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Shang L, Cao J, Zhao S, Zhang J, He Y. TYK2 in Immune Responses and Treatment of Psoriasis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5373-5385. [PMID: 36147687 PMCID: PMC9488612 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s380686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a key part of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, plays an integral role in the differentiation and immune responses of intrinsic immune cells and regulates the mediation of cytokines. TYK2 leads to inflammatory cascade responses in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), especially psoriasis. Small-molecule TYK2 inhibitors are considered to be an effective strategy for modulating psoriasis. Here, we attempt to review the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the regulatory roles of TYK2 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and provide updates on ongoing and recently completed trials of TYK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Juusola M, Kuuliala K, Kuuliala A, Mustonen H, Vähä-Koskela M, Puolakkainen P, Seppänen H. Pancreatic cancer is associated with aberrant monocyte function and successive differentiation into macrophages with inferior anti-tumour characteristics. Pancreatology 2021; 21:397-405. [PMID: 33461933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Inflammation is related to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC). Locally, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2), and systemically, high levels of certain inflammation-modulating cytokines associate with poor prognosis in PC. The detailed effects of systemic inflammation on circulating monocytes and macrophage polarisation remain unknown. We aimed to find out how intracellular signalling of peripheral blood monocytes is affected by the systemic inflammatory state in PC patients and how it affects their differentiation into macrophages. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from 50 consenting PC patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). The phosphorylation status of the signalling molecules was assessed by flow cytometry both from unstimulated and appropriately stimulated monocytes. Monocytes derived from HC and PC patients were co-cultured with cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2 and HPAF-II) in media supplemented with autologous serum, and the CD marker expression of the obtained macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Phosphorylation levels of unstimulated STAT2, STAT3 and STAT6 were higher (p < 0.05) and those of stimulated NF-kB (p = 0.004) and STAT5 (p = 0.006) were lower in patients than in controls. The expression of CD86, a proinflammatory (M1) marker, was higher in control- than patient-derived co-cultured macrophages (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Circulating monocytes from PC patients showed constitutive phosphorylation and weaker response to stimuli, indicating aberrant activation and immune suppression. When co-culturing the patient-derived monocytes with cancer cells, they differentiated into macrophages with reduced levels of M1 macrophage marker CD86, suggesting compromised anti-tumour features. The results highlight the need for global management of tumour-associated immune aberrations in PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Juusola
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Krista Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pauli Puolakkainen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Seppänen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Batchu RB, Gruzdyn OV, Kolli BK, Dachepalli R, Umar PS, Rai SK, Singh N, Tavva PS, Weaver DW, Gruber SA. IL-10 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Ovarian Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1290:51-65. [PMID: 33559854 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55617-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other malignancies, ovarian cancer (OC) creates a complex tumor microenvironment with distinctive peritoneal ascites consisting of a mixture of several immunosuppressive cells which impair the ability of the patient's immune system to fight the disease. The poor survival rates observed in advanced stage OC patients and the lack of effective conventional therapeutic options have been attributed in large part to the immature dendritic cells (DCs), IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cancer stem cells that secrete inhibitory cytokines. This review highlights the critical role played by the intraperitoneal presence of IL-10 in the generation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Further, the effect of antibody neutralization of IL-10 on the efficacy of DC and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell vaccines will be discussed. Moreover, we will review the influence of IL-10 in the promotion of cancer stemness in concert with the NF-κB signaling pathway with regard to OC progression. Finally, understanding the role of IL-10 and its crosstalk with various cells in the ascitic fluid may contribute to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches with the potential to kill drug-resistant OC cells while minimizing toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Batchu
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Oksana V Gruzdyn
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bala K Kolli
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.,Med Manor Organics Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Prem S Umar
- Med Manor Organics Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott A Gruber
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Totzke J, Scarneo SA, Yang KW, Haystead TAJ. TAK1: a potent tumour necrosis factor inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Open Biol 2020; 10:200099. [PMID: 32873150 PMCID: PMC7536066 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), irritable bowel disease and lupus. Maladaptive TNF signalling can lead to hyper active downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κβ signalling in turn amplifying a cell's inflammatory response and exacerbating disease. Within the TNF intracellular inflammatory signalling cascade, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been shown to play a critical role in mediating signal transduction and downstream NF-κβ activation. Owing to its role in TNF inflammatory signalling, TAK1 has become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as RA. This review highlights the current development of targeting the TNF-TAK1 signalling axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Totzke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Scott A Scarneo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly W Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy A J Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Penafuerte C, Feldhammer M, Mills JR, Vinette V, Pike KA, Hall A, Migon E, Karsenty G, Pelletier J, Zogopoulos G, Tremblay ML. Downregulation of PTP1B and TC-PTP phosphatases potentiate dendritic cell-based immunotherapy through IL-12/IFNγ signaling. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1321185. [PMID: 28680757 PMCID: PMC5486178 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1321185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PTP1B and TC-PTP are highly related protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that regulate the JAK/STAT signaling cascade essential for cytokine-receptor activation in immune cells. Here, we describe a novel immunotherapy approach whereby monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) function is enhanced by modulating the enzymatic activities of PTP1B and TC-PTP. To downregulate or delete the activity/expression of these PTPs, we generated mice with PTP-specific deletions in the dendritic cell compartment or used PTP1B and TC-PTP specific inhibitor. While total ablation of PTP1B or TC-PTP expression leads to tolerogenic DCs via STAT3 hyperactivation, downregulation of either phosphatase remarkably shifts the balance toward an immunogenic DC phenotype due to hyperactivation of STAT4, STAT1 and Src kinase. The resulting increase in IL-12 and IFNγ production subsequently amplifies the IL-12/STAT4/IFNγ/STAT1/IL-12 positive autocrine loop and enhances the therapeutic potential of mature moDCs in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of both PTPs improves the maturation of defective moDCs derived from pancreatic cancer (PaC) patients. Our study provides a new advance in the use of DC-based cancer immunotherapy that is complementary to current cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Feldhammer
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie Vinette
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly A Pike
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anita Hall
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, MUHC-RI, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Migon
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jerry Pelletier
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - George Zogopoulos
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, MUHC-RI, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Zhao HM, Xu R, Huang XY, Cheng SM, Huang MF, Yue HY, Wang X, Zou Y, Lu AP, Liu DY. Curcumin Suppressed Activation of Dendritic Cells via JAK/STAT/SOCS Signal in Mice with Experimental Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:455. [PMID: 27932984 PMCID: PMC5122716 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role as initiators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and are regulated by the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway. As a potent anti-inflammatory compound, curcumin represents a viable treatment alternative or adjunctive therapy in the management of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanism of curcumin treated IBD on DCs is not completely understood. In the present study, we explored the mechanism of curcumin treated experimental colitis by observing activation of DCs via JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway in colitis mice. Experimental colitis was induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. After 7 days treatment with curcumin, its therapeutic effect was verified by decreased colonic weight, histological scores, and remitting pathological injury. Meanwhile, the levels of major histocompatibility complex class II and DC costimulatory molecules (CD83, CD28, B7-DC, CD40, CD40 L, and TLR2) were inhibited and followed the up-regulated levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ, and down-regulated GM-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-23, and TGF-β1. A key finding was that the phosphorylation of the three members (JAK2, STAT3, and STAT6) of the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway was inhibited, and the three downstream proteins (SOCS1, SOCS3, and PIAS3) from this pathway were highly expressed. In conclusion, curcumin suppressed the activation of DCs by modulating the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway to restore immunologic balance to effectively treat experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Shao-Min Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Min-Fang Huang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yue
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang, China
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7
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Wagner AH, Conzelmann M, Fitzer F, Giese T, Gülow K, Falk CS, Krämer OH, Dietrich S, Hecker M, Luft T. JAK1/STAT3 activation directly inhibits IL-12 production in dendritic cells by preventing CDK9/P-TEFb recruitment to the p35 promoter. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Lu H, Zhu L, Lian L, Chen M, Shi D, Wang K. PGC-1α regulates the expression and activity of IRF-1. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:300-5. [PMID: 25880742 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory transcription factor 1 (IRF-1) regulates downstream signals of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The activity of IRF-1 is mediated by Jak/Stat signaling pathway. In this study, we found that PPAR γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is able to suppress the induction of IRF-1. Treatment with TNF-α in MC3T3 cells leads to a sustainable increase in the expression of IRF-1 and its target gene cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In contrast, TNF-α treatment led to a sustainable reduction in expression of PGC-1α. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of PGC-1α attenuated the induction of IRF-1 and COX-2. However, silence of PGC-1α exacerbated the induction of IRF-1 and COX-2. Importantly, we found that the effect of PGC-1α on repressing IRF-1 expression and activity is facilitated by the reduction in phosphorylation of STAT1 at position 727 (S727P), an essential transcriptional activator of IRF-1. Finally, we found that calyculin A, a pharmacological inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and PP1 abolishes the repression of STAT1 phosphorylation mediated by PGC-1α, suggesting a new mechanism of PGC-1α in regulating STAT1/IRF-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huading Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehai Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Kiesgen S, Arndt MAE, Körber C, Arnold U, Weber T, Halama N, Keller A, Bötticher B, Schlegelmilch A, Liebers N, Cremer M, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Federspil PA, Jensen AD, Jäger D, Kontermann RE, Mier W, Krauss J. An EGF receptor targeting Ranpirnase-diabody fusion protein mediates potent antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:364-373. [PMID: 25434798 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic ribonucleases such as the leopard frog derivative Ranpirnase (Onconase(®)) have emerged as a valuable new class of cancer therapeutics. Clinical trials employing single agent Ranpirnase in cancer patients have demonstrated significant clinical activity and surprisingly low immunogenicity. However, dose-limiting toxicity due to unspecific uptake of the RNase into non-cancerous cells is reached at relatively low concentrations of > 1 mg/m(2). We have in the present study generated a dimeric anti-EGFR Ranpirnase-diabody fusion protein capable to deliver two Ranpirnase moieties per molecule to EGFR-positive tumour cells. We show that this compound mediated far superior efficacy for killing EGFR-positive tumour cells than a monomeric counterpart. Most importantly, cell killing was restricted to EGFR-positive target cells and no dose-limiting toxicity of Ranpirnase-diabody was observed in mice. These data indicate that by targeted delivery of Ranpirnase non-selective toxicity can be abolished and suggests Ranpirnase-diabody as a promising new drug for therapeutic interventions in EGFR-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kiesgen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michaela A E Arndt
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Immunotherapy Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Körber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ulrich Arnold
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Tobias Weber
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Armin Keller
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bötticher
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Anne Schlegelmilch
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nora Liebers
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Cremer
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, ENT Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dyckhoff
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, ENT Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Philippe A Federspil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexandra D Jensen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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Bonnaure G, Néron S. N-acetyl cysteine regulates the phosphorylation of JAK proteins following CD40-activation of human memory B cells. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:209-18. [PMID: 25016575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During their development, human B lymphocytes migrate into various environments, each presenting important variations in their redox balance depending on oxygen availability. The modulation of the cells surroundings redox balance leads to the regulation of reactive oxygen species produced by the cell. These molecules are involved in the state of oxidation of the cytosol and affect many pathways involved in cell development, differentiation and protein secretion. B lymphocytes cultured in presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and under CD154 stimulation, present increases in their intracellular levels of ROS. However, when N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, is added, STAT3 phosphorylation is decreased. In this study, we show that in activated human memory B cells, NAC inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation on tyrosine 705 but not on Serine 727. Moreover, higher concentrations of NAC decreased STAT3 synthesis. Two other antioxidants, α-tocopherol and Trolox, did not affect STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, two kinases involved in STAT3 activation, known as JAK2 and JAK3, appeared down-regulated in presence of NAC. In parallel, 3h after antioxidants incubation, we have observed a decrease in SOCS1 and SOCS3 protein levels, which seems time-related to antioxidant treatment. The decrease in the phosphorylation of JAK2 and JAK3, earlier in the process, could explain the downregulation of STAT3 and offer a hypothesis on the mechanism of action of NAC antioxidant properties which were confirmed by a decrease in the level of S-glutathionylation of proteins. The reduced expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 appears directly linked to the inhibition of this STAT3-regulated pathway. In summary, NAC appears as a potential regulator of the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bonnaure
- Production cellulaire, Recherche et développement, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V5C3; Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique , Faculté des Sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
| | - Sonia Néron
- Production cellulaire, Recherche et développement, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V5C3; Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique , Faculté des Sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6.
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11
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Liang Y, Zhu Y, Xia Y, Peng H, Yang XK, Liu YY, Xu WD, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase 2 in autoimmunity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:571-80. [PMID: 24654603 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.892925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is a Janus kinase family member that is crucial for signaling transduction in response to a wide variety of cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-23. An appropriate expression of Tyk2-mediated signaling might be essential for maintaining normal immune responses. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes that Tyk2 is essential for the differentiation and function of a wide variety of immune cells, including natural killer cells, B cells, as well as T helper cells. In addition, Tyk2-mediated signaling promoted the production of autoimmune-associated components, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis. Aberrant expression of Tyk2 was observed in many autoimmune conditions. EXPERT OPINION Until recently, no patent filings had claimed selective inhibitors of Tyk2. Both CP-690,500 and CMP6 failed to be used in clinical treatment due to the difficulties of finding suitable selective leads or due to detrimental toxicities. Although the result of Cmpd1 is promising, it remains to be seen how specific the Tyk2 inhibitor is and how they are working. Currently, structure-based drug design (SBDD) technology has provided us with a quite useful window for SBDD of Tyk2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032 , PR China +86 551 65167726 ; +86 551 65161171 ;
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12
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Scherer C, Pfisterer L, Wagner AH, Hödebeck M, Cattaruzza M, Hecker M, Korff T. Arterial wall stress controls NFAT5 activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000626. [PMID: 24614757 PMCID: PMC4187483 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 5 (NFAT5) has recently been described to control the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although an increase in wall stress or stretch (eg, elicited by hypertension) is a prototypic determinant of VSMC activation, the impact of this biomechanical force on the activity of NFAT5 is unknown. This study intended to reveal the function of NFAT5 and to explore potential signal transduction pathways leading to its activation in stretch‐stimulated VSMCs. Methods and Results Human arterial VSMCs were exposed to biomechanical stretch and subjected to immunofluorescence and protein‐biochemical analyses. Stretch promoted the translocation of NFAT5 to the nucleus within 24 hours. While the protein abundance of NFAT5 was regulated through activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase under these conditions, its translocation required prior activation of palmitoyltransferases. DNA microarray and ChiP analyses identified the matrix molecule tenascin‐C as a prominent transcriptional target of NFAT5 under these conditions that stimulates migration of VSMCs. Analyses of isolated mouse femoral arteries exposed to hypertensive perfusion conditions verified that NFAT5 translocation to the nucleus is followed by an increase in tenascin‐C abundance in the vessel wall. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that biomechanical stretch is sufficient to activate NFAT5 both in native and cultured VSMCs where it regulates the expression of tenascin‐C. This may contribute to an improved migratory activity of VSMCs and thus promote maladaptive vascular remodeling processes such as hypertension‐induced arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scherer
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Luheshi N, Davies G, Poon E, Wiggins K, McCourt M, Legg J. Th1 cytokines are more effective than Th2 cytokines at licensing anti-tumour functions in CD40-activated human macrophages in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:162-72. [PMID: 24114634 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD40 agonists are showing activity in early clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In animal models, CD40 agonists synergise with T-cell-activating therapies to inhibit tumour growth by driving tumour macrophage repolarisation from an immunosuppressive to a Th1 immunostimulatory, tumouricidal phenotype. We therefore tested the hypothesis that T-cell-derived cytokines license anti-tumour functions in CD40-activated human macrophages. CD40 ligand (CD40L) alone activated macrophages to produce immunosuppressive IL-10, in a similar fashion to bacterial LPS, but failed to promote anti-tumour functions. The Th1 cytokine IFN-γ optimally licensed CD40L-induced macrophage anti-tumour functions, inducing a switch from IL-10 to IL-12p70 production, promoting macrophage-mediated Th1 T-cell skewing and enhancing tumouricidal activity. We found that even the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 promoted IL-12p70 production (albeit without inhibiting IL-10 production) and enhanced Th1 T-cell skewing by CD40L-activated macrophages. However, IL-4 and IL-13 did not enhance tumouricidal activity in CD40L-activated macrophages. Thus, while both Th1 and Th2 cytokines biased macrophages to a Th1 immunostimulatory phenotype, only Th1 cytokines promoted tumouricidal activity in CD40L-activated macrophages. The presence of tumour-infiltrating Th1 or Th2 cells might therefore be predictive for patient response to CD40 agonism.
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14
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Zhou F, Chen J, Zhao KN. Human papillomavirus 16-encoded E7 protein inhibits IFN-γ-mediated MHC class I antigen presentation and CTL-induced lysis by blocking IRF-1 expression in mouse keratinocytes. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2504-2514. [PMID: 23956301 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infection causes 50 % or more of cervical cancers in women. The HPV16 E7 oncogene is continuously expressed in infected epithelium with its oncogenicity linked to cervical cancer. The E7 protein is an ideal target in control of HPV infection through T-cell-mediated immunity. Using HPV16 E7-transgenic mouse keratinocytes (KCs-E7) to investigate T-cell-mediated immune responses, we have shown previously that HPV16-encoded E7 protein inhibits IFN-γ-mediated enhancement of MHC class I antigen processing and T-cell-induced target cell lysis. In this study, we found that HPV16 E7 suppresses IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1((Tyr701)), leading to the blockade of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and transporter associated antigen processing subunit 1 (TAP-1) expression in KCs-E7. The results of a (51)Cr release assay demonstrated that IFN-γ-treated KCs-E7 escaped from CTL recognition because HPV16 E7 downregulated MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs. Restoration of IRF-1 expression in KCs-E7 overcame the inhibitory effect of E7 protein on IFN-γ-mediated CTL lysis and MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs. Our results suggest that HPV16 E7 interferes with the IFN-γ-mediated JAK1/JAK2/STAT1/IRF-1 signal transduction pathway and reduces the efficiency of peptide loading and MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs-E7. These results may reveal a new mechanism whereby HPV16 escapes from immune surveillance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - JieZhong Chen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)-inhibitor ruxolitinib decreases constitutional symptoms and spleen size of myelofibrosis (MF) patients by mechanisms distinct from its anticlonal activity. Here we investigated whether ruxolitinib affects dendritic cell (DC) biology. The in vitro development of monocyte-derived DCs was almost completely blocked when the compound was added throughout the differentiation period. Furthermore, when applied solely during the final lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation step, ruxolitinib reduced DC activation as demonstrated by decreased interleukin-12 production and attenuated expression of activation markers. Ruxolitinib also impaired both in vitro and in vivo DC migration. Dysfunction of ruxolitinib-exposed DCs was further underlined by their impaired induction of allogeneic and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Ruxolitinib-treated mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA)/CpG induced markedly reduced in vivo activation and proliferation of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells compared with vehicle-treated controls. Finally, using an adenoviral infection model, we show that ruxolitinib-exposed mice exhibit delayed adenoviral clearance. Our results demonstrate that ruxolitinib significantly affects DC differentiation and function leading to impaired T-cell activation. DC dysfunction may result in increased infection rates in ruxolitinib-treated patients. However, our findings may also explain the outstanding anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activity of JAK inhibitors currently used in the treatment of MF and autoimmune diseases.
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de Weerdt I, Eldering E, van Oers MH, Kater AP. The biological rationale and clinical efficacy of inhibition of signaling kinases in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:838-47. [PMID: 23597579 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still incurable, with considerable resistance to the standard therapy. CLL cells receive anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferation stimuli in lymph nodes and bone marrow, mainly through B cell receptor activation and TNF-receptor family ligation. In recent years, the focus for finding new drugs has shifted to blocking signals from the microenvironment. Novel therapeutical agents interfere with these microenvironmental interactions, and include inhibitors of kinases Syk, Btk and PI3Kδ. In this review we will focus on the microenvironmental interactions of CLL and the role of tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, early results from clinical trials with kinase inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris de Weerdt
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dumas G, Dufresne M, Asselin É, Girouard J, Carrier C, Reyes-Moreno C. CD40 pathway activation reveals dual function for macrophages in human endometrial cancer cell survival and invasion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:273-83. [PMID: 22903346 PMCID: PMC11028733 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive malignancies are a major cause of cancer death in women worldwide. CD40 is a TNF receptor family member, which upon activation may mediate tumor regression. However, despite the great potential of CD40 agonists, their use as a therapeutic option for reproductive cancers has never been investigated. Because CD40 ligation is a potent pathway of macrophage activation, an in vitro model of pro-inflammatory type-1 (Mϕ-1) and anti-inflammatory type-2 (Mϕ-2) macrophages was developed to determine whether and how macrophage CD40 pathway activation might influence endometrial tumor cell behavior. Analysis of tumor growth kinetic in the endometrial cancer xenograft model indicates that, when injected once into the growing tumors, CD40-activated Mϕ-1 greatly reduced, while CD40-activated Mϕ-2 increased tumor size when compared to control isotype-activated Mϕ-1 and Mϕ-2, respectively. In vitro assays indicated that CD40-activated Mϕ-2 increased cell viability but failed to promote cell invasion. CD40-activated Mϕ-1, in contrast, decreased cell survival but greatly increased cell invasion in tumor cells less susceptible to cell death by apoptosis; they also induced the expression of some pro-inflammatory genes, such as IL-6, LIF, and TNF-α, known to be involved in tumor promotion and metastasis. The presence of IFN-γ is minimally required for CD40-activated Mϕ-1 to promote tumor cell invasion, a process that is mediated in part through the activation of the PI3K/Akt2 signaling pathway in tumor cells. From these results, we speculate that some functions of CD40 in tumor-associated Mϕs might limit the therapeutic development of CD40 agonists in endometrial cancer malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Dumas
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Mathieu Dufresne
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Éric Asselin
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Julie Girouard
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Christian Carrier
- Haemato-oncologic Service, Regional Hospital of Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G8Z 3R9 Canada
| | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivières, PQ G9A 5H7 Canada
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, G9A 5H7 Canada
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Liu WH, Liu JJ, Wu J, Zhang LL, Liu F, Yin L, Zhang MM, Yu B. Novel mechanism of inhibition of dendritic cells maturation by mesenchymal stem cells via interleukin-10 and the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55487. [PMID: 23383203 PMCID: PMC3559548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can suppress dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and function, mediated by soluble factors, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and nitric oxide (NO). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a common immunosuppressive cytokine, and the downstream signaling of the JAK-STAT pathway has been shown to be involved with DCs differentiation and maturation in the context of cancer. Whether IL-10 and/or the JAK-STAT pathway play a role in the inhibitory effect of MSCs on DCs maturation remains controversial. In our study, we cultured MSCs and DCs derived from rat bone marrow under different culturing conditions. Using Transwell plates, we detected by ELISA that the level of IL-10 significantly increased in the supernatants of MSC-DC co-cultures at 48 hours. The cell immunofluorescence assay suggested that the MSCs secreted more IL-10 than the DCs in the co-cultures. Adding exogenous IL-10 to the DCs monoculture or MSC-DC co-cultures stimulated IL-10 and led to a decrease in IL-12, and lower expression of the DCs surface markers CD80, CD86, OX62, MHC-II and CD11b/c. Supplementing the culture with an IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA) showed precisely the opposite effect of adding IL-10. Moreover, we demonstrated that the JAK-STAT signaling pathway is involved in inhibiting DCs maturation. Both JAK1 and STAT3 expression and IL-10 secretion decreased markedly after adding a JAK inhibitor (AG490) to the co-culture plate. We propose that there is an IL-10 positive feedback loop, which may explain our observations of elevated IL-10 and enhanced JAK1 and STAT3 expression. Overall, we demonstrated that MSCs inhibit the maturation of DCs through the stimulation of IL-10 secretion, and by activating the JAK1 and STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-hua Liu
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing-jin Liu
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lu-lu Zhang
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Yin
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mao-mao Zhang
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Cardiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Province Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Yi H, Zuo D, Yu X, Hu F, Manjili MH, Chen Z, Subjeck JR, Wang XY. Suppression of antigen-specific CD4+ T cell activation by SRA/CD204 through reducing the immunostimulatory capability of antigen-presenting cell. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:413-26. [PMID: 22083206 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition scavenger receptor SRA/CD204, primarily expressed on specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, has been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, endotoxic shock, host defense, and cancer development. SRA/CD204 was also recently shown to function as an attenuator of vaccine response and antitumor immunity. Here, we, for the first time, report that SRA/CD204 knockout (SRA(-/-)) mice developed a more robust CD4(+) T cell response than wild-type mice after ovalbumin immunization. Splenic DCs from the immunized SRA(-/-) mice were much more efficient than those from WT mice in stimulating naïve OT-II cells, indicating that the suppressive activity of SRA/CD204 is mediated by DCs. Strikingly, antigen-exposed SRA(-/-) DCs with or without lipopolysaccharide treatment exhibited increased T-cell-stimulating activity in vitro, which was independent of the classical endocytic property of the SRA/CD204. Additionally, absence of SRA/CD204 resulted in significantly elevated IL12p35 expression in DCs upon CD40 ligation plus interferon gamma (IFN-γ) stimulation. Molecular studies reveal that SRA/CD204 inhibited the activation of STAT1, mitogen activated protein kinase p38, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling activation in DCs treated with anti-CD40 antibodies and IFN-γ. Furthermore, splenocytes from the generated SRA(-/-) OT-II mice showed heightened proliferation upon stimulation with OVA protein or MHC-II-restricted OVA(323-339) peptide compared with cells from the SRA(+/+) OT-II mice. These results not only establish a new role of SRA/CD204 in limiting the intrinsic immunogenicity of APCs and CD4(+) T cell activation but also provide additional insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune suppression by this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfa Yi
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Dietrich S, Krämer OH, Hahn E, Schäfer C, Giese T, Hess M, Tretter T, Rieger M, Hüllein J, Zenz T, Ho AD, Dreger P, Luft T. Leflunomide induces apoptosis in fludarabine-resistant and clinically refractory CLL cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:417-31. [PMID: 22072733 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental conditions in lymph node proliferation centers protect chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells from apoptotic triggers. This situation can be mimicked by in vitro stimulation with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). Our study investigates the impact of the drug leflunomide to overcome apoptosis resistance of CLL cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CLL cells were stimulated with CD40L and IL-4 and treated with fludarabine and the leflunomide metabolite A771726. RESULTS Resistance to fludarabine-mediated apoptosis was induced by CD40 activation alone stimulating high levels of BCL-XL and MCL1 protein expression. Apoptosis resistance was further enhanced by a complementary Janus-activated kinase (JAK)/STAT signal induced by IL-4. In contrast, CLL proliferation required both a CD40 and a JAK/STAT signal and could be completely blocked by pan-JAK inhibition. Leflunomide (A771726) antagonized CD40L/IL-4-induced proliferation at very low concentrations (3 μg/mL) reported to inhibit dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. At a concentration of 10 μg/mL, A771726 additionally attenuated STAT3/6 phosphorylation, whereas apoptosis of CD40L/IL-4-activated ("resistant") CLL cells was achieved with higher concentrations (IC(50): 80 μg/mL). Apoptosis was also effectively induced by A771726 in clinically refractory CLL cells with and without a defective p53 pathway. Induction of apoptosis involved inhibition of NF-κB activity and loss of BCL-XL and MCL1 expression. In combination with fludarabine, A771726 synergistically induced apoptosis (IC(50): 56 μg/mL). CONCLUSION We thus show that A771726 overcomes CD40L/IL-4-mediated resistance to fludarabine in CLL cells of untreated as well as clinically refractory CLL cells. We present a possible novel therapeutic principle for attacking chemoresistant CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Medicine V, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Alvarez C, Amaral MM, Langellotti C, Vermeulen M. Leukotriene C(4) prevents the complete maturation of murine dendritic cells and modifies interleukin-12/interleukin-23 balance. Immunology 2011; 134:185-97. [PMID: 21896013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene C(4) is an important mediator in the development of inflammatory reactions and ischaemia. Previous studies have shown that leukotriene C(4) is able to modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs) and induce their chemotaxis from skin to lymph node. In this study, we decided to evaluate the modulation exerted by leukotriene C(4) on DCs, depending on their status of activation. We showed for the first time that leukotriene C(4) stimulates endocytosis both in immature and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -activated DCs. Moreover, it suppressed the interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) release, but induces the secretion of IL-23 by DCs activated with LPS and promotes the expansion of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes. Furthermore, blocking the release of IL-23 reduced the percentages of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-17 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Ours results suggest that leukotriene C(4) interferes with the complete maturation of inflammatory DCs in terms of phenotype and antigen uptake, while favouring the release of IL-23, the main cytokine involved in the maintenance of the Th17 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Haematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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