indica (commonly known as kokum), belonging to the Clusiaceae family (mangosteen family), is a tropical evergreen tree distributed in certain regions of India. It has been used in culinary and industrial applications for a variety of purposes, including acidulant in curries, pickles, health drinks, wine, and butter. In particular, G. indica has been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, dermatitis, and diarrhea, and to promote digestion. According to several studies, various phytochemicals such as garcinol, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside were isolated from G. indica, and their pharmacological activities were published. This review highlights recent updates on the various pharmacological activities of G. indica. These studies reported that G. indica has antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects both in vitro and in vivo. These findings, together with previously published reports of pharmacological activity of various components isolated from G. indica, suggest its potential as a promising therapeutic agent to prevent various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Lim
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (S.H.L.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Ho Seon Lee
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (S.H.L.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (S.H.L.); (H.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5230
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Neukirch K, Alsabil K, Dinh CP, Bilancia R, Raasch M, Ville A, Cerqua I, Viault G, Bréard D, Pace S, Temml V, Brunner E, Jordan PM, Marques MC, Loeser K, Gollowitzer A, Permann S, Gerstmeier J, Lorkowski S, Stuppner H, Garscha U, Rodrigues T, Bernardes GJL, Schuster D, Séraphin D, Richomme P, Rossi A, Mosig AS, Roviezzo F, Werz O, Helesbeux JJ, Koeberle A. Exploration of Long-Chain Vitamin E Metabolites for the Discovery of a Highly Potent, Orally Effective, and Metabolically Stable 5-LOX Inhibitor that Limits Inflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11496-11526. [PMID: 34279935 PMCID: PMC8365602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous long-chain metabolites of vitamin E (LCMs) mediate immune functions by targeting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and increasing the systemic concentrations of resolvin E3, a specialized proresolving lipid mediator. SAR studies on semisynthesized analogues highlight α-amplexichromanol (27a), which allosterically inhibits 5-LOX, being considerably more potent than endogenous LCMs in human primary immune cells and blood. Other enzymes within lipid mediator biosynthesis were not substantially inhibited, except for microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Compound 27a is metabolized by sulfation and β-oxidation in human liver-on-chips and exhibits superior metabolic stability in mice over LCMs. Pharmacokinetic studies show distribution of 27a from plasma to the inflamed peritoneal cavity and lung. In parallel, 5-LOX-derived leukotriene levels decrease, and the inflammatory reaction is suppressed in reconstructed human epidermis, murine peritonitis, and experimental asthma in mice. Our study highlights 27a as an orally active, LCM-inspired drug candidate that limits inflammation with superior potency and metabolic stability to the endogenous lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Neukirch
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Chau-Phi Dinh
- Univ
Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Rossella Bilancia
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Raasch
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexia Ville
- Univ
Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Ida Cerqua
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Pace
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elena Brunner
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marta C. Marques
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantin Loeser
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Permann
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department
of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional
Science and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health
(nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
(CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael
Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Zarghi A. Lipoxygenase Inhibitors as Cancer Chemopreventives: Discovery, Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1143-1175. [PMID: 31820690 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191210104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes (LTs) constitute a bioactive group of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) metabolites molded by the enzymatic activity of lipoxygenase (LO) and have a pivotal role in inflammation and allergy. Evidence is accumulating both by in vitro cell culture experiments and animal tumor model studies in support of the direct involvement of aberrant metabolism of arachidonic acid (ACD) in the development of several types of human cancers such as lung, prostate, pancreatic and colorectal malignancies. Several independent experimental data suggest a correlation between tumoral cells viability and LO gene expression, especially, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Overexpressed 5-LO cells live longer, proliferate faster, invade more effectively through extracellular matrix destruction and activate the anti-apoptotic signaling mechanisms more intensively compared to the normal counterparts. Thus, some groups of lipoxygenase inhibitors may be effective as promising chemopreventive agents. METHODS A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature regarding the role of LO in the pathogenesis of cancer was performed. The characteristics of screened papers were summarized and the latest advances focused on the discovery of new LO inhibitors as anticancer agents were discussed. RESULTS More than 180 papers were included and summarized in this review; the majority was about the newly designed and synthesized 5-LO inhibitors as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. The enzyme's structure, 5-LO pathway, 5-LO inhibitors structure-activity relationships as well as the correlation between these drugs and a number of most prevalent human cancers were described. In most cases, it has been emphasized that dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase (COX-2/5-LO) or dual 5-lipoxygenase/microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (5-LO/mPGES-1) inhibitors possess considerable inhibitory activities against their target enzymes as well as potent antiproliferative effects. Several papers disclosing 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) antagonists as a new group of 5-LO activity regulators are also subject to this review. Also, the potential of 12-lipoxygenase (12- LO) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitors as chemopreventive agents was outlined to expand the scope of new anticancer agents discovery. Some peptides and peptidomimetics with anti-LT activities were described as well. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors and their adverse effects were discussed and some novel series of natural-product-derived inhibitors of LO was also discussed in this review. CONCLUSION This review gives insights into the novel lipoxygenase inhibitors with anticancer activity as well as the different molecular pharmacological strategies to inhibit the enzyme effectively. The findings confirm that certain groups of LO inhibitors could act as promising chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Boyce JH, Reisman BJ, Bachmann BO, Porco JA. Synthesis and Multiplexed Activity Profiling of Synthetic Acylphloroglucinol Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1263-1272. [PMID: 32965753 PMCID: PMC7855714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are novel formic-acid-mediated rearrangements of dearomatized acylphloroglucinols to access a structurally diverse group of synthetic acylphloroglucinol scaffolds (SASs). Density-functional theory (DFT) optimized orbital and stereochemical analyses shed light on the mechanism of these rearrangements. Products were evaluated by multiplexed activity profiling (MAP), an unbiased platform which assays multiple biological readouts simultaneously at single-cell resolution for markers of cell signaling, and can aid in distinguishing genuine activity from assay interference. MAP identified a number of SASs that suppressed pS6 (Ser235/236), a marker for activation of the mTOR and ERK signaling pathways. These results illustrate how biomimetic synthesis and multiplexed activity profiling can reveal the pharmacological potential of novel chemotypes by diversity-oriented synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Boyce
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Current Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd S., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin J Reisman
- Vanderbilt University, Chemistry Department, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Vanderbilt University, Chemistry Department, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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10
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Boyce JH, Reisman BJ, Bachmann BO, Porco JA. Synthesis and Multiplexed Activity Profiling of Synthetic Acylphloroglucinol Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- Current Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of California, San Francisco 555 Mission Bay Blvd S. San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Reisman
- Vanderbilt University Chemistry Department 7330 Stevenson Center Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Brian O. Bachmann
- Vanderbilt University Chemistry Department 7330 Stevenson Center Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
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11
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Abstract
Garcinol is a natural product from the Garcinia Indica fruit and is well-known as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. However, the understanding of its mechanism of action is still incomplete. It has been reported to be a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor. Here, we surprisingly found that garcinol is a potent histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) inhibitor (IC50 ∼ 5 μM in vitro with the HPLC assay and IC50 ∼ 10 μM in the cellular SHMT2 fatty acylation assay), which is comparable to previously reported HDAC11 inhibitors. Additionally, among all the HDACs tested, garcinol specifically inhibits HDAC11 over other HDACs. HDAC11 is the only class IV HDAC, and there are very few inhibitors available for it. Therefore, this study provides a new HDAC11 inhibitor lead from natural products and may help explain the various biological activities of garcinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se In Son
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thanh Tu Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Garcinol Exhibits Anti-Neoplastic Effects by Targeting Diverse Oncogenic Factors in Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050103. [PMID: 32365899 PMCID: PMC7277375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is the medicinal component obtained from fruits and leaves of Garcinia indica (G. indica) and has traditionally been extensively used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it has been also been experimentally illustrated to elicit anti-cancer properties. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have illustrated the potential therapeutic efficiency of garcinol in management of different malignancies. It mainly acts as an inhibitor of cellular processes via regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 in tumor cells and have been demonstrated to effectively inhibit growth of malignant cell population. Numerous studies have highlighted the anti-neoplastic potential of garcinol in different oncological transformations including colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. However, use of garcinol is still in its pre-clinical stage and this is mainly attributed to the limitations of conclusive evaluation of pharmacological parameters. This necessitates evaluation of garcinol pharmacokinetics to precisely identify an appropriate dose and route of administration, tolerability, and potency under physiological conditions along with characterization of a therapeutic index. Hence, the research is presently ongoing in the dimension of exploring the precise metabolic mechanism of garcinol. Despite various lacunae, garcinol has presented with promising anti-cancer effects. Hence, this review is motivated by the constantly emerging and promising positive anti-cancerous effects of garcinol. This review is the first effort to summarize the mechanism of action of garcinol in modulation of anti-cancer effect via regulation of different cellular processes.
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13
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Napagoda M, Gerstmeier J, Butschek H, De Soyza S, Pace S, Lorenz S, Qader M, Witharana S, Nagahawatte A, Wijayaratne G, Svatoš A, Jayasinghe L, Koeberle A, Werz O. The Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants from Sri Lanka. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081894. [PMID: 32326068 PMCID: PMC7221831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional folk medicine in Sri Lanka is mostly based on plants and plant-derived products, however, many of these medicinal plant species are scientifically unexplored. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potency of 28 different extracts prepared from seven popular medicinal plant species employed in Sri Lanka. The extracts were subjected to cell-based and cell-free assays of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Moreover, antibacterial and disinfectant activities were assessed. Characterization of secondary metabolites was achieved by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. n-Hexane- and dichloromethane-based extracts of Garcinia cambogia efficiently suppressed 5-LO activity in human neutrophils (IC50 = 0.92 and 1.39 µg/mL), and potently inhibited isolated human 5-LO (IC50 = 0.15 and 0.16 µg/mL) and mPGES-1 (IC50 = 0.29 and 0.49 µg/mL). Lipophilic extracts of Pothos scandens displayed potent inhibition of mPGES-1 only. A methanolic extract of Ophiorrhiza mungos caused significant NO scavenging activity. The lipophilic extracts of G. cambogia exhibited prominent antibacterial and disinfectant activities, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids, sesquiterpenes and other types of secondary metabolites. Together, our results suggest the prospective utilization of G.cambogia as disinfective agent with potent anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Napagoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka;
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (O.W.); Tel.: +94-(0)71 9216281 (M.N.); +49-(0)3641-949801 (O.W.)
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.G.); (H.B.); (S.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Hannah Butschek
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.G.); (H.B.); (S.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Sudhara De Soyza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.G.); (H.B.); (S.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Sybille Lorenz
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Mallique Qader
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Sanjeeva Witharana
- Faculty of Engineering, Higher Colleges of Technology, PO Box 4793 Abu Dhabi, UAE;
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Gaya Wijayaratne
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Lalith Jayasinghe
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.G.); (H.B.); (S.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.G.); (H.B.); (S.P.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (O.W.); Tel.: +94-(0)71 9216281 (M.N.); +49-(0)3641-949801 (O.W.)
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14
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Lauro G, Terracciano S, Cantone V, Ruggiero D, Fischer K, Pace S, Werz O, Bruno I, Bifulco G. A Combinatorial Virtual Screening Approach Driving the Synthesis of 2,4-Thiazolidinedione-Based Molecules as New Dual mPGES-1/5-LO Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:481-489. [PMID: 32022480 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dual inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), two key enzymes involved in pro-inflammatory eicosanoid biosynthesis, represents a new strategy for treating inflammatory disorders. Herein we report the discovery of 2,4-thiazolidinedione-based mPGES-1/5-LO dual inhibitors following a multidisciplinary protocol, involving virtual combinatorial screening, chemical synthesis, and validation of the biological activities for the selected compounds. Following the multicomponent-based chemical route for the decoration of the 2,4-thiazolidinedione core, a large library of virtual compounds was built (∼2.0×104 items) and submitted to virtual screening. Nine selected molecules were synthesized and biologically evaluated, disclosing among them four compounds able to reduce the activity of both enzymes in the mid- and low- micromolar range of activities. These results are of interest for further expanding the chemical diversity around the 2,4-thiazolidinedione central core, facilitating the identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents endowed with a promising and safer pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cantone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Dafne Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy.,PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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15
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Warriar P, Barve K, Prabhakar B. Anti-Arthritic Effect of Garcinol Enriched Fraction Against Adjuvant Induced Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:49-56. [PMID: 30457056 PMCID: PMC6778983 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x12666181120091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Garcinia indica also known as kokum is used in traditional system of medicine for relieving inflammation and rheumatic pain. Garcinol, a benzophenone obtained from its fruit rind is reported to have anti-inflammatory effect via modulating arachidonic acid metabolism, suppressing iNOS expression, NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression. It has also been studied for antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. Apart from these, few patents claim that garcinol also has anti-obesity and hepatoprotec-tive effect and has a potential to be used for the treatment of renal disorders, endometriosis and cardiac dysfunction. Objective: Garcinol Enriched Fraction (GEF) from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica should be effective in the treatment of arthritis, one of the chronic inflammatory disorder owing to its anti-inflammatory property as indicated by earlier experiments. Methods: GEF was prepared from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica and quantified using LC-MS/MS. It was found to contain 89.4% w/w of garcinol. GEF was evaluated at the dose of 10mg/kg for its efficacy against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats. Paw volumes of both sides were measured by Plethysmometer and body weight was recorded on 0, 1, 5, 12 and 21st day. The hyperalgesic response was also measured by motility test and stair climbing test. Results: GEF showed a significant reduction in paw swelling (p < 0.0001) and arthritis index (p < 0.0001) exhibiting anti-inflammatory potential. It also improves the motility and stair climbing ability of experimental animals (p < 0.05), thus reducing hyperalgesia. Conclusion: Garcinol enriched fraction shows anti-arthritic activity in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Warriar
- SPP- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalyani Barve
- SPP- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bala Prabhakar
- SPP- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
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16
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Monsey MS, Ruiz SG, Taylor JR. Regulation of Garcinol on Histone Acetylation in the Amygdala and on the Reconsolidation of a Cocaine-Associated Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:281. [PMID: 31998092 PMCID: PMC6961612 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drug-related cues often disrupts abstinence from cocaine use by triggering memories of drug effects, leading to craving and possible relapse. One prospective method of treatment is weakening cocaine-associated memories via impairment of memory reconsolidation. Previous experiments have shown that systemic injection of the amnestic agent garcinol impairs the reconsolidation of cocaine-cue memories in a temporally constrained, cue-specific, and persistent manner. Here, we investigated garcinol’s effect on cocaine-cue memory reconsolidation when administered to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), as well as its epigenetic activity following systemic garcinol administration and also when given in conjunction with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Rats received 12 days of cocaine self-administration training during which time an active lever press resulted in an i.v. cocaine infusion that was concurrently paired with the presentation of a light/tone cue. After 8 days of lever extinction, rats received a memory reactivation session followed by a cue-induced reinstatement test. Intra-LA garcinol following memory reactivation significantly impaired reconsolidation only if the memory was reactivated. Additional studies revealed a significant reduction in histone H3 K27 acetylation and reduced expression of the immediate-early genes Arc and Egr-1 in the LA. When administered alone, TSA enhanced the reinstatement of a cocaine-cue memory, an effect that was prevented when garcinol was concurrently administered. These data indicate the LA is a key structure responsive to garcinol, suggest that one of garcinol’s mechanisms of action is through the reduction of memory-related gene expression in the LA, implicate changes in histone acetylation in memory reconsolidation, and support garcinol as a potential therapeutic tool for sustaining abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sonia G Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Barve K. Garcinol enriched fraction from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica ameliorates atherosclerotic risk factor in diet induced hyperlipidemic C57BL/6 mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 11:95-102. [PMID: 33728268 PMCID: PMC7936105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinol enriched fraction (GEF) was prepared from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica. GEF corrects dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental mice. GEF ameliorates a major risk factor involved in progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Barve
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Garcinol A Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Activation and Apoptosis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070382. [PMID: 31266175 PMCID: PMC6669759 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, an anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic polyisoprenylated benzophenone isolated from Garcinia plants, stimulates tumor cell apoptosis and suicidal erythrocyte death, but supports the survival of hepatocytes and neurons. The present study explored whether the substance influences platelet function and/or apoptosis. To this end, we exposed murine blood platelets to garcinol (33 µM, 30 min) without and with activation by collagen-related peptide (CRP) (2-5 µg/mL) or thrombin (0.01 U/mL); flow cytometry was employed to estimate cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) from Fluo-3 fluorescence, platelet degranulation from P-selectin abundance, integrin activation from αIIbβ3 integrin abundance, caspase activity utilizing an Active Caspase-3 Staining kit, phosphatidylserine abundance from annexin-V-binding, relative platelet volume from forward scatter, and aggregation utilizing staining with CD9-APC and CD9-PE. As a result, in the absence of CRP and thrombin, the exposure of the platelets to garcinol did not significantly modify [Ca2+]i, P-selectin abundance, activated αIIbβ3 integrin, annexin-V-binding, cell volume, caspase activity, and aggregation. Exposure of platelets to CRP or thrombin was followed by a significant increase of [Ca2+]i, P-selectin abundance, αIIbβ3 integrin activity, annexin-V-binding, caspase activity, and aggregation, as well as significant cell shrinkage. All effects of CRP were strong and significant; those of thrombin were only partially and slightly blunted in the presence of garcinol. In conclusion, garcinol blunts CRP-induced platelet activity, apoptosis and aggregation.
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19
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Lauro G, Cantone V, Potenza M, Fischer K, Koeberle A, Werz O, Riccio R, Bifulco G. Discovery of 3-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one-based mPGES-1 inhibitors using a multi-step virtual screening protocol. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2028-2036. [PMID: 30746063 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) represents an efficient strategy for the development of novel drugs against inflammation and cancer with potentially reduced side effects. With this aim, a virtual screening was performed on a large library of commercially available molecules using the X-ray structure of mPGES-1 co-complexed with a potent inhibitor. Combining fast ligand-based shape alignment, molecular docking experiments, and qualitative analysis of the binding poses, a small set of molecules was selected for the subsequent steps of validation of the biological activity. Compounds 2 and 3, bearing the 3-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one nucleus, showed mPGES-1-inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. These data highlighted the applicability of the reported virtual screening protocol for the selection of new mPGES-1 inhibitors as promising anti-inflammatory/anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 (0)89 969741
| | - Vincenza Cantone
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 (0)89 969741
| | - Marianna Potenza
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 (0)89 969741
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Raffaele Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 (0)89 969741
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 (0)89 969741
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20
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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21
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Koeberle A, Werz O. Natural products as inhibitors of prostaglandin E 2 and pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase-derived lipid mediator biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1709-1723. [PMID: 29454981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostanoid formation and represent prevalent therapeutics for treatment of inflammatory disorders. However, NSAIDs are afflicted with severe side effects, which might be circumvented by more selective suppression of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid biosynthesis. This concept led to dual inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1 and 5-lipoxygenase that are crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes. The potential of their dual inhibition in light of superior efficacy and safety is discussed. Focus is placed on natural products, for which direct inhibition of mPGES-1 and leukotriene biosynthesis has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
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22
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Khan H, Rengasamy KRR, Pervaiz A, Nabavi SM, Atanasov AG, Kamal MA. Plant-derived mPGES-1 inhibitors or suppressors: A new emerging trend in the search for small molecules to combat inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 153:2-28. [PMID: 29329790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation comprises the reaction of the body to injury, in which a series of changes of the terminal vascular bed, blood, and connective tissue tends to eliminate the injurious agent and to repair the damaged tissue. It is a complex process, which involves the release of diverse regulatory mediators. The current anti-inflammatory agents are challenged by multiple side effects and thus, new effective therapies are highly needed. The aim of this review is to summarize the described microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors or transcriptional suppressors from medicinal plants, which could be an ideal approach in the management of inflammatory disorders, but need further clinical trials in order to be ultimately validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- REEF Environmental Consultancy, #2 Kamaraj Street, S.P. Nagar, Puducherry 605 001, India.
| | - Aini Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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23
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Maione F, Cantone V, Pace S, Chini MG, Bisio A, Romussi G, Pieretti S, Werz O, Koeberle A, Mascolo N, Bifulco G. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of carnosol and carnosic acid in vivo and in vitro and in silico analysis of their target interactions. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1497-1508. [PMID: 27464306 PMCID: PMC5429324 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The diterpenoids carnosol (CS) and carnosic acid (CA) from Salvia spp. exert prominent anti-inflammatory activities but their molecular mechanisms remained unclear. Here we investigated the effectiveness of CS and CA in inflammatory pain and the cellular interference with their putative molecular targets. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of CS and CA in different models of inflammatory pain were investigated. The inhibition of key enzymes in eicosanoid biosynthesis, namely microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) was confirmed by CS and CA, and we determined the consequence on the eicosanoid network in activated human primary monocytes and neutrophils. Molecular interactions and binding modes of CS and CA to target enzymes were analyzed by docking studies. KEY RESULTS CS and CA displayed significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects in carrageenan-induced mouse hyperalgesia 4 h post injection of the stimuli, and also inhibited the analgesic response in the late phase of the formalin test. Moreover, both compounds potently inhibited cell-free mPGES-1 and 5-LO activity and preferentially suppressed the formation of mPGES-1 and 5-LO-derived products in cellular studies. Our in silico analysis for mPGES-1 and 5-LO supports that CS and CA are dual 5-LO/mPGES-1 inhibitors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In summary, we propose that the combined inhibition of mPGES-1 and 5-LO by CS and CA essentially contributes to the bioactivity of these diterpenoids. Our findings pave the way for a rational use of Salvia spp., traditionally used as anti-inflammatory remedy, in the continuous expanding context of nutraceuticals. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maione
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Simona Pace
- Institute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | | | - Angela Bisio
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | | | - Stefano Pieretti
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine EvaluationIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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Brito LDC, Berenger ALR, Figueiredo MR. An overview of anticancer activity of Garcinia and Hypericum. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:847-862. [PMID: 28363851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide (approximately 8.2 million cases/year) and, over the next two decades, a 70% increase in new cancer cases is expected. Through analysis of the available drugs between the years of 1930 and 2014, it was found that 48% were either natural products or their derivatives. This proportion increased to 66% when semi-synthetic products were included. The family Clusiaceae Juss. (Malpighiales) includes approximately 1000 species distributed throughout all tropical and temperate regions. The phytochemical profile of this family includes many chemicals with interesting pharmacological activities, including anticancer activities. This study includes an overview of the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of secondary metabolites from Garcinia and Hypericum and the mechanisms involved in this activity. Hypericum no longer belong to Clusiaceae family, but was considered in the past by taxonomists, due to similarities with this family. Research in the area has shown that several compounds belonging to different chemical classes exhibit activity in several tumor cell lines in different experimental models. This review shows the significant antineoplasic activity of these compounds, in particular of these two genera and validates the importance of natural products in the search for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavínia de C Brito
- Central Analítica Fernanda Coutinho, Instituto de Química, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Produtos Naturais 3 (PN3), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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25
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Devi NS, Ramanan M, Paragi-Vedanthi P, Doble M. Phytochemicals as multi-target inhibitors of the inflammatory pathway- A modeling and experimental study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:467-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Monsey MS, Sanchez H, Taylor JR. The Naturally Occurring Compound Garcinia Indica Selectively Impairs the Reconsolidation of a Cocaine-Associated Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:587-597. [PMID: 27380937 PMCID: PMC5240167 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sustained abstinence from cocaine use is frequently compromised by exposure to environmental stimuli that have previously been strongly associated with drug taking. Such cues trigger memories of the effects of the drug, leading to craving and potential relapse. Our work has demonstrated that manipulating cocaine-cue memories by destabilizing them through interfering with the reconsolidation process is one potential therapeutic tool by which to prolong abstinence. Here, we examine the use of the naturally occurring amnestic agent garcinol to manipulate an established cocaine-cue memory. Rats underwent 12 days of cocaine self-administration training during which time active lever presses resulted in an i.v. infusion of cocaine that was paired with a light/tone cue. Next rats underwent lever extinction for 8 days followed by light/tone reactivation and a test of cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. Systemic injection of garcinol 30 min after reactivation significantly impaired the reconsolidation of the cocaine-associated cue memory. Further testing revealed that garcinol had no effect on drug-induced cocaine-seeking, but was capable of blocking the initial conditioned reinforcing properties of the cue and prevents the acquisition of a new response. Additional experiments showed that the effects of garcinol are specific to reactivated memories only, temporally constrained, cue-specific, long-lasting, and persist following extended cocaine access. These data provide strong evidence that the naturally occurring compound, garcinol, may be a potentially useful tool to sustain abstinence from drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hayde Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Tel: +1 203 974 7727, Fax: +1 203 974 7724, E-mail:
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27
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Zhou XY, Cao J, Han CM, Li SW, Zhang C, Du YD, Zhou QQ, Zhang XY, Chen X. The C8 side chain is one of the key functional group of Garcinol for its anti-cancer effects. Bioorg Chem 2017; 71:74-80. [PMID: 28169002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Garcinol from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica shows anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism and key functional groups were still need to be identified. Our previous computer modeling suggested that the C8 side chain of Garcinol is so large that it may influence the bioactivity of the compound. 8-Me Garcinol, a derivative of Garcinol in which the bulky side chain at the C8 position of Garcinol is replaced with a much smaller methyl group, was synthesized through a 12-step procedure starting from 1,3-cyclohexanedione. The antitumor activity of Garcinol and 8-Me Garcinol was evaluated in vitro by MTT, cell cycle and cell apoptosis assays. The results showed that 8-Me Garcinol had weaker inhibitory activity on cells proliferation, and little effects on cell cycle and apoptosis in oral cancer cell line SCC15 cells when compared with Garcinol. All of the results indicated 8-Me Garcinol exerts weaker antitumor activity than Garcinol, and the C8 side chain might be an important active site in Garcinol. Changing the C8 side chain will affect the inhibitory effect of Garcinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jing Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Shu-Wen Li
- Hua Lookeng Honors College, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Hua Lookeng Honors College, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Yin-Duan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, PR China.
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Jamal SK, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy: A Journey Toward Safety. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:802-859. [PMID: 28005273 DOI: 10.1002/med.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against inflammation, pain, and fever has been supporting their worldwide use in the treatment of painful conditions and chronic inflammatory diseases until today. However, the long-term therapy with NSAIDs was soon associated with high incidences of adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the search for novel drugs with improved safety has begun with COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) being straightaway developed and commercialized. Nevertheless, the excitement has fast turned to disappointment when diverse coxibs were withdrawn from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity. Such events have once again triggered the emergence of different strategies to overcome NSAIDs toxicity. Here, an integrative review is provided to address the breakthroughs of two main approaches: (i) the association of NSAIDs with protective mediators and (ii) the design of novel compounds to target downstream and/or multiple enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade. To date, just one phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAID has already been approved for commercialization. Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data obtained so far indicate that both strategies may improve the safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah K Jamal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iolanda M Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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29
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Yarla NS, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Reddanna P, Kalle AM, Dhananjaya BL, Dowluru KSVGK, Chintala R, Duddukuri GR. Targeting arachidonic acid pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:48-81. [PMID: 26853158 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, a metabolic process, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Hence, AA pathway metabolic enzymes phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolic products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been considered novel preventive and therapeutic targets in cancer. Bioactive natural products are a good source for development of novel cancer preventive and therapeutic drugs, which have been widely used in clinical practice due to their safety profiles. AA pathway inhibitory natural products have been developed as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against several cancers. Curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, anthocyans, berberine, ellagic acid, eugenol, fisetin, ursolic acid, [6]-gingerol, guggulsteone, lycopene and genistein are well known cancer chemopreventive agents which act by targeting multiple pathways, including COX-2. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and baicalein can be chemopreventive molecules against various cancers by inhibiting LOXs. Several PLA2s inhibitory natural products have been identified with chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials against various cancers. In this review, we critically discuss the possible utility of natural products as preventive and therapeutic agents against various oncologic diseases, including prostate, pancreatic, lung, skin, gastric, oral, blood, head and neck, colorectal, liver, cervical and breast cancers, by targeting AA pathway. Further, the current status of clinical studies evaluating AA pathway inhibitory natural products in cancer is reviewed. In addition, various emerging issues, including bioavailability, toxicity and explorability of combination therapy, for the development of AA pathway inhibitory natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against human malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya
- Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaladhar S V G K Dowluru
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India; Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur 495 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Chintala
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govinda Rao Duddukuri
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India.
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Ranjbarnejad T, Saidijam M, Tafakh MS, Pourjafar M, Talebzadeh F, Najafi R. Garcinol exhibits anti-proliferative activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:692-700. [PMID: 27481098 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116660865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of death. Various natural compounds are known to have antitumor properties. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, we investigated the anticancer activity of garcinol on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) human colon cancer cells. METHODS HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of garcinol for 24 h. The effect of garcinol on HT-29 cells proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; the mRNA expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; apoptosis was detected by proportion of sub-G1 cell; caspase 3 activity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HT-29 cells migration was assessed using scratch test. RESULTS Garcinol preconditioning markedly decreased the expression of mPGES-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, CXCR4, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The proportion of cells in sub-G1 phase and caspase 3 activity were increased by garcinol treatment whereas the cell proliferation, PGE2 level, and cell migration were decreased in these cells, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that garcinol plays a critical role in elevating apoptosis and inhibiting HT-29 cells proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion by suppressing the mPGES-1/PGE2/HIF-1α signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ranjbarnejad
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Saidijam
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Sadat Tafakh
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Pourjafar
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - F Talebzadeh
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - R Najafi
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Chindo BA, Schröder H, Koeberle A, Werz O, Becker A. Analgesic potential of standardized methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla in mice: Mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 184:101-106. [PMID: 26945978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the stem bark of Ficus platyphylla (FP) have been used in traditional the Nigerian medicine to treat psychoses, depression, epilepsy, pain and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of FP in different assays including acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, and albumin-induced oedema. PURPOSE/METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of the standardised extract of FP on hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold in response to electrical stimulation of the tail root in order to confirm its acclaimed analgesic properties. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, with the focus on opiate receptor binding and the key enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis, namely cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). RESULTS FP (i) increased the hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold. The increase in hot plate nociceptive threshold was detectable over a period of 30min whereas the increase in vocalisation threshold persisted over a period of 90min. (ii) FP showed an affinity for µ opiate receptors but not for δ or κ opiate receptors, and (iii) FP inhibited the activities of COX-2 and 5-LO but not of COX-1. CONCLUSIONS We provided evidence supporting the use of FP in Nigerian folk medicine for the treatment of different types of pain, and identified opioid and non-opioid targets. It is interesting to note that the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO appears favourable in terms of both efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P. M. B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Forino M, Pace S, Chianese G, Santagostini L, Werner M, Weinigel C, Rummler S, Fico G, Werz O, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Humudifucol and Bioactive Prenylated Polyphenols from Hops (Humulus lupulus cv. "Cascade"). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:590-597. [PMID: 26918635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Humulus lupulus (hop plant) has long been used in traditional medicine as a sedative and antimicrobial agent. More recently, attention has been devoted to the phytoestrogenic activity of the plant extracts as well as to the anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties of the prenylated chalcones present. In this study, an Italian sample of H. lupulus cv. "Cascade" has been investigated and three new compounds [4-hydroxycolupulone (6), humudifucol (7) and cascadone (8)] have been purified and identified by means of NMR spectroscopy along with four known metabolites. Notably, humudifucol (7) is the first prenylated dimeric phlorotannin discovered in nature. Because structurally related phloroglucinols from natural sources were found previously to inhibit microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the isolated compounds were evaluated for their bioactivity against these pro-inflammatory target proteins. The prenylated chalcone xanthohumol inhibited both enzymes at low μM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Forino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena , Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Santagostini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena , Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden"G.E. Ghirardi" , Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno (BS), Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena , Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Garcinol Inhibits GCN5-Mediated Lysine Acetyltransferase Activity and Prevents Replication of the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2164-70. [PMID: 26810649 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03059-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a critical posttranslational modification that influences protein activity, stability, and binding properties. The acetylation of histone proteins in particular is a well-characterized feature of gene expression regulation. In the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondii, a number of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) contribute to gene expression and are essential for parasite viability. The natural product garcinol was recently reported to inhibit enzymatic activities of GCN5 and p300 family KATs in other species. Here we show that garcinol inhibits TgGCN5b, the only nuclear GCN5 family KAT known to be required forToxoplasmatachyzoite replication. Treatment of tachyzoites with garcinol led to a reduction of global lysine acetylation, particularly on histone H3 and TgGCN5b itself. We also performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), which revealed increasing aberrant gene expression coincident with increasing concentrations of garcinol. The majority of the genes that were most significantly affected by garcinol were also associated with TgGCN5b in a previously reported chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with microarray technology (ChIP-chip) analysis. The dysregulated gene expression induced by garcinol significantly inhibitsToxoplasmatachyzoite replication, and the concentrations used exhibit no overt toxicity on human host cells. Garcinol also inhibitsPlasmodium falciparumasexual replication with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) similar to that forToxoplasma Together, these data support that pharmacological inhibition of TgGCN5b leads to a catastrophic failure in gene expression control that prevents parasite replication.
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Essig S, Schmalzbauer B, Bretzke S, Scherer O, Koeberle A, Werz O, Müller R, Menche D. Predictive Bioinformatic Assignment of Methyl-Bearing Stereocenters, Total Synthesis, and an Additional Molecular Target of Ajudazol B. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1333-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Essig
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Schmalzbauer
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bretzke
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Scherer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) and Institut
for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, C 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Khurana P, Jachak SM. Chemistry and biology of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors as novel anti-inflammatory agents: recent developments and current status. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E2, a key mediator of inflammatory pain and fever, is biosynthesized from PGH2 by mPGES-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Khurana
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali-160062
- India
| | - Sanjay M. Jachak
- Department of Natural Products
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali-160062
- India
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Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT. Antagonism of human formyl peptide receptor 1 with natural compounds and their synthetic derivatives. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 37:43-58. [PMID: 26382576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) regulates a wide variety of neutrophil functional responses and plays an important role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of various diseases. To date, a variety of natural and synthetic molecules have been identified as FPR1 ligands. Here, we review current knowledge on natural products and natural product-inspired small molecules reported to antagonize and/or inhibit the FPR1-mediated responses. Based on this literature, additional screening of selected commercially available natural compounds for their ability to inhibit fMLF-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in human neutrophils and FPR1 transfected HL-60 cells, and pharmacophore modeling, natural products with potential as FPR1 antagonists are considered and discussed in this review. The identification and characterization of natural products that antagonize FPR1 activity may have potential for the development of novel therapeutics to limit or alter the outcome of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Department of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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37
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De Lucia D, Lucio OM, Musio B, Bender A, Listing M, Dennhardt S, Koeberle A, Garscha U, Rizzo R, Manfredini S, Werz O, Ley SV. Design, synthesis and evaluation of semi-synthetic triazole-containing caffeic acid analogues as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Koeberle A, Werz O. Perspective of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 as drug target in inflammation-related disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:1-15. [PMID: 26123522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)E2 encompasses crucial roles in pain, fever, inflammation and diseases with inflammatory component, such as cancer, but is also essential for gastric, renal, cardiovascular and immune homeostasis. Cyclooxygenases (COX) convert arachidonic acid to the intermediate PGH2 which is isomerized to PGE2 by at least three different PGE2 synthases. Inhibitors of COX - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - are currently the only available therapeutics that target PGE2 biosynthesis. Due to adverse effects of COX inhibitors on the cardiovascular system (COX-2-selective), stomach and kidney (COX-1/2-unselective), novel pharmacological strategies are in demand. The inducible microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES)-1 is considered mainly responsible for the excessive PGE2 synthesis during inflammation and was suggested as promising drug target for suppressing PGE2 biosynthesis. However, 15 years after intensive research on the biology and pharmacology of mPGES-1, the therapeutic value of mPGES-1 as drug target is still vague and mPGES-1 inhibitors did not enter the market so far. This commentary will first shed light on the structure, mechanism and regulation of mPGES-1 and will then discuss its biological function and the consequence of its inhibition for the dynamic network of eicosanoids. Moreover, we (i) present current strategies for interfering with mPGES-1-mediated PGE2 synthesis, (ii) summarize bioanalytical approaches for mPGES-1 drug discovery and (iii) describe preclinical test systems for the characterization of mPGES-1 inhibitors. The pharmacological potential of selective mPGES-1 inhibitor classes as well as dual mPGES-1/5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is reviewed and pitfalls in their development, including species discrepancies and loss of in vivo activity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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39
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Garcinol: Current status of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Makam N S, Chidambara Murthy KN, Sultanpur CM, Rao RM. Natural molecules as tumour inhibitors: Promises and prospects. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Abstract
The PGE2 pathway is important in inflammation-driven diseases and specific targeting of the inducible mPGES-1 is warranted due to the cardiovascular problems associated with the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors. This review focuses on patents issued on methods of measuring mPGES-1 activity, on drugs targeting mPGES-1 and on other modulators of free extracellular PGE2 concentration. Perspectives and conclusions regarding the status of these drugs are also presented. Importantly, no selective inhibitors targeting mPGES-1 have been identified and, despite the high number of published patents, none of these drugs have yet made it to clinical trials.
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42
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Koeberle A, Muñoz E, Appendino GB, Minassi A, Pace S, Rossi A, Weinigel C, Barz D, Sautebin L, Caprioglio D, Collado JA, Werz O. SAR Studies on Curcumin’s Pro-inflammatory Targets: Discovery of Prenylated Pyrazolocurcuminoids as Potent and Selective Novel Inhibitors of 5-Lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5638-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica
de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Giovanni B. Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Barz
- Institute of Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 46, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Juan A. Collado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica
de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
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43
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Pneumocystis jirovecii Rtt109, a novel drug target for Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunosuppressed humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3650-9. [PMID: 24733475 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02637-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. In humans, PcP is caused by the opportunistic fungal species Pneumocystis jirovecii. Progress in Pneumocystis research has been hampered by a lack of viable in vitro culture methods, which limits laboratory access to human-derived organisms for drug testing. Consequently, most basic drug discovery research for P. jirovecii is performed using related surrogate organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii, which is derived from immunosuppressed rodents. While these studies provide useful insights, important questions arise about interspecies variations and the relative utility of identified anti-Pneumocystis agents against human P. jirovecii. Our recent work has identified the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Rtt109 in P. carinii (i.e., PcRtt109) as a potential therapeutic target for PcP, since Rtt109 HATs are widely conserved in fungi but are absent in humans. To further address the potential utility of this target in human disease, we now demonstrate the presence of a functional Rtt109 orthologue in the clinically relevant fungal pathogen P. jirovecii (i.e., PjRtt109). In a fashion similar to that of Pcrtt109, Pjrtt109 restores H3K56 acetylation and genotoxic resistance in rtt109-null yeast. Recombinant PjRtt109 is an active HAT in vitro, with activity comparable to that of PcRtt109 and yeast Rtt109. PjRtt109 HAT activity is also enhanced by the histone chaperone Asf1 in vitro. PjRtt109 and PcRtt109 showed similar low micromolar sensitivities to two reported small-molecule HAT inhibitors in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate that PjRtt109 is a functional Rtt109 HAT, and they support the development of anti-Pneumocystis agents directed at Rtt109-catalyzed histone acetylation as a novel therapeutic target for human PcP.
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Bharate JB, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB, Kushwaha M, Gupta AP. QUANTIFICATION OF ANTICANCER POLYISOPRENYLATED BENZOPHENONES GARCINOL AND ISOGARCINOL USING MULTIPLE REACTION MONITORING LC-ESI-MS-MS IN ULTRA-SOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTS OFGARCINIA INDICAFRUITS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.873872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Bharate J, Vishwakarma R, Bharate S, Thite T, Kushwaha M, Gupta A. Quantification and validation of two isomeric anticancer compounds, garcinol and isogarcinol, in ultrasound-assisted extracts ofGarcinia indicafruits using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Kahnt AS, Rörsch F, Diehl O, Hofmann B, Lehmann C, Steinbrink SD, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Grösch S, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. Cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor-1 antagonists interfere with PGE2 synthesis by inhibiting mPGES-1 activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:286-96. [PMID: 23684692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Because of their favourable safety profile and beneficial anti-inflammatory properties, the CysLT1 receptor antagonists (LTRA), montelukast, zafirlukast and pranlukast are approved for the treatment of asthma and are frequently prescribed as add-on therapeutics to reduce the amount of inhaled glucocorticoids and β2-agonists. There is evidence that some of these anti-inflammatory properties might be of a secondary nature and therefore, unrelated to the CysLT1 antagonism. Here, we show that LTRA inhibit PGE2 formation in cytokine-stimulated Hela and A549 carcinoma cells and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human leukocyte preparations (IC50∼20μM). Neither expression of enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis nor arachidonic acid release and COX activities were inhibited by the compounds. In contrast, mPGES-1 activity was suppressed at low micromolar levels (IC50 between 2 and 4μM). This suppression was specific for PGE2 synthesis, since PGD2 and PGI2 levels in LPS-stimulated leukocyte preparations were not negatively affected. PGF2α levels were concomitantly inhibited, probably due to its direct synthesis from PGE2. Several major conclusions can be drawn from this study: (A) clinical trials investigating elevated doses of the compounds are helpful to confirm suppression of PGE2 synthesis in vivo; (B) studies investigating the role of CysLTs in cell culture or animal models of inflammation and cancer have to be reassessed carefully, if higher doses of LTRA were applied or serum levels in cell culture assays were low; and (C) LTRA may serve as new scaffolds for the development of potent, selective and well tolerated mPGES-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Stefanie Kahnt
- Goethe-University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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47
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Hsu CL, Lin YJ, Ho CT, Yen GC. The inhibitory effect of pterostilbene on inflammatory responses during the interaction of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:602-610. [PMID: 23268743 DOI: 10.1021/jf304487v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in obese adipose tissue. Accumulations of adipose tissue macrophages enhance a chronic inflammatory state in adipose tissues. Many studies have indicated that the adipocyte-related inflammatory response in obesity is characterized by an enhanced infiltration of macrophages. The aim of this work was to study the inhibitory effects of garcinol and pterostilbene on the change in inflammatory response due to the interaction between 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. In the TNF-α-induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte model, garcinol and pterostilbene significantly decreased the mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by suppressing phosphorylation of p-IκBα and p-p65. In a coculture model of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages, pterostilbene suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α secretion and proinflammatory mRNA expression and also reduced the migration of macrophages toward adipocytes. In the RAW 264.7 macrophage-derived conditioned medium (RAW-CM)-induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte and 3T3-CM-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage models, pterostilbene significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α secretion and proinflammatory mRNA expression (COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, PAI-1, CRP, MCP-1, resistin, and leptin). Our findings suggest that garcinol and pterostilbene may provide novel and useful applications to reduce the chronic inflammatory properties of adipocytes. We also found that pterostilbene inhibits proinflammatory responses during the interaction between 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Hsu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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48
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A naturally-occurring histone acetyltransferase inhibitor derived from Garcinia indica impairs newly acquired and reactivated fear memories. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54463. [PMID: 23349897 PMCID: PMC3549978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the consolidation and reconsolidation of traumatic fear memories has progressed rapidly in recent years, yet few compounds have emerged that are readily useful in a clinical setting for the treatment of anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we use a combination of biochemical, behavioral, and neurophysiological methods to systematically investigate the ability of garcinol, a naturally-occurring histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor derived from the rind of the fruit of the Kokum tree (Garcina indica), to disrupt the consolidation and reconsolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a widely studied rodent model of PTSD. We show that local infusion of garcinol into the rat lateral amygdala (LA) impairs the training and retrieval-related acetylation of histone H3 in the LA. Further, we show that either intra-LA or systemic administration of garcinol within a narrow window after either fear conditioning or fear memory retrieval significantly impairs the consolidation and reconsolidation of a Pavlovian fear memory and associated neural plasticity in the LA. Our findings suggest that a naturally-occurring compound derived from the diet that regulates chromatin function may be useful in the treatment of newly acquired or recently reactivated traumatic memories.
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49
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Tang W, Pan MH, Sang S, Li S, Ho CT. Garcinol from Garcinia indica: Chemistry and Health Beneficial Effects. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1129.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Tang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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50
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Chen X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Shim JY, Sang S, Sun Z, Chen X. Chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, garcinol. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1211-1218. [PMID: 23137051 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.718032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism, especially the 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) pathway, is involved in oral carcinogenesis and can be targeted for cancer prevention. To develop potent topical agents for oral cancer chemoprevention, 5 known 5-Lox inhibitors from dietary and synthetic sources (Zileuton, ABT-761, licofelone, curcumin, and garcinol) were evaluated in silico for their potential efficacy. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone from the fruit rind of Garcinia spp., was found to be a promising agent based on the calculation of a theoretical activity index. Computer modeling showed that garcinol well fit the active site of 5-Lox, and potentially inhibited enzyme activity through interactions between the phenolic hydroxyl groups and the non-heme catalytic iron. In a short-term study on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated hamster cheek pouch, topical garcinol suppressed leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis and inhibited inflammation and cell proliferation in the oral epithelium. In a long-term carcinogenesis study, topical garcinol significantly reduced the size of visible tumors, the number of cancer lesions, cell proliferation, and LTB4 biosynthesis. These results demonstrated that topical application of a 5-Lox inhibitor, garcinol, had chemopreventive effect on DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.,Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ye Lu
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Joong-Youn Shim
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Research Campus, UNC Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC 28081
| | - Zheng Sun
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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