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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Su Y, Zhao J, Yu D, Jo Y, Joo J, Lee HJ, Ryu D, Wei S. The implicated role of GDF15 in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14290. [PMID: 39044314 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress-responsive cytokine from transforming growth factor superfamily, is highly expressed in mammalian tissues, including pancreas, stomach and intestine under pathological conditions. In particular, elevated levels of GDF15 might play an important role in the development and progression of various gastrointestinal cancers (GCs), suggesting its potential as a promising target for disease prediction and treatment. METHODS In this review, systematic reviews addressing the role of GDF15 in GCs were updated, along with the latest clinical trials focussing on the GDF15-associated digestive malignancies. RESULTS The multiple cellular pathways through which GDF15 is involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological conditions were first summarized. Then, GDF15 was also established as a valuable clinical index, functioning as a predictive marker in diverse GCs. Notably, latest clinical treatments targeting GDF15 were also highlighted, demonstrating its promising potential in mitigating and curing digestive malignancies. CONCLUSIONS This review unveils the pivotal roles of GDF15 and its potential as a promising target in the pathogenesis of GCs, which may provide insightful directions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xue
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yale Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daoquan Yu
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, Shuangliao Center Hospital, Shuangliao, China
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jongkil Joo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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2
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Gadwal A, Purohit P, Khokhar M, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Choudhary R, Elhence P, Banerjee M, Sharma P. GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promotes drug resistance and stemness of breast cancer via β-catenin axis. Growth Factors 2024; 42:84-100. [PMID: 38889447 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2024.2368907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) are a polypeptide responsible for aberrant glycosylation in breast cancer (BC), but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, expression levels of GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 were assessed in BC, and their association with GDF-15, β-catenin, stemness (SOX2 and OCT4), and drug resistance marker (ABCC5) was evaluated. Gene expression of GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n = 30) was determined. The same was compared with GEO-microarray datasets. A significant increase in the expression of candidate genes was observed in BC tumor compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue; and in pre-therapeutic patients compared to post-therapeutic. GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, and GDF-15 showed positive association with β-catenin, SOX2, OCT4, and ABCC5 and were significantly associated with poor Overall Survival. Our findings were also validated via in silico analysis. Our study suggests that GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promote stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in BC, possibly by β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Oncosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ramkaran Choudhary
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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3
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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4
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Zhang X, Wang W, Lu C, Zhang H. KLF4 suppresses the proliferation of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by negatively regulating GDF15 and phosphorylating AKT. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:222. [PMID: 37937607 PMCID: PMC10652240 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor which functions as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in numerous types of solid tumors. However, its expression levels and function in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, in order to investigate its roles in pCCA, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to detect KLF4 expression in pCCA. The Chi‑squared test was used to analyze the associations between KLF4 and the clinicopathological features of patients with pCCA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were subsequently used to analyze the prognostic significance of KLF4. The tumor suppression of KLF4 was investigated for the purposes of illustrating its biological function both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the association between KLF4 and growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was determined using pCCA tissue microarray (TMA) analysis and RT‑qPCR. The underlying molecular mechanisms between KLF4 and GDF15 were subsequently investigated in vitro. In pCCA tissues, KLF4 was found to be downregulated, and this was negatively associated with the histological grade and tumor size. The knockdown of KLF4 was also found to be a prognostic indicator of the poorer survival of patients with pCCA. Based on in vitro and in vivo analyses, KLF4 was found to suppress tumor progression and induce cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that KLF4 executed its tumor suppressive effects via the regulation of the GDF15/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrate that KLF4 may be considered as an independent biomarker of a favorable prognosis of patients with pCCA, and the KLF4/GDF15/AKT signaling pathway may potentially be a novel molecular therapeutic target for patients with pCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Wang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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Sarkar S, Syed F, Webb-Robertson BJ, Melchior JT, Chang G, Gritsenko M, Wang YT, Tsai CF, Liu J, Yi X, Cui Y, Eizirik DL, Metz TO, Rewers M, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG, Nakayasu ES. Protection of β cells against pro-inflammatory cytokine stress by the GDF15-ERBB2 signaling. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.27.23298904. [PMID: 38076918 PMCID: PMC10705646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.23298904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Aim/hypothesis Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a therapeutic target for a variety of metabolic diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the nausea caused by GDF15 is a challenging point for therapeutic development. In addition, it is unknown why the endogenous GDF15 fails to protect from T1D development. Here, we investigate the GDF15 signaling in pancreatic islets towards opening possibilities for therapeutic targeting in β cells and to understand why this protection fails to occur naturally. Methods GDF15 signaling in islets was determined by proximity-ligation assay, untargeted proteomics, pathway analysis, and treatment of cells with specific inhibitors. To determine if GDF15 levels would increase prior to disease onset, plasma levels of GDF15 were measured in a longitudinal prospective study of children during T1D development (n=132 cases vs. n=40 controls) and in children with islet autoimmunity but normoglycemia (n=47 cases vs. n=40 controls) using targeted mass spectrometry. We also investigated the regulation of GDF15 production in islets by fluorescence microscopy and western blot analysis. Results The proximity-ligation assay identified ERBB2 as the GDF15 receptor in islets, which was confirmed using its specific antagonist, tucatinib. The untargeted proteomics analysis and caspase assay showed that ERBB2 activation by GDF15 reduces β cell apoptosis by downregulating caspase 8. In plasma, GDF15 levels were higher (p=0.0024) during T1D development compared to controls, but not in islet autoimmunity with normoglycemia. However, in the pancreatic islets GDF15 was depleted via sequestration of its mRNA into stress granules, resulting in translation halting. Conclusions/interpretation GDF15 protects against T1D via ERBB2-mediated decrease of caspase 8 expression in pancreatic islets. Circulating levels of GDF15 increases pre-T1D onset, which is insufficient to promote protection due to its localized depletion in the islets. These findings open opportunities for targeting GDF15 downstream signaling for pancreatic β cell protection in T1D and help to explain the lack of natural protection by the endogenous protein.
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6
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Lasaad S, Walter C, Rafael C, Morla L, Doucet A, Picard N, Blanchard A, Fromes Y, Matot B, Crambert G, Cheval L. GDF15 mediates renal cell plasticity in response to potassium depletion in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14046. [PMID: 37665159 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanisms involved in the response to a low-K+ diet (LK), we investigated the role of the growth factor GDF15 and the ion pump H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2) in this process. METHODS Male mice of different genotypes (WT, GDF15-KO, and HKA2-KO) were fed an LK diet for different periods of time. We analyzed GDF15 levels, metabolic and physiological parameters, and the cellular composition of collecting ducts. RESULTS Mice fed an LK diet showed a 2-4-fold increase in plasma and urine GDF15 levels. Compared to WT mice, GDF15-KO mice rapidly developed hypokalemia due to impaired renal adaptation. This is related to their 1/ inability to increase the number of type A intercalated cells (AIC) and 2/ absence of upregulation of H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2), the two processes responsible for K+ retention. Interestingly, we showed that the GDF15-mediated proliferative effect on AIC was dependent on the ErbB2 receptor and required the presence of HKA2. Finally, renal leakage of K+ induced a reduction in muscle mass in GDF15-KO mice fed LK diet. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that GDF15 and HKA2 are linked and play a central role in the response to K+ restriction by orchestrating the modification of the cellular composition of the collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Lasaad
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Christine Walter
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Rafael
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Morla
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Alain Doucet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR 5305 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Fromes
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Matot
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
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7
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Bou Antoun N, Chioni AM. Dysregulated Signalling Pathways Driving Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12222. [PMID: 37569598 PMCID: PMC10418675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms. To guide future cancer treatments and improve results, a deeper comprehension of drug resistance pathways is necessary. This review covers both intrinsic and acquired resistance and gives a comprehensive overview of recent research on mechanisms that enable cancer cells to bypass barriers put up by treatments, and, like "satellite navigation", find alternative routes by which to carry on their "journey" to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Department, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
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8
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Kusumastuti R, Kumagai Y, Ishihara S, Enomoto A, Murakami T, Yasuda M, Haga H. Mammaglobin 1 mediates progression of trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells through regulation of cyclins and NF-κB. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1797-1813. [PMID: 35945910 PMCID: PMC9527592 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in various cancers is correlated with poor patient survival. Trastuzumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against HER2, has been considered to be a first-line therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer patients, but its usefulness is limited by the development of resistance. In this study, we established resistant cells by long-term treatment with trastuzumab. These cells showed higher proliferation, invasion, and migration abilities than the wild-type cells. Mammaglobin 1 (MGB1), cyclin D1, E1, A2, and phosphorylated NF-κB (p-p65) were upregulated in resistant cells. These proteins regulate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of resistant cells. Depletion of MGB1 decreased cyclin and p-p65 expression. Cyclin D1 and A2, but not E1 expression, were affected by p-p65 downregulation. In summary, our results indicate that MGB1 expression is increased in breast cancer cells that have gained resistance to trastuzumab, and suggest that MGB1 promotes aggressiveness through cyclin and NF-κB regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Kusumastuti
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yuji Kumagai
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Seiichiro Ishihara
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | | | - Motoaki Yasuda
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Graduate School of Dental MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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9
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Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215664. [PMID: 35351601 PMCID: PMC9088220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite technological advances in diagnostic abilities and improved treatment methods, the burden of cancers remains high, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. One primary reason is that cancer cell secretory factors modulate the tumor microenvironment, supporting tumor growth and circumvents anticancer activities of conventional therapies. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in various cancers. MIC-1 regulates various cancer hallmarks, including sustained proliferation, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, inducing invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resisting cell death. Despite these facts, the molecular regulation and downstream signaling of MIC-1 in cancer remain elusive, partly because its receptor (GFRAL) was unknown until recently. Binding of MIC-1 to GFRAL recruits the coreceptor tyrosine kinase RET to execute its downstream signaling. So far, studies have shown that GFRAL expression is restricted to the brain stem and is responsible for MIC-1/GFRAL/RET-mediated metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, abundant levels of MIC-1 expression have been reported in all cancer types and have been proposed as a surrogate biomarker. Given the ubiquitous expression of MIC-1 in cancers, it is crucial to understand both upstream regulation and downstream MIC-1/GFRAL/RET signaling in cancer hallmark traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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10
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Lv C, Li S, Zhao J, Yang P, Yang C. M1 Macrophages Enhance Survival and Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Inducing GDF15-Mediated ErbB2 Phosphorylation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11405-11414. [PMID: 35415372 PMCID: PMC8992263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
M2 macrophages are generally recognized to have a protumor role, while the effect of M1 macrophages in cancer is controversial. Here, the in vitro and in vivo effects of conditioned medium from M1 macrophages (M1-CM) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and a potential mechanism were studied. CCK-8, colony formation, EdU labeling, xenograft growth, and Transwell assays were utilized to observe cell survival/proliferation and migration/invasion, respectively, in OSCC cell lines treated with basic medium (BM) and M1-CM. The ErbB2 phosphorylation inhibitor (CI-1033) and GDF15 knockout cell lines were used to appraise the role of ErbB2 and GDF15 in mediating the effects of M1-CM. Compared with BM, M1-CM significantly enhanced the survival/proliferation of SCC25 cells. The migration/invasion of SCC25 and CAL27 cells also increased. Mechanically, M1-CM promoted GDF15 expression and increased the phosphorylation of ErbB2, AKT, and ErK. CI-1033 significantly declined the M1-CM-induced activation of p-AKT and p-ErK and its protumor effects. M1-CM stimulated enhancement of p-ErbB2 expression was significantly decreased in cells with GDF15 gene knockout vs without. In xenograft, M1-CM pretreatment significantly promoted the carcinogenic potential of OSCC cells. Our results demonstrate that M1 macrophages induce the proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft development of OSCC cells. Mechanistically, this protumor effect of M1 macrophages is partly associated with inducing GDF15-mediated ErbB2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Lv
- Department
of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &
Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shutong Li
- Department
of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &
Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department
of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &
Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department
of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &
Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong
Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Tel: +86 053188382493. Fax: +86 53188382923.
| | - Chengzhe Yang
- Department
of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu
Hospital and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Tel: +86 053182166772. Fax: +86 53186927544.
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11
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Modi A, Purohit P, Roy D, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Elhence P, Singh P, Sharma S, Sharma P, Misra S. FOXM1 mediates GDF-15 dependent stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2877-2888. [PMID: 35066766 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stemness, a key component of breast cancer (BC) heterogeneity, is responsible for chemoresistance. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) induces drug resistance and stemness in BC cells. In this study, the expressions and interactions of GDF-15, FOXM1, and stemness (OCT4 and SOX2), and drug resistance (ABCC5) markers were evaluated in BC. METHODS AND RESULTS 40 diagnosed BC patients and 40 healthy controls were included in this study. Serum GDF-15 was significantly raised (p < 0.001) in BC patients. Expressions of GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, and FOXM1 in BC tissue and cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were determined by RT-PCR, while phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) was analyzed by Western blot. Not only were the fold change expressions higher in cancer tissue as compared to surrounding control tissue, but a higher expression was observed for all the genes along with p-AKT in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MCF-7. Tissue GDF-15 was significantly associated with ABCC5 (p < 0.001), OCT4 (p = 0.002), SOX2 (p < 0.001), and FOXM1 (p < 0.001). To further analyze the signaling pathway involved in stemness and drug resistance in BC, GDF-15 knockdown was performed, which reduced the expression of p-AKT, FOXM1, OCT4 and SOX2, and ABCC5, whereas recombinant GDF-15 treatment reversed the same. In silico analyses in UALCAN revealed a similar picture for these genes to that of BC tissue expression. CONCLUSIONS GDF-15 promotes stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in BC, possibly mediated by the p-AKT/FOXM1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Modi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dipayan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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12
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Kwon MR, Ko ES, Park MS, Jeong WK, Hwang NY, Kim JH, Lee JE, Kim SW, Yu JH, Han BK, Ko EY, Choi JS, Park KW. Impact of Skeletal Muscle Loss and Visceral Obesity Measured Using Serial CT on the Prognosis of Operable Breast Cancers in Asian Patients. Korean J Radiol 2022; 23:159-171. [PMID: 35029082 PMCID: PMC8814696 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of baseline values and temporal changes in body composition parameters, including skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral adipose tissue area (VAT), measured using serial computed tomography (CT) imaging on the prognosis of operable breast cancers in Asian patients. Materials and Methods This study retrospectively included 627 Asian female (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 53.6 ± 8.3 years) who underwent surgery for stage I–III breast cancer between January 2011 and September 2012. Body composition parameters, including SMI and VAT, were semi-automatically calculated on baseline abdominal CT at the time of diagnosis and follow-up CT for post-treatment surveillance. Serial changes in SMI and VAT were calculated as the delta values. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of baseline and delta SMI and VAT values with disease-free survival. Results Among 627 patients, 56 patients (9.2%) had breast cancer recurrence after a median of 40.5 months. The mean value ± SD of the baseline SMI and baseline VAT were 43.7 ± 5.8 cm2/m2 and 72.0 ± 46.0 cm2, respectively. The mean value of the delta SMI was -0.9 cm2/m2 and the delta VAT was 0.5 cm2. The baseline SMI and VAT were not significantly associated with disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.983; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.937–1.031; p = 0.475 and adjusted HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.995–1.006; p = 0.751, respectively). The delta SMI and VAT were also not significantly associated with disease-free survival (adjusted HR, 0.894; 95% CI, 0.766–1.043; p = 0.155 and adjusted HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.989–1.014; p = 0.848, respectively). Conclusion Our study revealed that baseline and early temporal changes in SMI and VAT were not independent prognostic factors regarding disease-free survival in Asian patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri Kwon
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Ko
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Min Su Park
- Department of Information and Statistics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Young Hwang
- Statistics and Data Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Han Yu
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boo-Kyung Han
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Ko
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Choi
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ko Woon Park
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Zhang M, Zhang YY, Chen Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Lu H. TGF-β Signaling and Resistance to Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:786728. [PMID: 34917620 PMCID: PMC8669610 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in advanced cancer, is considered to act as a double-edged sword in cancer. Multiple inhibitors have been developed to target TGF-β signaling, but results from clinical trials were inconsistent, suggesting that the functions of TGF-β in human cancers are not yet fully explored. Multiple drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapy; emerging evidence indicates that TGF-β signaling may be a key factor in cancer resistance to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Finally, combining anti-TGF-β therapy with other cancer therapy is an attractive venue to be explored for the treatment of therapy-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yi Zhang
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongze Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Pathophysiological role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in obesity, cancer, and cachexia. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:71-83. [PMID: 34836750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 or macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (GDF15/MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily and has a diverse pathophysiological roles in cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, and other diseases. GDF15 controls hematopoietic growth, energy homeostasis, adipose tissue metabolism, body growth, bone remodeling, and response to stress signals. The role of GDF15 in cancer development and progression is complicated and depends on the specific cancer type, stage, and tumor microenvironment. Recently, research on GDF15 and GDF15-associated signaling has accelerated due to the identification of the GDF15 receptor: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL). Therapeutic interventions to target GDF15 and/or GFRAL revealed the mechanisms that drive its activity and might improve overall outcomes of patients with metabolic disorders and cancer. This review highlights the structure and functions of GDF15 and its receptor, emphasizing the pleiotropic role of GDF15 in obesity, tumorigenesis, metastasis, immunomodulation, and cachexia.
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15
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Murad R, Avanes A, Ma X, Geng S, Mortazavi A, Momand J. Transcriptome and chromatin landscape changes associated with trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Gene 2021; 799:145808. [PMID: 34224831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
We set out to uncover transcriptome and chromatin landscape changes that occur in HER2 + breast cancer (BC) cells upon acquiring resistance to trastuzumab. RNA-seq analysis was applied to two independently-derived BC cell lines with acquired resistance to trastuzumab (SKBr3.HerR and BT-474HerR) and their parental drug-sensitive cell lines (SKBr3 and BT-474). Chromatin landscape analysis indicated that the most significant increase in accessibility in resistant cells occurs in PPP1R1B within a segment spanning introns 1b through intron 3. Footprint analysis of this segment revealed that FoxJ3 (within intron 2) and Pou5A1/Sox2 (within inton 3) transcription factor motifs are protected in resistant cells. Overall, 344 shared genes were upregulated in both resistant cell lines relative to their parental counterparts and 453 shared genes were downregulated in both resistant cell lines relative to their parental counterparts. In resistant cells, genes associated with autophagy and mitochondria organization are upregulated and genes associated with ribosome assembly and cell cycle are downregulated relative to parental cells. The five top upregulated genes in drug-resistant breast cancer cells are APOD, AZGP1, ETV5, ALPP, and PPP1R1B. This is the first report of increased chromatin accessibility within PPP1R1B associated with its t-Darpp transcript increase, and points to a possible mechanism for its activation in trastuzumab-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabi Murad
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Arabo Avanes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Shuhui Geng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Jamil Momand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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16
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Wischhusen J, Melero I, Fridman WH. Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15): From Biomarker to Novel Targetable Immune Checkpoint. Front Immunol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 32508832 PMCID: PMC7248355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological expression is barely detectable in most somatic tissues in humans, GDF-15 is abundant in placenta. Elsewhere, GDF-15 is often induced under stress conditions, seemingly to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis; however, a moderate increase in GDF-15 blood levels is observed with age. Highly elevated GDF-15 levels are mostly linked to pathological conditions including inflammation, myocardial ischemia, and notably cancer. GDF-15 has thus been widely explored as a biomarker for disease prognosis. Mechanistically, induction of anorexia via the brainstem-restricted GDF-15 receptor GFRAL (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF] family receptor α-like) is well-documented. GDF-15 and GFRAL have thus become attractive targets for metabolic intervention. Still, several GDF-15 mediated effects (including its physiological role in pregnancy) are difficult to explain via the described pathway. Hence, there is a clear need to better understand non-metabolic effects of GDF-15. With particular emphasis on its immunomodulatory potential this review discusses the roles of GDF-15 in pregnancy and in pathological conditions including myocardial infarction, autoimmune disease, and specifically cancer. Importantly, the strong predictive value of GDF-15 as biomarker may plausibly be linked to its immune-regulatory function. The described associations and mechanistic data support the hypothesis that GDF-15 acts as immune checkpoint and is thus an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wischhusen
- Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg Medical School, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France
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17
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Rochette L, Méloux A, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Functional roles of GDF15 in modulating microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165798. [PMID: 32304740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic dysregulation are risk factors for many types of cancer. The interactions between a developing tumor and its microenvironment are known to implicate a complex "crosstalk" among the factors produced by the population of cells. Among these factors, Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has a functional role in cancer. GDF15 expression is induced in response to the conditions associated with cellular stress and diseases. The GDF15 receptor, a member of the glial-cell-derived neurotropic factor family (GDNF), is a GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL) protein. GDF15 induces pro-angiogenic effects in tumors. However, GDF15 could affect tumorigenesis both positively and negatively. With a better understanding of the upstream disease pathways reflected by GDF15, new treatment targets may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
| | - Alexandre Méloux
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Yves Cottin
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France; Cardiology Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
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18
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Kalli M, Voutouri C, Minia A, Pliaka V, Fotis C, Alexopoulos LG, Stylianopoulos T. Mechanical Compression Regulates Brain Cancer Cell Migration Through MEK1/Erk1 Pathway Activation and GDF15 Expression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:992. [PMID: 31612114 PMCID: PMC6777415 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical compression is a common abnormality of brain tumors that has been shown to be responsible for the severe neurological defects of brain cancer patients representing a negative prognostic factor. Indeed, it is of note that patients that undergo resection exhibited higher survival rates than those subjected to biopsy only, suggesting that compressive forces generated during brain tumor growth play a key role in tumor progression. Despite the importance of mechanical compression in brain tumors, there is a lack of studies examining its direct effects on brain cancer cells and the mechanisms involved. In the present study, we used two brain cancer cell lines with distinct metastatic potential, the less aggressive H4 and the highly aggressive A172 cell lines, in order to study the effect of compression on their proliferative and migratory ability. Specifically, we used multicellular tumor spheroids (MCS) embedded in agarose matrix to show that compression strongly impaired their growth. Using mathematical modeling, we estimated the levels of compressive stress generated during the growth of brain MCS and then we applied the respective stress levels on brain cancer cell monolayers using our previously established transmembrane pressure device. By performing a scratch assay, we found that compression strongly induced the migration of the less aggressive H4 cells, while a less pronounced effect was observed for A172 cells. Analysis of the gene expression profile of both cell lines revealed that GDF15 and small GTPases are strongly regulated by mechanical compression, while GDF15 was further shown to be necessary for cells to migrate under compression. Through a phospho-proteomic screening, we further found that compressive stimulus is transmitted through the MEK1/Erk1 signaling pathway, which is also necessary for the migration of brain cancer cells. Finally, our results gave the first indication that GDF15 could regulate and being regulated by MEK1/Erk1 signaling pathway in order to facilitate the compression-induced brain cancer cell migration, rendering them along with small GTPases as potential targets for future anti-metastatic therapeutic innovations to treat brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalli
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysovalantis Voutouri
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Christos Fotis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd, Athens, Greece.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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Modi A, Dwivedi S, Roy D, Khokhar M, Purohit P, Vishnoi J, Pareek P, Sharma S, Sharma P, Misra S. Growth differentiation factor 15 and its role in carcinogenesis: an update. Growth Factors 2019; 37:190-207. [PMID: 31693861 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1685988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a novel cytokine secreted by a variety of cells like macrophages, adipocytes, normally expressed in high amounts by placenta. It is also highly expressed in multiple carcinomas like Colon, Breast, Pancreas, Liver, and Ovarian. Several reports on serum GDF-15 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer are hampered by the lack of robust data, with large sample size and critical patient recruitment. However, experimental accounts on cancer tumors, cell lines, and animal models suggest GDF-15's role in cancer progression via endothelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and even stemness of various cancers. GDF-15 could be the point of amalgamation for the various hallmarks of cancer and can prove a useful therapeutic target in cancer. The current review was conceptualized with a thought of critically appraising the existing information of GDF-15 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Modi
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Dipayan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiotherapy, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Oncosurgery, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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20
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Alshabi AM, Shaikh IA, Vastrad C. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of the Drug-Treated Breast Cancer Based on Gene Expression Microarray. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070282. [PMID: 31311202 PMCID: PMC6681318 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Breast cancer (BRCA) remains the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the present study, we identified novel biomarkers expressed during estradiol and tamoxifen treatment of BRCA. The microarray dataset of E-MTAB-4975 from Array Express database was downloaded, and the differential expressed genes (DEGs) between estradiol-treated BRCA sample and tamoxifen-treated BRCA sample were identified by limma package. The pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, construction of target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-transcription factor (TF) interaction network were performed using bioinformatics tools. The expression, prognostic values, and mutation of hub genes were validated by SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and human protein atlas (HPA) database. A total of 856 genes (421 up-regulated genes and 435 down-regulated genes) were identified in T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + estradiol) samples compared to T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + tamoxifen) samples. Pathway and GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in response to lysine degradation II (pipecolate pathway), cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, cell cycle pathway, and response to cytokine pathway. DEGs (MCM2, TCF4, OLR1, HSPA5, MAP1LC3B, SQSTM1, NEU1, HIST1H1B, RAD51, RFC3, MCM10, ISG15, TNFRSF10B, GBP2, IGFBP5, SOD2, DHF and MT1H) , which were significantly up- and down-regulated in estradiol and tamoxifen-treated BRCA samples, were selected as hub genes according to the results of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-TF interaction network analysis. The SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database further confirmed that patients with higher expression levels of these hub genes experienced a shorter overall survival. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed, and potential therapeutic applications of estradiol and tamoxifen were predicted in BRCA samples. The data may unravel the future molecular mechanisms of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Alshabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ChanabasavaNilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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21
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Fang L, Li F, Gu C. GDF-15: A Multifunctional Modulator and Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:654-662. [PMID: 30947652 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190402101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various pathological processes are associated with the aberrant expression and function of cytokines, especially those belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. Nevertheless, the functions of members of the TGF-β family in cancer progression and therapy are still uncertain. Growth differentiation factor- 15, which exists in intracellular and extracellular forms, is classified as a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily. It has been indicated that GDF-15 is also connected to the evolution of cancer both positively and negatively depending upon the cellular state and environment. Under normal physiological conditions, GDF-15 inhibits early tumour promotion. However, its abnormal expression in advanced cancers causes proliferation, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell formation, immune escape and a reduced response to therapy. As a clinical indicator, GDF-15 can be used as a tool for the diagnosis and therapy of an extensive scope of cancers. Although some basic functions of GDF-15 are noncontroversial, their mechanisms remain unclear and complicated at the molecular level. Therefore, GDF-15 needs to be further explored and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Fengzhou Li
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Chundong Gu
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
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Baek SJ, Eling T. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15): A survival protein with therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:46-58. [PMID: 30790643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. Both the intracellular GDF15 and the circulating mature GDF15 are implicated in biological processes, such as energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. Although there have been many studies on GDF15, GFRAL, a member of the glial-derived neurotropic factor receptor α family, has only been recently identified as a receptor for mature GDF15. In this review, we focused on cancer and energy homeostasis along with obesity and body weight, and the effect of the identification of the GDF15 receptor in these investigations. In addition, the therapeutic potential of GDF15 as a pharmacological agent in obesity and other metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Baek
- Bldg 81 Rm 413, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea..
| | - Thomas Eling
- Scientist Emeritus, NIEHS/NIH, 111 TW Alexander Dr. Bldg. 101 F-095, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Chemotherapy and Inflammatory Cytokine Signalling in Cancer Cells and the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:173-215. [PMID: 31456184 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the result of a cell's acquisition of a variety of biological capabilities or 'hallmarks' as outlined by Hanahan and Weinberg. These include sustained proliferative signalling, the ability to evade growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and the ability to invade other tissue and metastasize. More recently, the ability to escape immune destruction has been recognized as another important hallmark of tumours. It is suggested that genome instability and inflammation accelerates the acquisition of a variety of the above hallmarks. Inflammation, is a product of the body's response to tissue damage or pathogen invasion. It is required for tissue repair and host defense, but prolonged inflammation can often be the cause for disease. In a cancer patient, it is often unclear whether inflammation plays a protective or deleterious role in disease progression. Chemotherapy drugs can suppress tumour growth but also induce pathways in tumour cells that have been shown experimentally to support tumour progression or, in other cases, encourage an anti-tumour immune response. Thus, with the goal of better understanding the context under which each of these possible outcomes occurs, recent progress exploring chemotherapy-induced inflammatory cytokine production and the effects of cytokines on drug efficacy in the tumour microenvironment will be reviewed. The implications of chemotherapy on host and tumour cytokine pathways and their effect on the treatment of cancer patients will also be discussed.
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Liu J, Dong X, Lu J, Zhang Y, Liu K, Liu L, E Q, Lu X, Yin J, Shen Y. Utility of GDF-15 as a diagnostic biomarker in gastric cancer: an investigation combining GEO, TCGA and meta-analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:35-42. [PMID: 30652072 PMCID: PMC6325603 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently suggested that growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is associated with gastric cancer (GC) carcinogenesis. However, the diagnostic potential of GDF-15 for GC remains unclear. To address this issue, we obtained RNA sequencing and microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, and searched PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science for relevant literature. We then used STATA to perform a meta-analysis. In total, reports of 253 GC patients and 112 healthy controls who contributed peripheral blood samples were taken from the four literature sources, while information on 754 GC tumor and 263 gastric normal tissues was drawn from TCGA and seven GEO datasets. The expression level of GDF-15 mRNA was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues, with a standard mean difference (SMD) of 0.79% and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.63-0.95. Consistently, the GDF-15 protein in blood was significantly increased in GC patients as compared to controls (SMD = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.81-5.68). In addition, based on information from TCGA and GEO datasets, the expression level of GDF-15 mRNA may be of use for the diagnosis of GC, with a combined sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio of 0.69 (95% CI = 0.58-0.79), 0.90 (95% CI = 0.84-0.93) and 6.32 (95% CI = 4.22-9.49), respectively. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the area under the curve was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.87-0.93). The results suggest higher levels of GDF-15 may be associated with GC tumorigenesis and may have the potential to be a diagnostic biomarker of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie‐yu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xing‐xuan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jia‐nan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Kai‐fan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ling‐feng Liu
- School of Basic MedicineMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qing‐zhi E
- School of Basic MedicineMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐jing Lu
- School of Basic MedicineMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jie‐yun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yue‐ping Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric DiseasesSchool of Public HealthMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Pegram MD, Zong Y, Yam C, Goetz MP, Moulder SL. Innovative Strategies: Targeting Subtypes in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:65-77. [PMID: 30231328 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer continues to be a life-threatening diagnosis that impacts hundreds of thousands of patients around the world. Targeted therapies are usually associated with less toxicity compared with cytotoxic chemotherapies and often induce response or durable disease control in estrogen receptor (ER) and/or HER2+ breast cancers. Drugs that target CDK 4/6 either alone or in combination with endocrine therapy have demonstrated substantial improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) compared with endocrine monotherapy. Most recently, PARP inhibitors have shown longer PFS compared with physician's choice of chemotherapy in BRCA-associated cancers, leading to the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a targeted therapy with the potential to benefit a subgroup of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Finally, newer drug delivery strategies using antibody drug conjugates have also allowed a "targeted approach" to deliver moderate to extremely potent cytotoxins directly to sites of metastatic disease, with less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pegram
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Yu Zong
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Clinton Yam
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
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Nami B, Maadi H, Wang Z. Mechanisms Underlying the Action and Synergism of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Targeting HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100342. [PMID: 30241301 PMCID: PMC6210751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 20⁻30% of breast cancers. HER2 is a preferred target for treating HER2-positive breast cancer. Trastuzumab and pertuzumab are two HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use as adjuvant therapy in combination with docetaxel to treat metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Adding the monoclonal antibodies to treatment regimen has changed the paradigm for treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite improving outcomes, the percentage of the patients who benefit from the treatment is still low. Continued research and development of novel agents and strategies of drug combinations is needed. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the action and synergism of trastuzumab and pertuzumab is essential for moving forward to achieve high efficacy in treating HER2-positive breast cancer. This review examined and analyzed findings and hypotheses regarding the action and synergism of trastuzumab and pertuzumab and proposed a model of synergism based on available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Nami
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Hamid Maadi
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Li S, Ma YM, Zheng PS, Zhang P. GDF15 promotes the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by phosphorylating AKT1 and Erk1/2 through the receptor ErbB2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:80. [PMID: 29636108 PMCID: PMC5894198 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily, and evidence suggests that a substantial amount of GDF15 is secreted in various human cancers, such as ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer, among others. However, the function of GDF15 in cervical cancer has not yet been reported. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GDF15 expression in normal cervix and in different cervical cancer lesions. Cell growth curves, MTT, tumor formation assays and flow cytometry were utilized to observe the effects of ectopic GDF15 expression on the proliferation and cell cycle of cervical cancer cells. Real-time PCR, western blotting and immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to measure the expression of genes related to the cell cycle and the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to confirm whether C-myc bound to a specific region of the GDF15 promoter. Inhibitor treatment and immunoprecipitation assays were employed to identify the association between GDF15 and ErbB2. RESULTS GDF15 expression gradually increased during the progression of cervical carcinogenesis. GDF15 promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation via exogenous rhGDF15 treatment or the use of gene editing technology in vitro and in vivo and significantly accelerated the cell cycle transition from G0/G1 to S phase. The expression of p-ErbB2, p-AKT1, p-Erk1/2, CyclinD1 and CyclinE1 was up-regulated and the expression of p21 was down-regulated in GDF15-overexpressing and rhGDF15-treated cervical cancer cells. C-myc trans-activated GDF15 expression by binding to the E-box motifs in the promoter of GDF15 and contributed to the positive feedback of GDF15/C-myc/GDF15. Furthermore, GDF15 bound to ErbB2 in a protein complex in cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that GDF15 promoted the proliferation of cervical cancer cells via the up-regulation of CyclinD1 and CyclinE1 and the down-regulation of p21 through both the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in a complex with ErbB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Min Ma
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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An autocrine/paracrine circuit of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15 has a role for maintenance of breast cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24869-24881. [PMID: 28206960 PMCID: PMC5421895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for tumor growth, recurrence, and resistance to conventional cancer therapy. However, it is still unclear how they are maintained in tumor tissues. Here, we show that the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the TGFβ family, may maintain cancer stem-like cells in breast cancer tissues by inducing its own expression in an autocrine/paracrine manner. We found that GDF15, but not TGFβ, increased tumor sphere formation in several breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary breast cancer cells. As expected, TGFβ strongly stimulated the phosphorylation of Smad2. GDF15 also stimulated the phosphorylation of Smad2, but the GDF15-induced tumor sphere forming efficiency was not significantly affected by treatment with SB431542, an inhibitor of the TGFβ signaling. Although TGFβ transiently activated ERK1/2, GDF15 induced prolonged activation of ERK1/2. Treatment with U0126, an inhibitor of the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling, greatly inhibited the GDF15-induced tumor sphere formation. Moreover, cytokine array experiments revealed that GDF15, but not TGFβ, is able to induce its own expression; furthermore, it appears to form an autocrine/paracrine circuit to continuously produce GDF15. In addition, we found heterogeneous expression levels of GDF15 among cancer cells and in human breast cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry. This may reflect a heterogeneous cancer cell population, including cancer stem-like cells and other cancer cells. Our findings suggest that GDF15 induces tumor sphere formation through GDF15-ERK1/2-GDF15 circuits, leading to maintenance of GDF15high cancer stem-like cells. Targeting GDF15 to break these circuits should contribute to the eradication of tumors.
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Tan C, Hu W, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Tang J. Cytokine-mediated therapeutic resistance in breast cancer. Cytokine 2018; 108:151-159. [PMID: 29609137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance leading to tumor relapse is a major challenge in breast cancer (BCa) treatment. Numerous factors involved in multiple mechanisms promote the development of tumor chemo/radio-resistance. Cytokines/chemokines are important inflammatory factors and highly related to tumorigenesis, metastasis and tumors responses to treatment. A large number of studies have demonstrated that the network of cytokines activates multiple cell signaling pathways to promote tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and migration. Particularly in BCa, cytokines-enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a pivotal role in the progression of metastatic phenotypes and resistance to the traditional chemo/radio-therapy. Virtually, therapeutic resistance is not entirely determined by tumor cell intrinsic characteristics but also dependent upon synchronized effects by numerous of local microenvironmental factors. Emerging evidence highlighted that exosomes secreted from various types of cells promote intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules including miRNAs and cytokines, suggesting that exosomes are essential for sustentation of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cytokines promote therapeutic resistance of BCa and suggest a potential approach for improving BCa therapeutics by inhibition of exosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Tan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weizi Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yunjie He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guangqin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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Growth differentiation factor 15 mediates epithelial mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancers through IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94393-94406. [PMID: 29212236 PMCID: PMC5706882 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the inflammatory cytokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is significantly elevated in many tumor types in association with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), drug resistance, and progressive disease. However, few studies have examined GDF15 expression, signaling, or function in breast cancer. In the current study, we demonstrate that GDF15 is associated with high tumor grade, ER-negativity, and HER2 overexpression in patients with breast cancer. Stable overexpression of GDF15 upregulates expression of mesenchymal markers and transcription factors, including FoxM1, and increases cellular invasion. GDF15 stable clones and breast cancer cells stimulated with recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15) demonstrate activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), EMT, and invasion. Pharmacologic inhibition of IGF-1R reduces GDF15-mediated EMT and invasion in stable clones, and FoxM1 knockdown rescues invasion and EMT in GDF15 stable clones and rhGDF15-stimulated cells. These data suggest that IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling is a potential mechanism through which GDF15 drives EMT and invasion of breast cancers. Further, GDF15 knockdown significantly inhibits invasion of HER2-overexpressing and triple-negative breast cancer cells, supporting further preclinical investigation of GDF15-targeted therapies.
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Predicting and Overcoming Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:59-104. [PMID: 29282680 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of breast cancer and its therapeutic approach has improved greatly due to the advancement of molecular biology in recent years. Clinically, breast cancers are characterized into three basic types based on their immunohistochemical properties. They are triple-negative breast cancer, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive-HR positive breast cancer, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Even though these subtypes have been characterized, assessment of a breast cancer's receptor status is still widely used to determine whether or not a targeted therapy could be applied. Moreover, drug resistance is common in all breast cancer types despite the different treatment modalities applied. The development of resistance to different therapeutics is not mutually exclusive. It seems that tumor could be resistant to multiple treatment strategies, such as being both chemoresistant and monoclonal antibody resistant. However, the underlying mechanisms are complicated and need further investigation. In this chapter, we aim to provide a brief review of the different types of breast cancer and their respective treatment strategies. We also review the possible mechanisms of potential drug resistance associated with each treatment type. We believe that a better understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms can lead to a more effective and efficient therapeutic success.
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Ma J, Tang X, Sun WW, Liu Y, Tan YR, Ma HL, Zhu DW, Wang M, Wang LZ, Li J, Tu YY, Zhang CP, Zhang ZY, Zhong LP. Mutant GDF15 presents a poor prognostic outcome for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2113-22. [PMID: 26544895 PMCID: PMC4811520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the mutation status of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as well as the prognostic value of missense GDF15 mutations. Patients and methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from 46 OSCC patients were involved in this study. GDF15 and TP53 mutations were sequenced using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine, GDF15 protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry. Torrent Suite Software v.3.6, Integrative Genomics Viewer; v.2.3, statistical software SPSS18.0 for Windows were used for analysis. All hypothesis-generating tests were two-sided at a significance level of 0.05. Results Twenty-nine GDF15 mutations were identified in 19 out of 46 patients (41.3%), including eighteen missense mutations, two nonsense mutations and nine synonymous mutations. The patients with missense GDF15 mutations had poorer prognostic outcomes than those with wild-type GDF15, including overall survival (P = 0.035), disease-free survival (P = 0.032), locoregional recurrence-free survival (P = 0.015), and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.070). Missense GDF15mutations was an independent increased risk factor of overall survival (HR = 5.993, 95% CI:1.856–19.346, P = 0.003), disease-free survival (HR = 3.764, 95% CI:1.295–10.945, P = 0.015), locoregional recurrence-free survival (HR = 4.555, 95% CI:1.494–13.889, P = 0.008), and distant metastasis-free survival (HR = 4.420, 95% CI:1.145–13.433, P = 0.009). Conclusions Patients with missense GDF15 mutations have significantly poorer outcomes than those with wild-type GDF15, missense GDF15 mutations could be used as an independent increased risk factor of poor prognosis in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Sun
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Yi-Ran Tan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Hai-Long Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Dong-Wang Zhu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Li-Zhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Yao-Yao Tu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Chen-Ping Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
| | - Lai-Ping Zhong
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, China
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Quercetin induces caspase-dependent extrinsic apoptosis through inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in HER2-overexpressing BT-474 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:31-42. [PMID: 27175602 PMCID: PMC4899028 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are assumed to exert beneficial effects in different types of cancers at high concentrations. Yet, their molecular mechanisms of action remain unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effect of quercetin on proliferation and apoptosis in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effects of quercetin were examined by proliferation, MTT and clonogenic survival assays. The effect of quercetin on expression of apoptotic molecules was determined by western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to measure signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcriptional activity. ELISA assay was performed to measure intracellular MMP-9 levels. Immunocytochemistry was performed to evaluate the nuclear STAT3 level. The results revealed that quercetin inhibited the proliferation of BT-474 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin also inhibited clonogenic survival (anchorage-dependent and -independent) of BT-474 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These growth inhibitions were accompanied with an increase in sub-G0/G1 apoptotic populations. Quercetin induced caspase-dependent extrinsic apoptosis upregulating the levels of cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3, and inducing the cleavage of poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP). In contrast, quercetin did not induce apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway since this compound did not decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and did not affect the levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX). Quercetin reduced the expression of phospho-JAK1 and phospho-STAT3 and decreased STAT3-dependent luciferase reporter gene activity in the BT-474 cells. Quercetin inhibited MMP-9 secretion and decreased the nuclear translocation of STAT3. Our study indicates that quercetin induces apoptosis at concentrations >20 µM through inhibition of STAT3 signaling and could serve as a useful compound to prevent or treat HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Shi SJ, Wang LJ, Yu B, Li YH, Jin Y, Bai XZ. LncRNA-ATB promotes trastuzumab resistance and invasion-metastasis cascade in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11652-63. [PMID: 25871474 PMCID: PMC4484483 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab resistance is leading cause of mortality in HER2-positive breast cancers, and the role of TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in trastuzumab resistance is well established, but the involvement of lncRNAs in trastuzumab resistance is still unknown. Here, we generated trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells with increased invasiveness compared with parental cells, and observed robust epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and consistently elevated TGF-β signaling in these cells. We identified long noncoding RNA activated by TGF-β (lnc-ATB) was the most remarkably upregulated lncRNA in TR SKBR-3 cells and the tissues of TR breast cancer patients. We found that lnc-ATB could promote trastuzumab resistance and invasion-metastasis cascade in breast cancer by competitively biding miR-200c, up-regulating ZEB1 and ZNF-217, and then inducing EMT. In addition, we also found that the high level of lnc-ATB was correlated with trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer patients. Thus, these findings suggest that lncRNA-ATB, a mediator of TGF-β signaling, could predispose breast cancer patients to EMT and trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jia Shi
- Department of Administration and Department of Aristogenesis, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, No. 5, Shenyang, 110003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Administration and Department of Aristogenesis, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, No. 5, Shenyang, 110003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- Department of Administration and Department of Aristogenesis, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, No. 5, Shenyang, 110003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Administration and Department of Aristogenesis, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, No. 5, Shenyang, 110003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Bai
- Department of Administration and Department of Aristogenesis, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, No. 5, Shenyang, 110003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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Asić K. Dominant mechanisms of primary resistance differ from dominant mechanisms of secondary resistance to targeted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 97:178-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Tsai VWW, Macia L, Feinle-Bisset C, Manandhar R, Astrup A, Raben A, Lorenzen JK, Schmidt PT, Wiklund F, Pedersen NL, Campbell L, Kriketos A, Xu A, Pengcheng Z, Jia W, Curmi PMG, Angstmann CN, Lee-Ng KKM, Zhang HP, Marquis CP, Husaini Y, Beglinger C, Lin S, Herzog H, Brown DA, Sainsbury A, Breit SN. Serum Levels of Human MIC-1/GDF15 Vary in a Diurnal Pattern, Do Not Display a Profile Suggestive of a Satiety Factor and Are Related to BMI. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207898 PMCID: PMC4514813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-b superfamily cytokine MIC-1/GDF15 circulates in the blood of healthy humans. Its levels rise substantially in cancer and other diseases and this may sometimes lead to development of an anorexia/cachexia syndrome. This is mediated by a direct action of MIC-1/GDF15 on feeding centres in the hypothalamus and brainstem. More recent studies in germline gene deleted mice also suggest that this cytokine may play a role in physiological regulation of energy homeostasis. To further characterize the role of MIC-1/GDF15 in physiological regulation of energy homeostasis in man, we have examined diurnal and food associated variation in serum levels and whether variation in circulating levels relate to BMI in human monozygotic twin pairs. We found that the within twin pair differences in serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels were significantly correlated with within twin pair differences in BMI, suggesting a role for MIC-1/GDF15 in the regulation of energy balance in man. MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels altered slightly in response to a meal, but comparison with variation its serum levels over a 24hour period suggested that these changes are likely to be due to bimodal diurnal variation which can alter serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels by about plus or minus 10% from the mesor. The lack of a rapid and substantial postprandial increase in MIC-1/GDF15 serum levels suggests that MIC1/GDF15 is unlikely to act as a satiety factor. Taken together, our findings suggest that MIC-1/GDF15 may be a physiological regulator of energy homeostasis in man, most probably due to actions on long-term regulation of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Wang-Wei Tsai
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Centre for Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rakesh Manandhar
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science. University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science. University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne Kunchel Lorenzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science. University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter T. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley Campbell
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adamandia Kriketos
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine & Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhou Pengcheng
- Department of Medicine & Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul M G. Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ka Ki Michelle Lee-Ng
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hong Ping Zhang
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher P. Marquis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasmin Husaini
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shu Lin
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David A. Brown
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel N. Breit
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Li YL, Cui W, Gao F, Cao ZG, Li XL, Zhou WX. Downregulation of growth differentiation factor-15 in trichostatin A-induced apoptosis could play a role in progression of gastric cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8136-8142. [PMID: 26339382 PMCID: PMC4555710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on gastric cancer cell line BGC-823, and identify the differentially expressed genes induced by TSA, which might participate in the progression of gastric cancer. METHODS MTT, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of TSA on growth inhibition and apoptosis of BGC-823 cells. Using gene microarray, we analyzed the changes in gene expression. Change in growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) was verified by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The expression of GDF-15 in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Apoptosis of BGC-823 cells induced by TSA (75 ng/mL for 48 h) was demonstrated by flow cytometry. There were significant variations between TSA treated groups and control groups (P = 0.02). Nuclear chromatin condensation and fluorescence intensity were observed by fluorescence microscopy. GDF-15 gene expression and protein level were significantly reduced in the TSA treated group (75 ng/mL for 48 h). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of GDF-15 in gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than in the surrounding normal tissues (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lower GDF-15 gene expression due to TSA-induced apoptosis was found in gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Higher GDF-15 gene expression was seen in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wu Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Xue Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Seo HS, Ku JM, Choi HS, Woo JK, Jang BH, Go H, Shin YC, Ko SG. Apigenin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2977-84. [PMID: 25936427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens have been demonstrated to inhibit tumor induction; however, their molecular mechanisms of action have remained elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a phytoestrogen, apigenin, on proliferation and apoptosis of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer cell line SKBR3. Proliferation assay, MTT assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and ELISA assay were used in the present study. The results of the present study indicated that apigenin inhibited the proliferation of SKBR3 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. This inhibition of growth was accompanied by an increase in the sub-G0/G1 apoptotic population. Furthermore, apigenin enhanced the expression levels of cleaved caspase-8 and -3, and induced the cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase in SKBR3 cells, confirming that apigenin promotes apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. Apigenin additionally reduced the expression of phosphorylated (p)-janus kinase 2 and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), inhibited CoCl2-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and decreased the nuclear localization of STAT3. The STAT3 inhibitor S31-201 decreased the cellular proliferation rate and reduced the expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF. Therefore, these results suggested that apigenin induced apoptosis via the inhibition of STAT3 signaling in SKBR3 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that apigenin may be a potentially useful compound for the prevention or treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sook Seo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kyu Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Yeonsu‑gu, Incheon 406‑840, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyoung Jang
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Go
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, College of Korean Medicine, Jecheon, Chungbuk 390‑711, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
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Min KW, Liggett JL, Silva G, Wu WW, Wang R, Shen RF, Eling TE, Baek SJ. NAG-1/GDF15 accumulates in the nucleus and modulates transcriptional regulation of the Smad pathway. Oncogene 2015; 35:377-88. [PMID: 25893289 PMCID: PMC4613816 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein dynamics, modifications, and trafficking are all processes that can modulate protein activity. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that many proteins play distinctive roles dependent on cellular location. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1 (NAG-1) is a TGF-β superfamily protein that plays a role in cancer, obesity, and inflammation. NAG-1 is synthesized and cleaved into a mature peptide, which is ultimately secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we have found that full-length NAG-1 is expressed in not only the cytoplasm and ECM, but also in the nucleus. NAG-1 is dynamically moved to the nucleus, exported into cytoplasm, and further transported into the ECM. We have also found that nuclear NAG-1 contributes to inhibition of the Smad pathway by interrupting the Smad complex. Overall, our study indicates that NAG-1 is localized in the nucleus and provides new evidence that NAG-1 controls transcriptional regulation in the Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Min
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J L Liggett
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - G Silva
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - W W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Wang
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R-F Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T E Eling
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S J Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
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mRNA profiling reveals determinants of trastuzumab efficiency in HER2-positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117818. [PMID: 25710561 PMCID: PMC4339844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab is a major problem in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms could help to develop new agents. Our intention was to detect genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting trastuzumab efficiency in cell culture. Three HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with different resistance phenotypes were analyzed. We chose BT474 as model of trastuzumab sensitivity, HCC1954 as model of intrinsic resistance, and BTR50, derived from BT474, as model of acquired resistance. Based on RNA-Seq data, we performed differential expression analyses on these cell lines with and without trastuzumab treatment. Differentially expressed genes between the resistant cell lines and BT474 are expected to contribute to resistance. Differentially expressed genes between untreated and trastuzumab treated BT474 are expected to contribute to drug efficacy. To exclude false positives from the candidate gene set, we removed genes that were also differentially expressed between untreated and trastuzumab treated BTR50. We further searched for SNPs in the untreated cell lines which could contribute to trastuzumab resistance. The analysis resulted in 54 differentially expressed candidate genes that might be connected to trastuzumab efficiency. 90% of 40 selected candidates were validated by RT-qPCR. ALPP, CALCOCO1, CAV1, CYP1A2 and IGFBP3 were significantly higher expressed in the trastuzumab treated than in the untreated BT474 cell line. GDF15, IL8, LCN2, PTGS2 and 20 other genes were significantly higher expressed in HCC1954 than in BT474, while NCAM2, COLEC12, AFF3, TFF3, NRCAM, GREB1 and TFF1 were significantly lower expressed. Additionally, we inferred SNPs in HCC1954 for CAV1, PTGS2, IL8 and IGFBP3. The latter also had a variation in BTR50. 20% of the validated subset have already been mentioned in literature. For half of them we called and analyzed SNPs. These results contribute to a better understanding of trastuzumab action and resistance mechanisms.
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Sanabria-Figueroa E, Donnelly SM, Foy KC, Buss MC, Castellino RC, Paplomata E, Taliaferro-Smith L, Kaumaya PTP, Nahta R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling increases the invasive potential of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via Src-focal adhesion kinase and forkhead box protein M1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:150-61. [PMID: 25391374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-targeted antibody trastuzumab is a major clinical concern in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Increased expression or signaling from the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been reported to be associated with trastuzumab resistance. However, the specific molecular and biologic mechanisms through which IGF-1R promotes resistance or disease progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that the major biologic effect promoted by IGF-1R was invasion, which was mediated by both Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 using either IGF-1R antibodies or IGF-1R short hairpin RNA in combination with trastuzumab resulted in significant but modest growth inhibition. Reduced invasion was the most significant biologic effect achieved by cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Constitutively active Src blocked the anti-invasive effect of IGF-1R/HER2 cotargeted therapy. Furthermore, knockdown of FoxM1 blocked IGF-1-mediated invasion, and dual targeting of IGF-1R and HER2 reduced expression of FoxM1. Re-expression of FoxM1 restored the invasive potential of IGF-1R knockdown cells treated with trastuzumab. Overall, our results strongly indicate that therapeutic combinations that cotarget IGF-1R and HER2 may reduce the invasive potential of cancer cells that are resistant to trastuzumab through mechanisms that depend in part on Src and FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanabria-Figueroa
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Siobhan M Donnelly
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Kevin C Foy
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Meghan C Buss
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Elisavet Paplomata
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Latonia Taliaferro-Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
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Donnelly SM, Paplomata E, Peake BM, Sanabria E, Chen Z, Nahta R. P38 MAPK contributes to resistance and invasiveness of HER2- overexpressing breast cancer. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:501-10. [PMID: 24251561 DOI: 10.2174/0929867320666131119155023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic or acquired resistance to the HER2-targeted therapy trastuzumab is a clinical concern in the treatment of patients with HER2-over-expressing metastatic breast cancers. We demonstrate here that multiple models of intrinsic and acquired resistance exhibit increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Kinase inhibition of p38 rescued trastuzumab sensitivity in cells with acquired resistance. In addition, knockdown of p38 increased sensitivity to trastuzumab in an intrinsically resistant cell line. We previously reported that expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is increased in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. In this study, we found that exogenous GDF15 or stable overexpression of GDF15 stimulated p38 phosphorylation in HER2-positive cells, suggesting a possible mechanism by which p38 is activated in resistant cells.GDF15 stable clones showed significantly increased invasiveness, which was rescued by p38 kinase inhibition, suggesting that p38 plays a role in the pro-invasive phenotype conferred by GDF15. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis of a breast tumor tissue array indicated a significant (p=0.0053) correlation between HER2 and phosphorylated p38 specifically in GDF15-positive tissues. Our results suggest that p38 signaling drives trastuzumab resistance and invasiveness in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Upstream growth factor signals that have previously been implicated in trastuzumab resistance, such as GDF15, may contribute to the increased phosphorylation of p38 found in resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Suite 5001, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322. USA.
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Peake BF, Nahta R. Resistance to HER2-targeted therapies: a potential role for FOXM1. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014; 3:423-431. [PMID: 25598845 DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the tremendous efficacy of trastuzumab against HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancers, a significant fraction of women demonstrate progressive disease during treatment. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to mediate trastuzumab resistance. In this mini-review, we discuss the evidence supporting FOXM1 as a mediator of resistance and potential new therapeutic target in trastuzumab-refractory breast cancer. FOXM1 expression is significantly elevated in multiple breast cancer data sets. Some studies suggest a direct correlation between FOXM1 and HER2 expression levels. In addition, overexpression of FOXM1 reduces the sensitivity of HER2-positive breast cancer cells to trastuzumab or lapatinib. Conversely, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of FOXM1 rescues resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Current pre-clinical information supports further investigation of the role of FOXM1 in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette F Peake
- Molecular & Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University
| | - Rita Nahta
- Molecular & Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University ; Cancer Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University ; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University ; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University
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45
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GDF15 regulates Kv2.1-mediated outward K+ current through the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells. Biochem J 2014; 460:35-47. [PMID: 24597762 PMCID: PMC4000135 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor 15), a novel member of the TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) superfamily, plays critical roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems, but the signal transduction pathways and receptor subtypes involved are not well understood. In the present paper, we report that GDF15 specifically increases the IK (delayed-rectifier outward K+ current) in rat CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons) in time- and concentration-dependent manners. The GDF15-induced amplification of the IK is mediated by the increased expression and reduced lysosome-dependent degradation of the Kv2.1 protein, the main α-subunit of the IK channel. Exposure of CGNs to GDF15 markedly induced the phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase), Akt and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), but the GDF15-induced IK densities and increased expression of Kv2.1 were attenuated only by Akt and mTOR, and not ERK, inhibitors. Pharmacological inhibition of the Src-mediated phosphorylation of TGFβR2 (TGFβ receptor 2), not TGFβR1, abrogated the effect of GDF15 on IK amplification and Kv2.1 induction. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that GDF15 increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of TGFβRII in the CGN lysate. The results of the present study reveal a novel regulation of Kv2.1 by GDF15 mediated through the TGFβRII-activated Akt/mTOR pathway, which is a previously uncharacterized Smad-independent mechanism of GDF15 signalling.
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46
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Peiró G, Ortiz-Martínez F, Gallardo A, Pérez-Balaguer A, Sánchez-Payá J, Ponce JJ, Tibau A, López-Vilaro L, Escuin D, Adrover E, Barnadas A, Lerma E. Src, a potential target for overcoming trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:689-95. [PMID: 24937674 PMCID: PMC4134494 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in signalling and crosstalk between growth-promoting pathways. We aim to investigate the relationship of active Src in response to trastuzumab of HER2-positive breast carcinomas. METHODS We selected 278 HER2-positive breast cancer patients with (n=154) and without (n=124) trastuzumab treatment. We performed immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue microarrays of active Src and several proteins involved in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, PIK3CA mutational analysis and in vitro studies (SKBR3 and BT474 cancer cells). The results were correlated with clinicopathological factors and patients' outcome. RESULTS Increased pSrc-Y416 was demonstrated in trastuzumab-resistant cells and in 37.8% of tumours that correlated positively with tumour size, necrosis, mitosis, metastasis to the central nervous system, p53 overexpression and MAPK activation but inversely with EGFR and p27. Univariate analyses showed an association of increased active Src with shorter survival in patients at early stage with HER2/hormone receptor-negative tumours treated with trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS Src activation participates in trastuzumab mechanisms of resistance and indicates poor prognosis, mainly in HER2/hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. Therefore, blocking this axis may be beneficial in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peiró
- 1] Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain [2] Research Unit, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - F Ortiz-Martínez
- Research Unit, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - A Gallardo
- Department of Pathology, Clinica Girona, Joan Maragall 16, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Balaguer
- Research Unit, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - J Sánchez-Payá
- Department of Epidemiology, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - J J Ponce
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University General Hospital of Alicante, Pintor Baeza 12, Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - A Tibau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 87-89, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - L López-Vilaro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 87-89, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - D Escuin
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 87-89, Barcelona 08041, Spain Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Adrover
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University General Hospital of Albacete, Hermanos Falcó s/n, Albacete 02006, Spain
| | - A Barnadas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 87-89, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - E Lerma
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 87-89, Barcelona 08041, Spain
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Bruzzese F, Hägglöf C, Leone A, Sjöberg E, Roca MS, Kiflemariam S, Sjöblom T, Hammarsten P, Egevad L, Bergh A, Ostman A, Budillon A, Augsten M. Local and systemic protumorigenic effects of cancer-associated fibroblast-derived GDF15. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3408-17. [PMID: 24780757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor stroma is vital to tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are among the abundant cell types in the tumor stroma, but the range of their contributions to cancer pathogenicity has yet to be fully understood. Here, we report a critical role for upregulation of the TGFβ/BMP family member GDF15 (MIC-1) in tumor stroma. GDF15 was found upregulated in situ and in primary cultures of CAF from prostate cancer. Ectopic expression of GDF15 in fibroblasts produced prominent paracrine effects on prostate cancer cell migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Notably, GDF15-expressing fibroblasts exerted systemic in vivo effects on the outgrowth of distant and otherwise indolent prostate cancer cells. Our findings identify tumor stromal cells as a novel source of GDF15 in human prostate cancer and illustrate a systemic mechanism of cancer progression driven by the tumor microenvironment. Further, they provide a functional basis to understand GDF15 as a biomarker of poor prognosis and a candidate therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bruzzese
- Authors' Affiliations: Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Leone
- Authors' Affiliations: Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Elin Sjöberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Serena Roca
- Authors' Affiliations: Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Kiflemariam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala; and
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala; and
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå
| | - Arne Ostman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Authors' Affiliations: Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Augsten
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Nahta R. Molecular Mechanisms of Trastuzumab-Based Treatment in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:428062. [PMID: 23227361 PMCID: PMC3512309 DOI: 10.5402/2012/428062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade of research into HER2-overexpressing breast cancer has provided significant insight into the mechanisms by which HER2 signaling drives tumor progression, as well as potential mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the anticancer activity of HER2-targeted therapy. Many of these preclinical findings have been translated into clinical development, resulting in novel combinations of HER2-targeted therapies and combinations of trastuzumab plus inhibitors of resistance pathways. In this paper, we will discuss proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance, including epitope masking, cross signaling from other cell surface receptors, hyperactive downstream signaling, and failure to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of action of dual HER2 inhibition, specifically the combination of trastuzumab plus lapatinib or trastuzumab with pertuzumab. We will also discuss data supporting therapeutic combinations of trastuzumab with agents targeted against molecules implicated in trastuzumab resistance. The roles of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the estrogen receptor are discussed in the context of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Finally, we will examine the major issues that need to be addressed in order to translate these combinations from the bench to the clinic, including the need to establish relevant biomarkers to select for those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Emory University, Suite 5001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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49
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Li SC, Martijn C, Cui T, Essaghir A, Luque RM, Demoulin JB, Castaño JP, Öberg K, Giandomenico V. The somatostatin analogue octreotide inhibits growth of small intestine neuroendocrine tumour cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48411. [PMID: 23119007 PMCID: PMC3485222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Octreotide is a widely used synthetic somatostatin analogue that significantly improves the management of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Octreotide acts through somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). However, the molecular mechanisms leading to successful disease control or symptom management, especially when SSTRs levels are low, are largely unknown. We provide novel insights into how octreotide controls NET cells. CNDT2.5 cells were treated from 1 day up to 16 months with octreotide and then were profiled using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analyses were used to validate microarray profiling in silico data. WST-1 cell proliferation assay was applied to evaluate cell growth of CNDT2.5 cells in the presence or absence of 1 µM octreotide at different time points. Moreover, laser capture microdissected tumour cells and paraffin embedded tissue slides from SI-NETs at different stages of disease were used to identify transcriptional and translational expression. Microarrays analyses did not reveal relevant changes in SSTR expression levels. Unexpectedly, six novel genes were found to be upregulated by octreotide: annexin A1 (ANXA1), rho GTPase-activating protein 18 (ARHGAP18), epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1), growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) and tumour necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15). Furthermore, these novel genes were expressed in tumour tissues at transcript and protein levels. We suggest that octreotide may use a potential novel framework to exert its beneficial effect as a drug and to convey its action on neuroendocrine cells. Thus, six novel genes may regulate cell growth and differentiation in normal and tumour neuroendocrine cells and have a role in a novel octreotide mechanism system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cécile Martijn
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Essaghir
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Kjell Öberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence for Endocrine Tumours, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valeria Giandomenico
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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50
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Yehl K, Joshi JP, Greene BL, Dyer RB, Nahta R, Salaita K. Catalytic deoxyribozyme-modified nanoparticles for RNAi-independent gene regulation. ACS NANO 2012; 6:9150-7. [PMID: 22966955 PMCID: PMC3482470 DOI: 10.1021/nn3034265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
DNAzymes are catalytic oligonucleotides with important applications in gene regulation, DNA computing, responsive soft materials, and ultrasensitive metal-ion sensing. The most significant challenge for using DNAzymes in vivo pertains to nontoxic delivery and maintaining function inside cells. We synthesized multivalent deoxyribozyme "10-23" gold nanoparticle (DzNP) conjugates, varying DNA density, linker length, enzyme orientation, and linker composition in order to study the role of the steric environment and gold surface chemistry on catalysis. DNAzyme catalytic efficiency was modulated by steric packing and proximity of the active loop to the gold surface. Importantly, the 10-23 DNAzyme was asymmetrically sensitive to the gold surface and when anchored through the 5' terminus was inhibited 32-fold. This property was used to generate DNAzymes whose catalytic activity is triggered by thiol displacement reactions or by photoexcitation at λ = 532 nm. Importantly, cell studies revealed that DzNPs are less susceptible to nuclease degradation, readily enter mammalian cells, and catalytically down-regulate GDF15 gene expression levels in breast cancer cells, thus addressing some of the key limitations in the adoption of DNAzymes for in vivo work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yehl
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jayashree P. Joshi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brandon L. Greene
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - R. Brian Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Rita Nahta
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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