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Calzadilla N, Jayawardena D, Qazi A, Sharma A, Mongan K, Comiskey S, Eathara A, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Alrefai WA, Gill RK. Serotonin Transporter Deficiency Induces Metabolic Alterations in the Ileal Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4459. [PMID: 38674044 PMCID: PMC11049861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (SERT) deficiency has been implicated in metabolic syndrome, intestinal inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis. Interestingly, changes in microbiome metabolic capacity and several alterations in host gene expression, including lipid metabolism, were previously observed in SERT-/- mice ileal mucosa. However, the precise host or microbial metabolites altered by SERT deficiency that may contribute to the pleiotropic phenotype of SERT KO mice are not yet understood. This study investigated the hypothesis that SERT deficiency impacts lipid and microbial metabolite abundances in the ileal mucosa, where SERT is highly expressed. Ileal mucosal metabolomics was performed by Metabolon on wild-type (WT) and homozygous SERT knockout (KO) mice. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) was utilized to measure immune cell populations in ileal lamina propria to assess immunomodulatory effects caused by SERT deficiency. SERT KO mice exhibited a unique ileal mucosal metabolomic signature, with the most differentially altered metabolites being lipids. Such changes included increased diacylglycerols and decreased monoacylglycerols in the ileal mucosa of SERT KO mice compared to WT mice. Further, the ileal mucosa of SERT KO mice exhibited several changes in microbial-related metabolites known to play roles in intestinal inflammation and insulin resistance. SERT KO mice also had a significant reduction in the abundance of ileal group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3). In conclusion, SERT deficiency induces complex alterations in the ileal mucosal environment, indicating potential links between serotonergic signaling, gut microbiota, mucosal immunity, intestinal inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Aisha Qazi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Kai Mongan
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Shane Comiskey
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Abhijith Eathara
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.); (A.Q.); (A.S.); (K.M.); (S.C.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (P.K.D.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Buey B, Forcén A, Grasa L, Layunta E, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Novel Regulators of Intestinal Serotonin Transporter. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051085. [PMID: 37240731 DOI: 10.3390/life13051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter synthesized both in the gut and the central nervous system. It exerts its signaling through specific receptors (5-HTR), which regulate numerous behaviors and functions such as mood, cognitive function, platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, and inflammation. Serotonin activity is determined mainly by the extracellular availability of 5-HT, which is controlled by the serotonin transporter (SERT). Recent studies indicate that, by activation of innate immunity receptors, gut microbiota can modulate serotonergic signaling by SERT modulation. As part of its function, gut microbiota metabolize nutrients from diet to produce different by-products, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): propionate, acetate, and butyrate. However, it is not known whether these SCFAs regulate the serotonergic system. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of SCFAs on the gastrointestinal serotonergic system using the Caco-2/TC7 cell line that expresses SERT and several receptors constitutively. Cells were treated with different SCFAs concentrations, and SERT function and expression were evaluated. In addition, the expression of 5-HT receptors 1A, 2A, 2B, 3A, 4, and 7 was also studied. Our results show that the microbiota-derived SCFAs regulate intestinal serotonergic system, both individually and in combination, modulating the function and expression of SERT and the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7 receptors expression. Our data highlight the role of gut microbiota in the modulation of intestinal homeostasis and suggest microbiome modulation as a potential therapeutic treatment for intestinal pathologies and neuropsychiatric disorders involving serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Buey
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Forcén
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Layunta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Emilio Mesonero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Santiago L, Castro M, Sanz-Pamplona R, Garzón M, Ramirez-Labrada A, Tapia E, Moreno V, Layunta E, Gil-Gómez G, Garrido M, Peña R, Lanuza PM, Comas L, Jaime-Sanchez P, Uranga-Murillo I, Del Campo R, Pelegrín P, Camerer E, Martínez-Lostao L, Muñoz G, Uranga JA, Alcalde A, Galvez EM, Ferrandez A, Bird PI, Metkar S, Arias MA, Pardo J. Extracellular Granzyme A Promotes Colorectal Cancer Development by Enhancing Gut Inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107847. [PMID: 32640217 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
If not properly regulated, the inflammatory immune response can promote carcinogenesis, as evident in colorectal cancer (CRC). Aiming to gain mechanistic insight into the link between inflammation and CRC, we perform transcriptomics analysis of human CRC, identifying a strong correlation between expression of the serine protease granzyme A (GzmA) and inflammation. In a dextran sodium sulfate and azoxymethane (DSS/AOM) mouse model, deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of extracellular GzmA both attenuate gut inflammation and prevent CRC development, including the initial steps of cell transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, extracellular GzmA induces NF-κB-dependent IL-6 production in macrophages, which in turn promotes STAT3 activation in cultured CRC cells. Accordingly, colon tissues from DSS/AOM-treated, GzmA-deficient animals present reduced levels of pSTAT3. By identifying GzmA as a proinflammatory protease that promotes CRC development, these findings provide information on mechanisms that link immune cell infiltration to cancer progression and present GzmA as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Garzón
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Tapia
- Animal Unit, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Layunta
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona
| | - Marta Garrido
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona
| | - Raúl Peña
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona
| | - Pilar M Lanuza
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Jaime-Sanchez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Camerer
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM U970, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Immunology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain and Department of Pathology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, CIBEREHD, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Department Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain and Department of Pathology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, CIBEREHD, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A Uranga
- Department of Basis Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Alcalde
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Ferrandez
- Service of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, CIBEREHD, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Maykel A Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Department Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
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Latorre E, Layunta E, Grasa L, Castro M, Pardo J, Gomollón F, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. Intestinal Serotonin Transporter Inhibition by Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation. A Feedback Modulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169303. [PMID: 28033388 PMCID: PMC5199115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR2 is a microbiota recognition receptor that has been described to contribute to intestinal homeostasis and to ameliorate inflammatory intestinal injury. In this context, serotonin (5-HT) has shown to be an essential intestinal physiological neuromodulator that is also involved in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Since the interaction between TLR2 activation and the intestinal serotoninergic system remains non-investigated, our main aim was to analyze the effect of TLR2 on intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) activity and expression and the intracellular pathways involved. Caco-2/TC7 cells were used to analyze SERT and TLR2 molecular expression and SERT activity by measuring 5-HT uptake. The results showed that apical TLR2 activation inhibits SERT activity in Caco-2/TC7 cells mainly by reducing SERT protein level either in the plasma membrane, after short-term TLR2 activation or in both the plasma membrane and cell lysate, after long-term activation. cAMP/PKA pathway appears to mediate short-term inhibitory effect of TLR2 on SERT; however, p38 MAPK pathway has been shown to be involved in both short- and long-term TLR2 effect. Reciprocally, 5-HT long-term treatment yielded TLR2 down regulation in Caco-2/TC7 cells. Finally, results from in vivo showed an augmented intestinal SERT expression in mice Tlr2-/-, thus confirming our inhibitory effect of TLR2 on intestinal SERT in vitro. The present work infers that TLR2 may act in intestinal pathophysiology, not only by its inherent innate immune role, but also by regulating the intestinal serotoninergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- RNA—Mediated Mechanisms of Disease, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School. Exeter. United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Layunta
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Servicio de Sistema Digestivo. Hospital Clínico Universitario "Lozano Blesa", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I. Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José E. Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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Modulation of serotonin transporter function by kappa-opioid receptor ligands. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:281-292. [PMID: 27743931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists produce dysphoria and psychotomimesis. While KOR agonists produce pro-depressant-like effects, KOR antagonists produce anti-depressant-like effects in rodent models. The cellular mechanisms and downstream effector(s) by which KOR ligands produce these effects are not clear. KOR agonists modulate serotonin (5-HT) transmission in the brain regions implicated in mood and motivation regulation. Presynaptic serotonin transporter (SERT) activity is critical in the modulation of synaptic 5-HT and, subsequently, in mood disorders. Detailing the molecular events of KOR-linked SERT regulation is important for examining the postulated role of this protein in mood disorders. In this study, we used heterologous expression systems and native tissue preparations to determine the cellular signaling cascades linked to KOR-mediated SERT regulation. KOR agonists U69,593 and U50,488 produced a time and concentration dependent KOR antagonist-reversible decrease in SERT function. KOR-mediated functional down-regulation of SERT is sensitive to CaMKII and Akt inhibition. The U69,593-evoked decrease in SERT activity is associated with a decreased transport Vmax, reduced SERT cell surface expression, and increased SERT phosphorylation. Furthermore, KOR activation enhanced SERT internalization and decreased SERT delivery to the membrane. These data demonstrate that KOR activation decreases 5-HT uptake by altering SERT trafficking mechanisms and phosphorylation status to reduce the functional availability of surface SERT.
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Akt-mediated regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter function, cell-surface expression and phosphorylation. Biochem J 2015; 468:177-90. [PMID: 25761794 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on the cellular basis for Akt-mediated SERT regulation. SERT has been implicated in mood disorders. SERT is a primary target for antidepressants used in the therapeutic intervention of psychiatric disorders.
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Liñán-Rico A, Jacobson KA, Christofi FL. Potential for developing purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1259-87. [PMID: 24859298 PMCID: PMC4340257 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, or motility disorders are not adequate, and purinergic drugs offer exciting new possibilities. Gastrointestinal symptoms that could be targeted for therapy include visceral pain, inflammatory pain, dysmotility, constipation, and diarrhea. The focus of this review is on the potential for developing purinergic drugs for clinical trials to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. Purinergic receptors are divided into adenosine P1 (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)), ionotropic ATP-gated P2X ion channel (P2X(1-7)), or metabotropic P2Y(1,2,4,6,11-14) receptors. There is good experimental evidence for targeting A(2A), A(2B), A(3), P2X(7), and P2X(3) receptors or increasing endogenous adenosine levels to treat IBD, inflammatory pain, IBS/visceral pain, inflammatory diarrhea, and motility disorders. Purine genes are also potential biomarkers of disease. Advances in medicinal chemistry have an accelerated pace toward clinical trials: Methotrexate and sulfasalazine, used to treat IBD, act by stimulating CD73-dependent adenosine production. ATP protects against NSAID-induced enteropathy and has pain-relieving properties in humans. A P2X(7)R antagonist AZD9056 is in clinical trials for Crohn's disease. A(3) adenosine receptor drugs target inflammatory diseases (e.g., CF101, CF102). Dipyridamole, a nucleoside uptake inhibitor, is in trials for endotoxemia. Drugs for pain in clinical trials include P2X(3)/P2X(2/3) (AF-219) and P2X(7) (GSK1482160) antagonists and A(1) (GW493838) or A(2A) (BVT.115959) agonists. Iberogast is a phytopharmacon targeting purine mechanisms with efficacy in IBS and functional dyspepsia. Purinergic drugs have excellent safety/efficacy profile for prospective clinical trials in IBD, IBS, functional dyspepsia, and inflammatory diarrhea. Genetic polymorphisms and caffeine consumption may affect susceptibility to treatment. Further studies in animals can clarify mechanisms and test new generation drugs. Finally, there is still a huge gap in our knowledge of human pathophysiology of purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andromeda Liñán-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Latorre E, Matheus N, Layunta E, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. IL-10 counteracts proinflammatory mediator evoked oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:982639. [PMID: 25147442 PMCID: PMC4132333 DOI: 10.1155/2014/982639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the development of intestinal damage in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Several molecules are involved in the intestinal inflammation, either as pro- or anti-inflammatory factors; however, their effects on intestinal oxidative stress seem to be controversial. This work analyzes the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules to the balance of oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells, as well as their effects on cellular antioxidant enzyme activity. With this purpose, the lipid and protein oxidation, together with the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, were determined in the Caco-2 cells treated with serotonin, adenosine, melatonin, and TNFα, as proinflammatory factors, and IL-10, as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The results have shown that all the proinflammatory factors assayed increased oxidative damage. In addition, these factors also inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the cells, except melatonin. In contrast, IL-10 did not alter these parameters but was able to reduce the prooxidant effects yielded by serotonin, adenosine, melatonin, or TNFα, in part by restoring the antioxidant enzymes activities. In summary, proinflammatory factors may induce oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas IL-10 seems to be able to restore the altered redox equilibrium in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nyurky Matheus
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- 2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Núcleo Hector Ochoa Zuleta, Tarabana 3023, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Elena Layunta
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alcalde
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Emilio Mesonero
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- *José Emilio Mesonero:
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9
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Damen R, Haugen M, Svejda B, Alaimo D, Brenna O, Pfragner R, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M. The stimulatory adenosine receptor ADORA2B regulates serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and release in oxygen-depleted EC cells in inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62607. [PMID: 23638125 PMCID: PMC3637445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently demonstrated that hypoxia, a key feature of IBD, increases enterochromaffin (EC) cell 5-HT secretion, which is also physiologically regulated by the ADORA2B mechanoreceptor. Since hypoxia is associated with increased extracellular adenosine, we wanted to examine whether this nucleotide amplifies HIF-1α-mediated 5-HT secretion. DESIGN The effects of hypoxia were studied on IBD mucosa, isolated IBD-EC cells, isolated normal EC cells and the EC cell tumor derived cell line KRJ-1. Hypoxia (0.5% O2) was compared to NECA (adenosine agonist), MRS1754 (ADORA2B receptor antagonist) and SCH442146 (ADORA2A antagonist) on HIF signaling and 5-HT secretion. Antisense approaches were used to mechanistically evaluate EC cells in vitro. PCR and western blot were used to analyze transcript and protein levels of HIF-1α signaling and neuroendocrine cell function. An animal model of colitis was evaluated to confirm hypoxia:adenosine signaling in vivo. RESULTS HIF-1α is upregulated in IBD mucosa and IBD-EC cells, the majority (~90%) of which express an activated phenotype in situ. Hypoxia stimulated 5-HT release maximally at 30 mins, an effect amplified by NECA and selectively inhibited by MRS1754, through phosphorylation of TPH-1 and activation of VMAT-1. Transient transfection with Renilla luciferase under hypoxia transcriptional response element (HRE) control identified that ADORA2B activated HIF-1α signaling under hypoxic conditions. Additional signaling pathways associated with hypoxia:adenosine included MAP kinase and CREB. Antisense approaches mechanistically confirmed that ADORA2B signaling was linked to these pathways and 5-HT release under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia:adenosine activation which could be reversed by 5'-ASA treatment was confirmed in a TNBS-model. CONCLUSION Hypoxia induced 5-HT synthesis and secretion is amplified by ADORA2B signaling via MAPK/CREB and TPH-1 activation. Targeting ADORA2s may decrease EC cell 5-HT production and secretion in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Damen
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin Haugen
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Svejda
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniele Alaimo
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Oystein Brenna
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Bjorn I. Gustafsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mark Kidd
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Latorre E, Mendoza C, Matheus N, Castro M, Grasa L, Mesonero JE, Alcalde AI. IL-10 modulates serotonin transporter activity and molecular expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Cytokine 2013; 61:778-84. [PMID: 23410504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neuromodulator mainly synthesized by intestinal enterochromaffin cells that regulate overall intestinal physiology. The serotonin transporter (SERT) determines the final serotonin availability and has been described as altered in inflammatory bowel diseases. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in intestinal inflammatory processes and also contributes to intestinal mucosa homeostasis. The regulation of SERT by pro-inflammatory factors is well known; however, the effect of IL-10 on the intestinal serotoninergic system mediated by SERT remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine whether IL-10 affects SERT activity and expression in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Treatment with IL-10 was assessed and SERT activity was determined by 5-HT uptake. SERT mRNA and protein expression was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. The results showed that IL-10 induced a dual effect on SERT after 6h of treatment. On one hand, IL-10, at a low concentration, inhibited SERT activity, and this effect might be explained by a non-competitive inhibition of SERT. On the other hand, IL-10, at a high concentration, increased SERT activity and molecular expression in the membrane of the cells. This effect was mediated by the IL-10 receptor and triggered by the PI3K intracellular pathway. Our results demonstrate that IL-10 modulates SERT activity and expression, depending on its extracellular conditions. This study may contribute to understand serotoninergic responses in intestinal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Ramamoorthy S, Shippenberg TS, Jayanthi LD. Regulation of monoamine transporters: Role of transporter phosphorylation. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:220-38. [PMID: 20951731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic biogenic amine transporters mediate reuptake of released amines from the synapse, thus regulating serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission. Medications utilized in the treatment of depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric disorders possess high affinity for amine transporters. In addition, amine transporters are targets for psychostimulants. Altered expression of biogenic amine transporters has long been implicated in several psychiatric and degenerative disorders. Therefore, appropriate regulation and maintenance of biogenic amine transporter activity is critical for the maintenance of normal amine homoeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that cellular protein kinases and phosphatases regulate amine transporter expression, activity, trafficking and degradation. Amine transporters are phosphoproteins that undergo dynamic control under the influence of various kinase and phosphatase activities. This review presents a brief overview of the role of amine transporter phosphorylation in the regulation of amine transport in the normal and diseased brain. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which phosphorylation events affect amine transporter activity is essential for understanding the contribution of transporter phosphorylation to the regulation of monoamine neurotransmission and for identifying potential new targets for the treatment of various brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neuroscience Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Matheus N, Mendoza C, Iceta R, Mesonero JE, Alcalde AI. Melatonin inhibits serotonin transporter activity in intestinal epithelial cells. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:332-9. [PMID: 20210852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin are two closely related neuromodulators which are synthesised in the enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal epithelium and which have been shown to be involved in the physiopathology of the gastrointestinal tract. The effects of 5-HT depend on 5-HT availability which is, in part, modulated by the serotonin transporter (SERT). This transporter provides an efficient 5-HT uptake after release and is expressed in the membrane of the enterocytes. Although the origin and effects of 5-HT and melatonin are similar, the interrelationship between them in the gastrointestinal tract is unknown. The main aim of this study was to determine whether melatonin affects SERT activity and expression, and, if so, to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Caco-2 cell line was used to carry out the study as these cells have been shown to endogenously express SERT. The results showed that melatonin inhibits SERT activity by affecting both V(max) and kt kinetic constants although SERT synthesis or intracellular trafficking did not appear to be affected. The melatonin effect seemed to be independent of melatonin receptors MT(1) and MT(2) and protein kinase C and cAMP intracellular pathways. Our results suggest that the inhibition of SERT might be due to a catalytic effect of melatonin on the allosteric citalopram-sensitive site in SERT. This study shows, for the first time, that melatonin modulates SERT activity, thus demonstrating the feedback system between melatonin and the serotoninergic system in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyurky Matheus
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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