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Winkler AS, Cherubini A, Rusconi F, Santo N, Madaschi L, Pistoni C, Moschetti G, Sarnicola ML, Crosti M, Rosso L, Tremolada P, Lazzari L, Bacchetta R. Human airway organoids and microplastic fibers: A new exposure model for emerging contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107200. [PMID: 35349910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) structured organoids are the most advanced in vitro models for studying human health effects, but their application to evaluate the biological effects associated with microplastic exposure was neglected until now. Fibers from synthetic clothes and fabrics are a major source of airborne microplastics, and their release from dryer machines is poorly understood. We quantified and characterized the microplastic fibers (MPFs) released in the exhaust filter of a household dryer and tested their effects on airway organoids (1, 10, and 50 µg mL-1) by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). While the presence of MPFs did not inhibit organoid growth, we observed a significant reduction of SCGB1A1 gene expression related to club cell functionality and a polarized cell growth along the fibers. The MPFs did not cause relevant inflammation or oxidative stress but were coated with a cellular layer, resulting in the inclusion of fibers in the organoid. This effect could have long-term implications regarding lung epithelial cells undergoing repair. This exposure study using human airway organoids proved suitability of the model for studying the effects of airborne microplastic contamination on humans and could form the basis for further research regarding the toxicological assessment of emerging contaminants such as micro- or nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Winkler
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cherubini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Rusconi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Santo
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Imaging Facility, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Madaschi
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Imaging Facility, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Pistoni
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Sarnicola
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rosso
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan and Thoracic Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Renato Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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2
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Drug screening by uniform patient derived colorectal cancer hydro-organoids. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121004. [PMID: 34273688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As the importance of organoids increases, the need to develop organoid culture systems suitable for basic biological and clinical applications is being emphasized. However, there is still an unmet need to produce functionally complex and scalable uniform organoids. Here, we demonstrate a scalable organoid production platform with 8 well strips and a total of 8 × 9 microwells per strip using organoids derived from colorectal cancer tissue. The new culture platform is a format in which single cells are self-organized into organoids in culture medium supplemented with 2% Matrigel. It is functionally compatible with existing 96 well plates and Matrigel based conventional organoid culture methods. The consistency, uniformity and reproducibility of organoid produced on the new platform have been significantly improved compared to those of conventional plates. Importantly, Hydro-organoids are functionally identical to conventional Matrigel organoids, but show better consistency in drug screening. Our results show the possibility that Hydro-organoids can be used in high-throughput assays and incorporated into drug screening models to predict clinical outcomes.
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3
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Swevers L, Denecke S, Vogelsang K, Geibel S, Vontas J. Can the mammalian organoid technology be applied to the insect gut? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:55-63. [PMID: 32865304 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian intestinal organoids are multicellular structures that closely resemble the structure of the intestinal epithelium and can be generated in vitro from intestinal stem cells under appropriate culture conditions. This technology has transformed pharmaceutical research and drug development in human medicine. For the insect gut, no biotechnological platform equivalent to organoid cultures has been described yet. Comparison of the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and growth between insects and mammals has revealed significant similarities but also important differences. In contrast to mammals, the differentiation potential of available insect cell lines is limited and can not be exploited for in vitro permeability assays to measure the uptake of insecticides. The successful development of in vitro models could be a result of the emergence of molecular mechanisms of self-organization and signaling in the intestine that are unique to mammals. It is nevertheless considered that the technology gap is a consequence of vast differences in knowledge, particularly with respect to culture conditions that maintain the differentation potential of insect midgut cells. From the viewpoint of pest control, advanced in vitro models of the insect midgut would be very desirable because of its key barrier function for orally ingested insecticides with hemolymphatic target and its role in insecticide resistance. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Greece
| | - Shane Denecke
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Sven Geibel
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Devision, R&D Pest Control, Monheim, Germany
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Vasanthan J, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Sigamani V, Kirankumar S, Thomas EL, Rajasingh J. Role of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy. Cells 2020; 10:E54. [PMID: 33396426 PMCID: PMC7823630 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells which can proliferate and replace dead cells in the body. MSCs also secrete immunomodulatory molecules, creating a regenerative microenvironment that has an excellent potential for tissue regeneration. MSCs can be easily isolated and grown in vitro for various applications. For the past two decades, MSCs have been used in research, and many assays and tests have been developed proving that MSCs are an excellent cell source for therapy. This review focusses on quality control parameters required for applications of MSCs including colony formation, surface markers, differentiation potentials, and telomere length. Further, the specific mechanisms of action of MSCs under various conditions such as trans-differentiation, cell fusion, mitochondrial transfer, and secretion of extracellular vesicles are discussed. This review aims to underline the applications and benefits of MSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayavardini Vasanthan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Vinoth Sigamani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Shivaani Kirankumar
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Park SH, Moon Y. Enterocyte-Based Bioassay via Quantitative Combination of Proinflammatory Sentinels Specific to 8-keto-trichothecenes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1530. [PMID: 32765531 PMCID: PMC7378738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B 8-keto-trichothecenes are muco-active mycotoxins that exist as inevitable contaminants in cereal-based foodstuffs. Gut-associated inflammation is an early frontline response during human and animal exposure to these mycotoxins. Despite various tools for chemical identification, optimized biomonitoring of sentinel response-associated biomarkers is required to assess the specific proinflammatory actions of 8-keto-trichothecenes in the gut epithelial barrier. In the present study, intoxication with 8-keto-trichothecenes in human intestinal epithelial cells was found to trigger early response gene 1 product (EGR-1) that plays crucial roles in proinflammatory chemokine induction. In contrast, epithelial exposure to 8-keto-trichothecenes resulted in downregulated expression of nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 protein, a key transcription factor, during general inflammatory responses in the gut. Based on the early molecular patterns of expression, the inflammation-inducing activity of 8-keto-trichothecenes was quantified using intestinal epithelial cells with dual reporters for EGR-1 and p65 proteins. EGR-1-responsive elements were linked to luciferase reporter while p65 promoter was bound to secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter. In response to conventional inflammagens such as endotoxins and cytokines such as TNF-α, both luciferase and SEAP activity were elevated in a dose-dependent manner. However, as expected from the mechanistic evaluation, 8-keto-trichothecene-exposed dual reporters of luciferase and SEAP displayed contrasting expression patterns. Furthermore, 8-keto-trichothecene-elevated EGR-1-responsive luciferase activity was improved by deficiency of PSMA3, an α-type subunit of the 20S proteasome core complex for ubiquitin-dependent EGR-1 degradation. This molecular event-based dual biomonitoring in epithelial cells is a promising supplementary tool for detecting typical molecular inflammatory pathways in response to 8-keto-trichothecenes in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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Manning L, Holmes J, Bonin K, Vidi PA. Radial Profile Analysis of Epithelial Polarity in Breast Acini: A Tool for Primary (Breast) Cancer Prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:314. [PMID: 31998733 PMCID: PMC6970192 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing cancer is vastly better than treating the disease in terms of a patient's quality of life and healthcare costs. Yet, to screen for chemopreventative drugs or evaluate interventions aimed at lowering cancer risk, quantitative readouts of risk are needed. In the breast and in other organs of epithelial origin, apical-basal polarity is key to homeostasis and is one of the first tissue characteristics lost during cancer initiation. Therefore, apical-basal polarity may be leveraged as an "architectural" determinant of cancer risk. A classic approach to quantify the localization of epithelial polarity markers is visual scoring at the microscope by trained investigators. This approach is time-intensive and limited to low throughput. To increase the speed, accuracy, and scoring volume, we developed an algorithm that essentially replaces the human eye to objectively quantify epithelial polarity in microscopy images of breast glandular units (acini). Acini in culture are identified based on a nuclear stain and the corresponding masks are divided into concentric terraces of equal width. This positional information is used to calculate radial intensity profiles (RP) of polarity markers. Profiles with a steep slope represent polarized structures, whereas more horizontal curves are indicative of non-polarized acini. To compare treatment effects, RP curves are integrated into summary values of polarity. We envision applications of this method for primary cancer prevention research with acini organoids, specifically (1) to screen for chemoprevention drugs, (2) for toxicological assessment of suspected carcinogens and pharmacological hit compounds, and (3) for personalized evaluation of cancer risk and risk-reducing interventions. The RadialProfiler algorithm developed for the MATLAB computing environment and for users without prior informatics knowledge is publicly available on the Open Science Framework (OSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton Manning
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Julia Holmes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Keith Bonin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Vidi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Yin YB, de Jonge HR, Wu X, Yin YL. Mini-gut: a promising model for drug development. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1784-1794. [PMID: 31212027 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, major advances in drug development have been hampered by a lack of proper cell and tissue models; but the introduction of organoid technology has revolutionized this field. At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, the so-called mini-gut comprises all major cell types of native intestine and recapitulates the composition and function of native intestinal epithelium. The mini-gut can be classified as an intestinal organoid (IO), derived from pluripotent stem cells, or as an enteroid, consisting only of epithelial cells and generated from adult stem cells. Both classifications have been used as models to develop drugs against cystic fibrosis, cancer and infectious disease, as well as for drug screening, personalized medicine and the development of new medical tools. In this review, we highlight and discuss the importance of mini-guts for drug development and point out their limitations and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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8
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Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. Isolating Rat Intestinal Explants for In Vitro Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 80:e79. [PMID: 31120607 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is an important organ primarily involved in digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. In vitro intestinal models are being developed to study this organ in health and disease. Intestinal explants can be used in such investigations since they contain all the major intestinal cell types. A detailed procedure to isolate intestinal explants from the rat jejunum is described. A protocol for culturing them in vitro for up to 24 hr is also provided. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaney Kothari
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Kaushik G, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. Concise Review: Current Status of Three-Dimensional Organoids as Preclinical Models. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1329-1340. [PMID: 29770526 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures use the property of some cells to self-organize in matrices and generate structures that can be programmed to represent an organ or a pathology. Organoid cultures are the 3D cultivation of source tissue (ranging from cells to tissue fragments) in a support matrix and specialized media that nearly resembles the physiological environment. Depending on the source tissue, growth factors, and inhibitors provided, organoids can be programmed to recapitulate the biology of a system and progression of pathology. Organoids are genetically stable, and genetically amenable, making them very suitable tools to study tissue homeostasis and cancer. In this Review, we focus on providing recent technical advances from published literature to efficiently use organoids as a tool for disease modeling and therapeutics. Also, we discuss stem cell biology principles used to generate multiple organoids and their characteristics, with a brief description of methodology. A major theme of this review is to expand organoid applications to the study disease progression and drug response in different cancers. We also discuss shortcomings, limitations, and advantages of developed 3D cultures, with the rationale behind the methodology. Stem Cells 2018;36:1329-1340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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10
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Zhao GH, Liu Y, Cheng YT, Zhao QS, Qiu X, Xu C, Xiao T, Zhu S, Liu GZ, Yin K. Primary culture of cat intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and the cDNA library construction. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:360-367. [PMID: 29654680 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Felids are the only definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii. To lay a foundation for screening the T. gondii-felids interaction factors, we have developed a reproducible primary culture method for cat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The primary IECs were isolated from a new born cat's small intestine jejunum region without food ingress, and respectively in vitro cultured by tissue cultivation and combined digestion method with collagenase XI and dispase I, then purified by trypsinization. After identification, the ds cDNA of cat IECs was synthesized for constructing pGADT7 homogenization three-frame plasmid, and transformed into the yeast Y187 for generating the cDNA library. Our results indicated that cultivation of primary cat IECs relays on combined digestion to form polarized and confluent monolayers within 3 days with typical features of normal epithelial cells. The purified cells cultured by digestion method were identified to be nature intestinal epithelial cells using immunohistochemical analysis and were able to maintain viability for at least 15 passages. The homogenizable ds cDNA, which is synthesized from the total RNA extracted from our cultured IECs, distributed among 0.5-2.0 kb, and generated satisfying three-frame cDNA library with the capacity of 1.2 × 106 and the titer of 5.2 × 107 pfu/mL. Our results established an optimal method for the culturing and passage of cat IECs model in vitro, and laid a cDNA library foundation for the subsequent interaction factors screening by yeast two-hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Hua Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- The first people's Hospital of Jining City, 6 Health Road, Jining, 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tang Cheng
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining 272000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Song Zhao
- The first people's Hospital of Jining City, 6 Health Road, Jining, 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- The first people's Hospital of Jining City, 6 Health Road, Jining, 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Zhen Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yin
- Shandong Institute of Parasitical Disease, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang Y, Kim R, Gunasekara DB, Reed MI, DiSalvo M, Nguyen DL, Bultman SJ, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Formation of Human Colonic Crypt Array by Application of Chemical Gradients Across a Shaped Epithelial Monolayer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:113-130. [PMID: 29693040 PMCID: PMC5904049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The successful culture of intestinal organoids has greatly enhanced our understanding of intestinal stem cell physiology and enabled the generation of novel intestinal disease models. Although of tremendous value, intestinal organoid culture systems have not yet fully recapitulated the anatomy or physiology of the in vivo intestinal epithelium. The aim of this work was to re-create an intestinal epithelium with a high density of polarized crypts that respond in a physiologic manner to addition of growth factors, metabolites, or cytokines to the basal or luminal tissue surface as occurs in vivo. METHODS A self-renewing monolayer of human intestinal epithelium was cultured on a collagen scaffold microfabricated with an array of crypt-like invaginations. Placement of chemical factors in either the fluid reservoir below or above the cell-covered scaffolding created a gradient of that chemical across the growing epithelial tissue possessing the in vitro crypt structures. Crypt polarization (size of the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones) was assessed in response to gradients of growth factors, cytokines, and bacterial metabolites. RESULTS Chemical gradients applied to the shaped human epithelium re-created the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones of the in vivo intestine. Short-chain fatty acids applied as a gradient from the luminal side confirmed long-standing hypotheses that butyrate diminished stem/progenitor cell proliferation and promoted differentiation into absorptive colonocytes. A gradient of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α significantly suppressed the stem/progenitor cell proliferation, altering crypt formation. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro human colon crypt array accurately mimicked the architecture, luminal accessibility, tissue polarity, cell migration, and cellular responses of in vivo intestinal crypts.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DM, differentiation medium
- DM-B, differentiation medium plus 5 mmol/L butyrate
- DM-D, DM plus 10 μmol/L DAPT
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EM, expansion medium
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- Intestine-On-A-Chip
- KRT20, cytokeratin 20
- Muc2, mucin 2
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- Olfm4, olfactomedin-4
- P, passage
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- Polarized Crypt
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SM, stem medium
- Stem Cell Niche
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark I. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Daniel L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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12
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Pierzchalska M, Panek M, Czyrnek M, Gielicz A, Mickowska B, Grabacka M. Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria or synthetic TLR2 agonist boost the growth of chicken embryo intestinal organoids in cultures comprising epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:7-18. [PMID: 28750869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells reside in close proximity to myofibroblasts and microbiota, which are supposed to have an impact on intestinal stem cells fate and to influence processes of tissue maturation and regeneration. Mechanism underlying these phenomena and their diversity among vertebrates can be studied in 3D organoid cultures. We investigated the growth of chicken embryo intestinal epithelial organoids in Matrigel with and without Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation. The organoid cultures contained also some myofibroblasts with potential to promote intestinal stem cell survival. Organoid cells, expressing TLR4, TLR2 type 1 and TLR2 type 2 were incubated with their agonists (lipopolysaccharide - LPS and Pam3CSK4) or co-cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria (LA-5). Pam3CSK4 and LA-5 promoted organoid growth, which was demonstrated by comparing the morphological parameters (mean number and area of organoids). The profile of prostaglandins (PG), known to promote intestinal regeneration, in supernatants from organoid and fibroblast cultures were evaluated. Both PGE2 and PGD2 were detected. As compared to unstimulated controls, supernatants from the Pam3CSK4-stimulated organoids contained twice as much of PGE2 and PGD2. The changes in production of prostaglandins and the support of epithelial cell growth by myofibroblasts are factors potentially responsible for stimulatory effect of TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyrnek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gielicz
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mickowska
- Malopolska Center of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Orbach SM, Less RR, Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. In Vitro Intestinal and Liver Models for Toxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1898-1910. [PMID: 33440548 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to hundreds of chemicals every day. Many of these toxicants have unknown effects on the body that can be deleterious. Furthermore, chemicals can have a synergistic effect, resulting in toxic responses of cocktails at relatively low individual exposure levels. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver are the first organs to be exposed to ingested pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. As a result, these organs often experience extensive damage from xenobiotics and their metabolites. In vitro models offer a promising method for testing toxic effects. Many advanced in vitro models have been developed for GI and liver toxicity. These models strive to recapitulate the in vivo organ architecture to more accurately model chemical toxicity. In this review, we discuss many of these advances, in addition to recent efforts to integrate the GI and the liver in vitro for a more holistic toxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rebekah R Less
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anjaney Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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14
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Hollins AJ, Parry L. Long-Term Culture of Intestinal Cell Progenitors: An Overview of Their Development, Application, and Associated Technologies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:209-219. [PMID: 27882268 PMCID: PMC5101250 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Long-term culture of adult progenitor cells in 3D is a recently emerging technology that inhabits the space between 2D cell lines and organ slice culture. RECENT FINDINGS Adaptations to defined media components in the wake of advances in ES and iPS cell culture has led to the identification of conditions that maintained intestinal cell progenitors in culture. These conditions retain cellular heterogeneity of the normal or tumour tissue, and the cultures have been shown to be genetically stable, such that substantial biobanks are being created from patient derived material. This coupled with advances in analytical tools has generated a field, characterized by the term "organoid culture", that has huge potential for advancing drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and furthering the understanding of fundamental intestinal biology. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the approaches available for the long-term culture of intestinal cells from normal and diseased tissue, the current challenges, and how the technology is likely to develop further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Parry
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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15
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Understanding the Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance Using Genomic Approaches. Trends Genet 2015; 32:127-137. [PMID: 26689126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle in precision cancer medicine is the inevitable resistance to targeted therapies. Tremendous effort and progress has been made over the past few years to understand the biochemical and genetic mechanisms underlying drug resistance, with the goal to eventually overcome such daunting challenges. Diverse mechanisms, such as secondary mutations, oncogene bypass, and epigenetic alterations, can all lead to drug resistance, and the number of known involved genes is growing rapidly, thus providing many possibilities to overcome resistance. The finding of these mechanisms and genes invariably requires the application of genomic and functional genomic approaches to tumors or cancer models. In this review, we briefly highlight the major drug-resistance mechanisms known today, and then focus primarily on the technological approaches leading to the advancement of this field.
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16
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Moreau J, Mas E. Drug resistance in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:56-61. [PMID: 26645664 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients with moderate to severe inflammatory bowel diseases, that is, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, remains challenging. In recent years, therapeutic goal evolved from clinical remission to mucosal healing and deep remission. In order to achieve remission, it is important to appropriately choose and use available drugs. Therefore, anti-TNFα treatment should be rapidly used for severe and at-risk patients, sometimes in association with thiopurines or methotrexate. The monitoring of through levels and antibodies to anti-TNFα is relevant to optimize the treatment and to reduce drug inefficacy. However, the development of new drugs is required to offer alternative tools to severe and refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Moreau
- Département de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Mas
- Unité de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie, Nutrition, Diabétologie et Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, F-31300, France; INSERM U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse F-31300, France.
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17
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DiMarco RL, Dewi RE, Bernal G, Kuo C, Heilshorn SC. Protein-engineered scaffolds for in vitro 3D culture of primary adult intestinal organoids. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1376-85. [PMID: 26371971 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Though in vitro culture of primary intestinal organoids has gained significant momentum in recent years, little has been done to investigate the impact of microenvironmental cues provided by the encapsulating matrix on the growth and development of these fragile cultures. In this work, the impact of various in vitro culture parameters on primary adult murine organoid formation and growth are analyzed with a focus on matrix properties and geometric culture configuration. The air-liquid interface culture configuration was found to result in enhanced organoid formation relative to a traditional submerged configuration. Additionally, through use of a recombinantly engineered extracellular matrix (eECM), the effects of biochemical and biomechanical cues were independently studied. Decreasing mechanical stiffness and increasing cell adhesivity were found to increase organoid yield. Tuning of eECM properties was used to obtain organoid formation efficiency values identical to those observed in naturally harvested collagen I matrices but within a stiffer construct with improved ease of physical manipulation. Increased ability to remodel the surrounding matrix through mechanical or enzymatic means was also shown to enhance organoid formation. As the engineering and tunability of recombinant matrices is essentially limitless, continued property optimization may result in further improved matrix performance and may help to identify additional microenvironmental cues that directly impact organoid formation, development, differentiation, and functional behavior. Continued culture of primary organoids in recombinant matrices could therefore prove to be largely advantageous in the field of intestinal tissue engineering for applications in regenerative medicine and in vitro tissue mimics.
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18
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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19
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VanDussen KL, Marinshaw JM, Shaikh N, Miyoshi H, Moon C, Tarr PI, Ciorba MA, Stappenbeck TS. Development of an enhanced human gastrointestinal epithelial culture system to facilitate patient-based assays. Gut 2015; 64:911-20. [PMID: 25007816 PMCID: PMC4305344 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The technology for the growth of human intestinal epithelial cells is rapidly progressing. An exciting possibility is that this system could serve as a platform for individualised medicine and research. However, to achieve this goal, human epithelial culture must be enhanced so that biopsies from individuals can be used to reproducibly generate cell lines in a short time frame so that multiple, functional assays can be performed (ie, barrier function and host-microbial interactions). DESIGN We created a large panel of human gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines (n=65) from patient biopsies taken during routine upper and lower endoscopy procedures. Proliferative stem/progenitor cells were rapidly expanded using a high concentration of conditioned media containing the factors critical for growth (Wnt3a, R-spondin and Noggin). A combination of lower conditioned media concentration and Notch inhibition was used to differentiate these cells for additional assays. RESULTS We obtained epithelial lines from all accessible tissue sites within 2 weeks of culture. The intestinal cell lines were enriched for stem cell markers and rapidly grew as spheroids that required passage at 1:3-1:4 every 3 days. Under differentiation conditions, intestinal epithelial spheroids showed region-specific development of mature epithelial lineages. These cells formed functional, polarised monolayers covered by a secreted mucus layer when grown on Transwell membranes. Using two-dimensional culture, these cells also demonstrated novel adherence phenotypes with various strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS This culture system will facilitate the study of interindividual, functional studies of human intestinal epithelial cells, including host-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Marinshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nurmohammad Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clara Moon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding Authors: Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-4214, . Matthew A. Ciorba, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-9054,
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding Authors: Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-4214, . Matthew A. Ciorba, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-362-9054,
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20
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Flores AI, Gómez-Gómez GJ, Masedo-González &A, Martínez-Montiel MP. Stem cell therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A promising therapeutic strategy? World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:343-351. [PMID: 25815119 PMCID: PMC4369491 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are inflammatory, chronic and progressive diseases of the intestinal tract for which no curative treatment is available. Research in other fields with stem cells of different sources and with immunoregulatory cells (regulatory T-lymphocytes and dendritic T-cells) opens up new expectations for their use in these diseases. The goal for stem cell-based therapy is to provide a permanent cure. To achieve this, it will be necessary to obtain a cellular product, original or genetically modified, that has a high migration capacity and homes into the intestine, has high survival after transplantation, regulates the immune reaction while not being visible to the patient’s immune system, and repairs the injured tissue.
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21
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Cirkel GA, Gadellaa-van Hooijdonk CG, Koudijs MJ, Willems SM, Voest EE. Tumor heterogeneity and personalized cancer medicine: are we being outnumbered? Future Oncol 2014; 10:417-28. [PMID: 24559448 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is regarded as a major obstacle to successful personalized cancer medicine. The lack of reliable response assays reflective of in vivo tumor heterogeneity and associated resistance mechanisms hampers identification of reliable biomarkers. By contrast, oncogene addiction and paracrine signaling enable systemic responses despite tumor heterogeneity. This strengthens researchers in their efforts towards personalized cancer medicine. Given the fact that tumor heterogeneity is an integral part of cancer evolution, diagnostic tools need to be developed in order to better understand the dynamics within a tumor. Ultra-deep sequencing may reveal future resistant clones within a (liquid) tumor biopsy. On-treatment biopsies may provide insight into intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Subsequently, upfront combinatorial treatment or sequential therapy strategies may forestall drug resistance and improve patient outcome. Finally, innovative response assays, such as organoid cultures or patient-derived tumor xenografts, provide an extra dimension to correlate molecular profiles with drug efficacy and control cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert A Cirkel
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Hartman KG, Bortner JD, Falk GW, Ginsberg GG, Jhala N, Yu J, Martín MG, Rustgi AK, Lynch JP. Modeling human gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases using microphysiological culture systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1108-23. [PMID: 24781339 PMCID: PMC4156523 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214529388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a significant health burden for the US population, with 40 million office visits each year for gastrointestinal complaints and nearly 250,000 deaths. Acute and chronic inflammations are a common element of many gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammatory processes may be initiated by a chemical injury (acid reflux in the esophagus), an infectious agent (Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach), autoimmune processes (graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation), or idiopathic (as in the case of inflammatory bowel diseases). Inflammation in these settings can contribute to acute complaints (pain, bleeding, obstruction, and diarrhea) as well as chronic sequelae including strictures and cancer. Research into the pathophysiology of these conditions has been limited by the availability of primary human tissues or appropriate animal models that attempt to physiologically model the human disease. With the many recent advances in tissue engineering and primary human cell culture systems, it is conceivable that these approaches can be adapted to develop novel human ex vivo systems that incorporate many human cell types to recapitulate in vivo growth and differentiation in inflammatory microphysiological environments. Such an advance in technology would improve our understanding of human disease progression and enhance our ability to test for disease prevention strategies and novel therapeutics. We will review current models for the inflammatory and immunological aspects of Barrett's esophagus, acute graft versus host disease, and inflammatory bowel disease and explore recent advances in culture methodologies that make these novel microphysiological research systems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira G Hartman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - James D Bortner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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23
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Development of a primary mouse intestinal epithelial cell monolayer culture system to evaluate factors that modulate IgA transcytosis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:818-28. [PMID: 24220295 PMCID: PMC4019725 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in the use of primary intestinal epithelial cells in monolayer culture to model intestinal biology. However, it has proven to be challenging to create functional, differentiated monolayers using current culture methods, likely due to the difficulty in expanding these cells. Here, we adapted our recently developed method for the culture of intestinal epithelial spheroids to establish primary epithelial cell monolayers from the colon of multiple genetic mouse strains. These monolayers contained differentiated epithelial cells that displayed robust transepithelial electrical resistance. We then functionally tested them by examining immunoglobulin A (IgA) transcytosis across Transwells. IgA transcytosis required induction of polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expression, which could be stimulated by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and inhibition of γ-secretase. In agreement with previous studies using immortalized cell lines, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and heat-killed microbes also stimulated pIgR expression and IgA transcytosis. We used wild-type and knockout cells to establish that among these cytokines, IL-17 was the most potent inducer of pIgR expression/IgA transcytosis. Interferon-γ, however, did not induce pIgR expression, and instead led to cell death. This new method will allow the use of primary cells for studies of intestinal physiology.
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24
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Ex vivo culture of intestinal crypt organoids as a model system for assessing cell death induction in intestinal epithelial cells and enteropathy. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1228. [PMID: 24832600 PMCID: PMC4047863 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) not only have a critical function in the absorption of nutrients, but also act as a physical barrier between our body and the outside world. Damage and death of the epithelial cells lead to the breakdown of this barrier function and inflammation due to access of the immune system to compounds of the intestinal flora. Intestinal epithelial damage is frequently associated with various inflammatory disorders, chemo- and radiotherapy as well as drug-mediated toxicity. Until recently, intestinal epithelial-damaging activities of drugs and treatments could be tested only in vivo in animal models because of the poor survival rate of primary IECs ex vivo. The three-dimensional culture and outgrowth of intestinal crypt stem cells into organoids have offered new possibilities to culture and study IECs ex vivo. Here we demonstrate that intestinal organoids are a useful and physiologically relevant model system to study cell death and survival in IECs. We further describe a number of microscopy-based as well as colorimetric methods to monitor and score survival and death of intestinal organoids. Finally, the comparison of organoids isolated from gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice allows investigating the role of specific genes in the regulation of IEC death. Owing to their comparable structure and behavior, intestinal organoids may serve as an interesting and physiologically relevant surrogate system for large- and mid-scale in vitro testing of intestinal epithelium-damaging drugs and toxins, and for the investigation of cell death pathways.
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25
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Jin BJ, Battula S, Zachos N, Kovbasnjuk O, Fawlke-Abel J, In J, Donowitz M, Verkman AS. Microfluidics platform for measurement of volume changes in immobilized intestinal enteroids. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024106. [PMID: 24738013 PMCID: PMC3976466 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal enteroids are ex vivo primary cultured single-layer epithelial cell spheroids of average diameter ∼150 μm with luminal surface facing inward. Measurement of enteroid swelling in response to secretagogues has been applied to genetic testing in cystic fibrosis and evaluation of drug candidates for cystic fibrosis and secretory diarrheas. The current measurement method involves manual addition of drugs and solutions to enteroids embedded in a Matrigel matrix and estimation of volume changes from confocal images of fluorescently stained enteroids. We developed a microfluidics platform for efficient trapping and immobilization of enteroids for quantitative measurement of volume changes. Multiple enteroids are trapped in a "pinball machine-like" array of polydimethylsiloxane posts for measurement of volume changes in unlabeled enteroids by imaging of an extracellular, high-molecular weight fluorescent dye. Measurement accuracy was validated using slowly expanding air bubbles. The method was applied to measure swelling of mouse jejunal enteroids in response to an osmotic challenge and cholera toxin-induced chloride secretion. The microfluidics platform allows for parallel measurement of volume changes on multiple enteroids during continuous superfusion, without an immobilizing matrix, and for quantitative volume determination without chemical labeling or assumptions about enteroid shape changes during swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ju Jin
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sailaja Battula
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Nick Zachos
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer Fawlke-Abel
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Julie In
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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26
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Sachs N, Clevers H. Organoid cultures for the analysis of cancer phenotypes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 24:68-73. [PMID: 24657539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models of cancer are essential for a basic understanding of cancer biology and its translation into efficient treatment options for affected patients. Cancer cell lines and xenografts derived directly from primary human tumors have proven very valuable in fundamental oncology research and anticancer drug discovery. Both models inherently comprise advantages and caveats that have to be accounted for. We will outline in these and discuss primary patient derived organoids as third preclinical cancer model. We propose that cancer organoids could potentially fill the gap between simple cancer cell lines suitable for high-throughput screens and complicated, but physiologically relevant xenografts. The resulting applications for cancer organoids range from basic research to drug screens and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Upsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Upsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Williams SK, Touroo JS, Church KH, Hoying JB. Encapsulation of adipose stromal vascular fraction cells in alginate hydrogel spheroids using a direct-write three-dimensional printing system. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:448-54. [PMID: 24380055 PMCID: PMC3869411 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tissue function in vitro has been aided by the development of three-dimensional culture systems that more accurately duplicate the complex cell components of tissues and organs. Bioprinting of cells provides a rapid tissue fabrication technique that can be used to evaluate normal and pathologic conditions in vitro as well as to construct complex three-dimensional tissue structures for implantation in regenerative medicine therapies. Studies were performed using a direct write three-dimensional bioprinting system to fabricate adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cell spheroids. Human fat–derived stromal vascular fraction cells were mixed in 1.5% (w/v) alginate solutions, and fabrication conditions were varied to produce an array of spheroids. The spheroids were placed in spinner culture, and spheroid integrity and encapsulated cell viability were assessed for 16 days. Results establish the ability to tightly control adipose SVF spheroids in the range of 800–1500 μm. Fabrication conditions were used to control spheroid size, and the results illustrate the ability to construct spheroids of precise size and shape. The adipose SVF cell population remains viable and the spheroid integrity was maintained for 16 days in suspension culture. The direct-write printing of adipose stromal vascular fraction cell containing spheroids provides a rapid fabrication technology to support in vitro microphysiologic system studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James B Hoying
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute , Louisville, Kentucky
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28
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Lu B, Atala A. Small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:801-8. [PMID: 24252867 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an emerging, multidisciplinary science that aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs, to restore or establish normal function. Research on small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine is currently increasing. In this review, we discuss the potential applications of small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine. These include enabling novel cell therapy approaches and augmentation of endogenous cells for tissue regeneration, facilitating the generation of target cells for cell therapy, improving the interactions between cells and biomatrices for tissue engineering, and enhancing endogenous stem cell function for tissue regeneration. We also discuss the potential challenges for small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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29
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Cao L, Kuratnik A, Xu W, Gibson JD, Kolling F, Falcone ER, Ammar M, Van Heyst MD, Wright DL, Nelson CE, Giardina C. Development of intestinal organoids as tissue surrogates: cell composition and the epigenetic control of differentiation. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:189-202. [PMID: 24115167 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids are multicellular crypt-like structures that can be derived from adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). Here we show that intestinal organoids generated from mouse ESCs were enriched in ISCs and early progenitors. Treatment of these organoids with a γ-secretase inhibitor increased Math1 and decreased Hes1 expression, indicating Notch signaling regulates ISC differentiation in these organoids. Lgr5 and Tert positive ISCs constituted approximately 10% and 20% of the organoids. As found in native tissue, Lgr5 and Tert expressing cells resolved into two discreet populations, which were stable over time. Intestinal organoids derived from cancer-prone Apc(Min/+) mice showed similar numbers of ISCs, but had reduced Math1 expression, indicating a suppressed secretory cell differentiation potential (as found in intestinal tissue). Apc(Min/+) organoids were used to screen epigenetically active compounds for those that increased Math1 expression and organoid differentiation (including HDAC inhibitors, Sirtuin (SIRT) modulators and methyltransferase inhibitors). Broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors increased both Math1 and Muc2 expression, indicating an ability to promote the suppressed secretory cell differentiation pathway. Other epigenetic compounds had a diverse impact on cell differentiation, with a strong negative correlation between those that activated the secretory marker Muc2 and those that activated the absorptive cell marker Fabp2. These data show that ESC-derived intestinal organoids can be derived in large numbers, contain distinct ISC types and can be used to screen for agents that promote cell differentiation through different lineage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3125
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