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Słoka J, Madej M, Strzalka-Mrozik B. Molecular Mechanisms of the Antitumor Effects of Mesalazine and Its Preventive Potential in Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:5081. [PMID: 37446747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention is one of the ways to fight colorectal cancer, which is a huge challenge in oncology. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate that chronic inflammation in the course of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (UC) is a significant cancer risk factor. Epidemiologic studies suggest that long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including mesalazine, has beneficial effects on colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Mesalazine is a first-line therapy for UC and is also widely used for maintaining remission in UC. Data showed that mesalazine has antiproliferative properties associated with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition but can also act through COX-independent pathways. This review summarizes knowledge about mesalazine's molecular mechanisms of action and chemopreventive effect by which it could interfere with colorectal cancer cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Słoka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcel Madej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Strzalka-Mrozik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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Chang Y, Wu X, Lu S, Du J, Long Y, Zhu Y, Qin H. Engineered procyanidin-Fe nanoparticle alleviates intestinal inflammation through scavenging ROS and altering gut microbiome in colitis mice. Front Chem 2023; 11:1089775. [PMID: 37065822 PMCID: PMC10090317 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1089775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation, intestinal barrier injury, and imbalance of gut microbiota. Excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely correlated with the development and reoccurrence of IBD. Previous researches demonstrate that procyanidin, as a natural antioxidant, exhibits strong ability of eliminating ROS, thus showing good therapeutic effects in the inflammation-related diseases. Non-etheless, its poor stability and solubility always limits the therapeutic outcomes. Here, we typically designed an antioxidant coordination polymer nanoparticle using the engineering of procyanidin (Pc) and free iron (Fe), named Pc-Fe nanozyme, for effectively scavenging ROS and further inhibiting inflammation while altering the gut microbiome for the treatment of colitis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments uncover that Pc-Fe nanoparticles exert strong multi biomimic activities, including peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase, for the scavenging of ROS and protecting cells from oxidative injury. In addition, the colon accumulation of Pc-Fe nanozyme effectively protects the intestinal mucosa from oxidative damage while significantly downregulates pro-inflammatory factors, repairs the intestinal barriers and alternates gut microbiome after orally administrated in sodium dextran sulfate (DSS) induced colitis mice. The results collectively illustrate that the multienzyme mimicking Pc-Fe nanozyme owns high potential for treating IBD through scavenging ROS, inhibiting inflammation, repairing gut barriers and alternating gut microbiome, which further promising its clinical translation on IBD treatment and other ROS induced intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chang
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiawei Wu
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengwei Lu
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Du
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yixiu Long
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
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Inhibition effect of PPAR-γ signaling on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through down-regulation of PAK1/ NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bersuder E, Terciolo C, Lechevrel M, Martin E, Quesnelle C, Freund JN, Reimund JM, Gross I. Mesalazine initiates an anti-oncogenic β-catenin / MUCDHL negative feed-back loop in colon cancer cells by cell-specific mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112543. [PMID: 34929577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation associated with intestinal architecture and barrier disruption puts patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Widely used to reduce flares of intestinal inflammation, 5-aminosalicylic acid derivatives (5-ASAs) such as mesalazine appear to also exert more direct mucosal healing and chemopreventive activities against CRC. The mechanisms underlying these activities are poorly understood and may involve the up-regulation of the cadherin-related gene MUCDHL (CDHR5). This atypical cadherin is emerging as a new actor of intestinal homeostasis and opposes colon tumorigenesis. Here, we showed that mesalazine increase mRNA levels of MUCDHL and of other genes involved in the intestinal barrier function in most intestinal cell lines. In addition, using gain / loss of function experiments (agonists, plasmid or siRNAs transfections), luciferase reporter genes and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we thoroughly investigated the molecular mechanisms triggered by mesalazine that lead to the up-regulation of MUCDHL expression. We found that basal transcription of MUCDHL in different CRC cell lines is regulated positively by CDX2 and negatively by β-catenin through a negative feed-back loop. However, mesalazine-stimulation of MUCDHL transcription is controlled by cell-specific mechanisms, involving either enhanced activation of CDX2 and PPAR-γ or repression of the β-catenin inhibitory effect. This work highlights the importance of the cellular and molecular context in the activity of mesalazine and suggests that its efficacy against CRC depends on the genetic alterations of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bersuder
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloe Terciolo
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathilde Lechevrel
- Université de Caen / Basse-Normandie, UFR de Médecine, EA 4652, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Elisabeth Martin
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Celine Quesnelle
- Université de Caen / Basse-Normandie, UFR de Médecine, EA 4652, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Noel Freund
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Reimund
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France; Université de Caen / Basse-Normandie, UFR de Médecine, EA 4652, F-14032 Caen, France; Service Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Isabelle Gross
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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5-Aminosalicylic acid inhibits stem cell function in human adenoma-derived cells: implications for chemoprophylaxis in colorectal tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1959-1969. [PMID: 33785874 PMCID: PMC8184823 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most colorectal cancers (CRC) arise sporadically from precursor lesions: colonic polyps. Polyp resection prevents progression to CRC. Risk of future polyps is proportional to the number and size of polyps detected at screening, allowing identification of high-risk individuals who may benefit from effective chemoprophylaxis. We aimed to investigate the potential of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a medication used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, as a possible preventative agent for sporadic CRC. Methods Human colorectal adenoma (PC/AA/C1, S/AN/C1 and S/RG/C2), transformed adenoma PC/AA/C1/SB10 and carcinoma cell lines (LS174T and SW620) were treated with 5-ASA. The effect on growth in two- and three-dimensional (3D) culture, β-catenin transcriptional activity and on cancer stemness properties of the cells were investigated. Results 5-ASA was shown, in vitro, to inhibit the growth of adenoma cells and suppress β-catenin transcriptional activity. Downregulation of β-catenin was found to repress expression of stem cell marker LGR5 (leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5) and functionally suppress stemness in human adenoma and carcinoma cells using 3D models of tumorigenesis. Conclusions 5-ASA can suppress the cancer stem phenotype in adenoma-derived cells. Affordable and well-tolerated, 5-ASA is an outstanding candidate as a chemoprophylactic medication to reduce the risk of colorectal polyps and CRC in those at high risk.
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6
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New discovery of anti-ulcerative colitis active ingredients of Nostoc commune: p-Hydroxy benzaldehyde. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Mei XL, Zheng QF. Role of Cellular Biomolecules in Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:880-888. [PMID: 31656148 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191018153428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Prevention is the primary strategy to avoid the occurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer.
Generally, the concentrations of tumor markers tested during the diagnosis and believed to assist the detection of
disease in the early stages of cancer. Some of the biomarkers are also important during treatment and real-time monitoring
of the progress of treatment.
Methods:
We considered a rationale search of key references from the database of peer-reviewed research and review
literatures of colorectal cancer. The topic of search was focused on the novel methods and modern techniques
of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of colorectal cancer. The screened publications were critically analysed
using a deductive content analysis and the matter was put in separate headings and sub headings.
Results:
It was found that endoscopic examination, early detection, and surgery are some of the common strategies to
manage colorectal cancer because late stages are difficult to treat due to the high-cost requirement and fewer chances
of survival. As far as chemotherapy is concerned, systemic chemotherapy has been shown to offer the maximum
benefit to patients with cancer metastasis. Among different chemotherapy measures, primary colorectal cancer prevention
agents involve pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals, and dietary supplements are some of the standard options.
Conclusion:
In this review article, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of different biomarkers for the detection
of colorectal cancer as well as different formulations developed for efficient treatment of the disease. The use of
dietary supplements, the combinatorial approach, and nanotechnology-based strategies for colorectal cancer diagnosis
and treatment are some of the recent and modern methods of cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Fan Zheng
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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de Freitas Junior JCM, Morgado-Díaz JA. The role of N-glycans in colorectal cancer progression: potential biomarkers and therapeutic applications. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19395-413. [PMID: 26539643 PMCID: PMC4991391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in glycosylation, which is one of the most common protein post-translational modifications, are considered to be a hallmark of cancer. N-glycans can modulate cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, cell signaling, growth and metastasis. The colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and the correlation between CRC progression and changes in the pattern of expression of N-glycans is being considered in the search for new biomarkers. Here, we review the role of N-glycans in CRC cell biology. The perspectives on emerging N-glycan-related anticancer therapies, along with new insights and challenges, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular Biology Program, Structural Biology Group, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Hoja-Łukowicz D, Przybyło M, Duda M, Pocheć E, Bubka M. On the trail of the glycan codes stored in cancer-related cell adhesion proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3237-3257. [PMID: 27565356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the profile of protein glycosylation are a hallmark of ongoing neoplastic transformation. A unique set of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens expressed on the surface of malignant cells may serve as powerful diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Cell-surface proteins with altered glycosylation affect the growth, proliferation and survival of those cells, and contribute to their acquisition of the ability to migrate and invade. They may also facilitate tumor-induced immunosuppression and the formation of distant metastases. Deciphering the information encoded in these particular glycan portions of glycoconjugates may shed light on the mechanisms of cancer progression and metastasis. A majority of the related review papers have focused on overall changes in the patterns of cell-surface glycans in various cancers, without pinpointing the molecular carriers of these glycan structures. The present review highlights the ways in which particular tumor-associated glycan(s) coupled with a given membrane-bound protein influence neoplastic cell behavior during the development and progression of cancer. We focus on altered glycosylated cell-adhesion molecules belonging to the cadherin, integrin and immunoglobulin-like superfamilies, examined in the context of molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Bubka
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Dammann K, Khare V, Lang M, Claudel T, Harpain F, Granofszky N, Evstatiev R, Williams JM, Pritchard DM, Watson A, Gasche C. PAK1 modulates a PPARγ/NF-κB cascade in intestinal inflammation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:2349-60. [PMID: 26036343 PMCID: PMC4576212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are multifunctional effectors of Rho GTPases with both kinase and scaffolding activity. Here, we investigated the effects of inflammation on PAK1 signaling and its role in colitis-driven carcinogenesis. PAK1 and p-PAK1 (Thr423) were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. C57BL6/J wildtype mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal TNFα injection. Small intestinal organoids from these mice and from PAK1-KO mice were cultured with TNFα. NF-κB and PPARγ were analyzed upon PAK1 overexpression and silencing for transcriptional/translational regulation. PAK1 expression and activation was increased on the luminal intestinal epithelial surface in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. PAK1 was phosphorylated upon treatment with IFNγ, IL-1β, and TNFα. In vivo, mice administered with TNFα showed increased p-PAK1 in intestinal villi, which was associated with nuclear p65 and NF-κB activation. p65 nuclear translocation downstream of TNFα was strongly inhibited in PAK1-KO small intestinal organoids. PAK1 overexpression induced a PAK1-p65 interaction as visualized by co-immunoprecipitation, nuclear translocation, and increased NF-κB transactivation, all of which were impeded by kinase-dead PAK1. Moreover, PAK1 overexpression downregulated PPARγ and mesalamine recovered PPARγ through PAK1 inhibition. On the other hand PAK1 silencing inhibited NF-κB, which was recovered using BADGE, a PPARγ antagonist. Altogether these data demonstrate that PAK1 overexpression and activation in inflammation and colitis-associated cancer promote NF-κB activity via suppression of PPARγ in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Dammann
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hans Popper Laboratory for Molecular Hepatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Harpain
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Granofszky
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rayko Evstatiev
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria.
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Dammann K, Khare V, Harpain F, Lang M, Kurtovic A, Mesteri I, Evstatiev R, Gasche C. PAK1 promotes intestinal tumor initiation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1093-101. [PMID: 26304465 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0205-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that is overexpressed in colorectal cancer. PAK1 is a target of mesalamine [5-aminosylicylic acid (5-ASA)], a common drug for the treatment of ulcerative colitis with prospective chemopreventive properties. Here, we investigated whether PAK1 deletion impedes tumorigenesis in murine intestinal cancer models. Ten-week-old APC(min) or APC(min)/PAK1(-/-) mice were monitored for 8 weeks, euthanized, and assessed for tumor number and size. Six- to 8-week-old PAK1(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice received one 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane (AOM) and four cycles of 1.7% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 4 days followed by 14 days of regular water. Mice also received 5-ASA via diet. Tumor incidence and size was assessed via colonoscopy and pathology. Molecular targets of PAK1 and 5-ASA were evaluated via immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both models. PAK1 deletion reduced tumor multiplicity and tumor burden but did not alter average tumor size in APC(min) mice. IHC revealed that PAK1 deletion reduced p-AKT, β-catenin, and c-Myc expression in APC(min) adenomas. Colonoscopy and pathologic analysis revealed that PAK1 deletion reduced tumor multiplicity without affecting tumor size in AOM/DSS-treated mice. 5-ASA treatment and PAK1 deletion impeded tumor multiplicity and dysplastic lesions in AOM/DSS mice. IHC further revealed that 5-ASA blocked β-catenin signaling via inhibition of PAK1/p-AKT. These data indicate that PAK1 contributes to initiation of intestinal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Dammann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Harpain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Azra Kurtovic
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ildiko Mesteri
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rayko Evstatiev
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Khare V, Paul G, Movadat O, Frick A, Jambrich M, Krnjic A, Marian B, Wrba F, Gasche C. IL10R2 Overexpression Promotes IL22/STAT3 Signaling in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1227-35. [PMID: 26130064 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune response in the setting of intestinal inflammation contributes to colorectal cancer. IL10 signaling has a central role in gut homeostasis and is impaired in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Out of two IL10 receptor subunits, IL10R1 and IL10R2, the latter is shared among the IL10 family of cytokines and activates STAT signaling. STAT3 is oncogenic in colorectal cancer; however, knowledge about IL10 signaling upstream of STAT3 in colorectal cancer is lacking. Here, expression of IL10 signaling genes was examined in matched pairs from normal and tumor tissue from colorectal cancer patients showing overexpression (mRNA, protein) of IL10R2 and STAT3 but not IL10R1. IL10R2 overexpression was related to microsatellite stability. Transient overexpression of IL10R2 in HT29 cells increased proliferation upon ligand activation (IL10 and IL22). IL22, and not IL10, phosphorylated STAT3 along with increased phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. A significantly higher expression of IL22R1 and IL10R2 was also confirmed in a separate cohort of colorectal cancer samples. IL22 expression was elevated in gut mucosa from patients with IBD and colitis-associated cancer, which also exhibited increased expression of IL22R1 but not its coreceptor IL10R2. Overall, these data indicate that overexpression of IL10R2 and STAT3 contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis in microsatellite-stable tumors through IL22/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Khare
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Paul
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Movadat
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Frick
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Jambrich
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Krnjic
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Wrba
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Vienna, Austria.
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Khare V, Dammann K, Asboth M, Krnjic A, Jambrich M, Gasche C. Overexpression of PAK1 promotes cell survival in inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis-associated cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:287-96. [PMID: 25569743 PMCID: PMC4345971 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic gut inflammation predisposes to the development of colorectal cancer and increased mortality. Use of mesalamine (5-ASA) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis modulates the risk of neoplastic progression. p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) mediates 5-ASA activity by orchestrating MAPK signaling, Wnt-β catenin pathway, and cell adhesion; all implicated in the colon carcinogenesis. We evaluated the role of PAK1 in IBD and in colitis-associated cancer (CAC). METHODS AND RESULTS PAK1 expression was scored by immunohistochemistry in human samples from IBD, CAC, and in normal mucosa. Compared with controls, a higher PAK1 expression was detected in IBD which further increased in CAC. The consequence of PAK1 overexpression was investigated using normal diploid colon epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT), which showed higher proliferation and decreased apoptosis on overexpression of PAK1. Analysis of IBD and CAC samples showed activation of AKT (p-AKT). However, mTOR pathway was activated in IBD but not in CAC. Treatment of cells with specific inhibitors (PD98059/LY294002/rapamycin) of growth signaling pathways (MEK/PI3K/mTOR) demonstrated that in HCEC-1CT, PAK1 expression is regulated by MEK, PI3K, and mTOR. In colorectal cancer cell lines, PAK1, and beta-catenin expression correlated and inhibition of PAK1 and addition of 5-ASA elicited similar molecular affects by reducing ERK and AKT activation. Moreover, 5-ASA disrupted PAK1 interaction and colocalization with β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that (1) PAK1 is upregulated in IBD and CAC (2) PAK1 overexpression is associated with activation of PI3K-AKT/mTOR prosurvival pathways in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Khare
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Five-aminosalicylic Acid: an update for the reappraisal of an old drug. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:456895. [PMID: 25685145 PMCID: PMC4320793 DOI: 10.1155/2015/456895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises several conditions with chronic or recurring immune response and inflammation of the gastrointestinal apparatus, of which ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the commonest forms. This disease has a significant prevalence and it is of an unknown aethiology. Five-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and its derivatives are among the oldest drugs approved for the treatment of the IBD. In this review we reapprise aspects of 5-ASA mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy that in our opinion make it a valuable drug that can be fruitfully tailored in personalised treatments as a therapeutic option alongside other immune-modifying agents.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has become one of the most prevalent malignant diseases for both men and women. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases or certain inherited cancer syndromes are at high risk of developing colorectal cancer and have naturally the highest need for cancer prevention. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome, most of the underlying germline mutations can be detected by DNA sequencing, and medical counselling of affected individuals involves both surveillance tests and chemopreventive measures. However, as the mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer differ in these high-risk groups, the molecular action of chemopreventive drugs needs to be adjusted to the certain pathway of carcinogenesis. In the last decades, a number of drugs have been tested, including sulindac, aspirin, celecoxib, and mesalazine, but some of them are still controversially discussed. This review summarizes the advances and current standards of colorectal cancer prevention in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, FAP and Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lang
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Glycans on proteins and lipids are known to alter with malignant transformation. The study of these may contribute to the discovery of biomarkers and treatment targets as well as understanding of cancer biology. We here describe the change of glycosylation specifically defining colorectal cancer with view on N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycosphingolipid glycans in colorectal cancer cells and tissues as well as patient sera. Glycan alterations observed in colon cancer include increased β1,6-branching and correlating higher abundance of (poly-)N-acetyllactosamine extensions of N-glycans as well as an increase in (truncated) high-mannose type glycans, while bisected structures decrease. Colorectal cancer-associated O-glycan changes are predominated by reduced expression of core 3 and 4 glycans, whereas higher levels of core 1 glycans, (sialyl) T-antigen, (sialyl) Tn-antigen, and a generally higher density of O-glycans are observed. Specific changes for glycosphingolipid glycans are lower abundances of disialylated structures as well as globo-type glycosphingolipid glycans with exception of Gb3. In general, alterations affecting all discussed glycan types are increased sialylation, fucosylation as well as (sialyl) Lewis-type antigens and type-2 chain glycans. As a consequence, interactions with glycan-binding proteins can be affected and the biological function and cellular consequences of the altered glycosylation with regard to tumorigenesis, metastasis, modulation of immunity, and resistance to antitumor therapy will be discussed. Finally, analytical approaches aiding in the field of glycomics will be reviewed with focus on binding assays and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holst
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Yang K, Tang ZP. Suppositories for treatment of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5648-5652. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i36.5648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) presents a gradually upward trend. The combination of topical and oral therapy is more widely adopted in current management of UC in comparison with traditional oral therapy. As a typical topical therapy, suppository treatment has received increasing attention due to its convenience, high tolerance and good curative effect. Aminosalicylic acid preparations are the major Western medicine suppositories, consisting of sulfasalazine suppository and mesalazine suppository, with the latter considered the first choice for mild-to-moderate UC due to better efficacy and fewer side effects. For traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), several drugs have been applied as suppositories. Qingchang suppository is a representative of TCM suppositories whose therapeutic principle is based on heat-clearing and detoxicating effects. This article reviews the recent progress in suppository treatment of UC.
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