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Preya UH, Sayed S, Nguyen NL, Kim JT. Potential role of CTSS in AMDImmune modulatory and anti-angiogenic effects of cathepsin S knockdown in ARPE-19 cells. Exp Eye Res 2024; 245:109981. [PMID: 38914301 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the role of cathepsin S (CTSS) in modulating oxidative stress-induced immune and inflammatory reactions and angiogenesis in age-related macular degeneration. Human retinal pigment epithelium cells line ARPE-19 (immature) were maintained and treated with H2O2. The expression of CTSS, inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors induced by oxidative stress was compared between cells incubated without (control) and with CTSS knockdown (using small interfering ribonucleic acid; siRNA). To evaluate the role of CTSS in angiogenesis, we assayed tube formation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and conditioned medium from ARPE-19 cells. We also used a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. CTSS levels were higher in ARPE-19 cells treated with H2O2 than in control cells. Oxidative stress-induced CTSS resulted in significantly elevated transcription of nuclear factor kappa B-dependent inflammatory cytokines, complement factors C3a and C5a, membrane attack complex (C5b-9), and C3a and C5a receptors. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CTSS reduced the number of inflammatory signals. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced CTSS regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and vascular endothelial growth factor A/Akt serine/threonine kinase family signaling, which led to angiogenesis. Tube formation assays and mouse models of choroidal neovascularization revealed that CTSS knockdown ameliorated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The present findings suggest that CTSS modulates the complement pathway, inflammatory reactions, and neovascularization, and that CTSS knockdown induces potent immunomodulatory effects. Hence, it could be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of early- and late-stage age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umma Hafsa Preya
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shithima Sayed
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Lan Nguyen
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Taek Kim
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chung-Ang University Hospital, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yu PW, Kao G, Dai Z, Nasertorabi F, Zhang Y. Rational design of humanized antibody inhibitors for cathepsin S. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 751:109849. [PMID: 38061628 PMCID: PMC10872949 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is involved in pathogenesis of many human diseases. Inhibitors blocking its protease activity hold therapeutic potential. In comparison to small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting CTSS enzymatic activity may possess advantageous pharmacological properties. Here we designed and produced inhibitory antibodies targeting human CTSS by genetically fusing the propeptide of procathepsin S (proCTSS) with antibodies in clinic. The resulting antibody fusions in full-length or fragment antigen-binding format could be stably expressed and potently inhibit CTSS proteolytic activity in high specificity. These fusion antibodies not only demonstrate a new approach for facile synthesis of antibody inhibitors against CTSS, but also represent novel anti-CTSS therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Guoyun Kao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhefu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fariborz Nasertorabi
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, USC Structure Biology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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3
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Bentley D, Fisher BA, Barone F, Kolb FA, Attley G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study on the effects of a cathepsin S inhibitor in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3644-3653. [PMID: 36864622 PMCID: PMC10629789 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary SS (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by mucosal dryness and systemic symptoms. We tested the effects of inhibition of cathepsin S using the potent and selective inhibitor RO5459072 on disease activity and symptoms of pSS. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, Phase IIA study to investigate the effects of RO5459072 (100 mg twice daily; 200 mg per day). Seventy-five patients with pSS were randomized 1:1 to receive either RO5459072 or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a ≥3 point reduction from baseline in EULAR SS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) score. We also investigated the effects of RO5459072 on quality of life, exocrine gland function, biomarkers related to SS, and safety and tolerability. RESULTS The proportion of patients showing an improvement in ESSDAI score was not significantly different between the RO5459072 and placebo arms. No clinically meaningful treatment effects were observed in favour of RO5459072 for all secondary outcomes. Analysis of soluble biomarkers indicated target engagement between RO5459072 and cathepsin S. There were modest decreases in the number of circulating B cells and T cells in the RO5459072 group, although these did not reach significance. RO5459072 was safe and well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS There was no clinically relevant improvement in ESSDAI score (primary endpoint), and no apparent benefit in favour of RO5459072 in any of the secondary clinical endpoints. Further work is needed in order to understand the mechanisms of MHC-II-mediated immune stimulation in pSS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02701985.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin A Fisher
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gemma Attley
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Little Falls, NJ, USA
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Galletti JG, Scholand KK, Trujillo-Vargas CM, Haap W, Santos-Ferreira T, Ullmer C, Yu Z, de Paiva CS. Effects of Cathepsin S Inhibition in the Age-Related Dry Eye Phenotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:7. [PMID: 37540176 PMCID: PMC10414132 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aged C57BL/6J (B6) mice have increased levels of cathepsin S, and aged cathepsin S (Ctss-/-) knockout mice are resistant to age-related dry eye. This study investigated the effects of cathepsin S inhibition on age-related dry eye disease. Methods Female B6 mice aged 15.5 to 17 months were randomized to receive a medicated diet formulated by mixing the RO5461111 cathepsin S inhibitor or a standard diet for at least 12 weeks. Cornea mechanosensitivity was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Ocular draining lymph nodes and lacrimal glands (LGs) were excised and prepared for histology or assayed by flow cytometry to quantify infiltrating immune cells. The inflammatory foci (>50 cells) were counted under a 10× microscope lens and quantified using the focus score. Goblet cell density was investigated in periodic acid-Schiff stained sections. Ctss-/- mice were compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Results Aged mice subjected to cathepsin S inhibition or Ctss-/- mice showed improved conjunctival goblet cell density and cornea mechanosensitivity. There was no change in total LG focus score in the diet or Ctss-/- mice, but there was a lower frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ cell infiltration in the LGs. Furthermore, aged Ctss-/- LGs had an increase in T central memory, higher numbers of CD19+B220-, and fewer CD19+B220+ cells than wild-type LGs. Conclusions Our results indicate that therapies aimed at decreasing cathepsin S can ameliorate age-related dry eye disease with a highly beneficial impact on the ocular surface. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of cathepsin S during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G. Galletti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kaitlin K. Scholand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Claudia M. Trujillo-Vargas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Santos-Ferreira
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
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Senjor E, Kos J, Nanut MP. Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020476. [PMID: 36831012 PMCID: PMC9953096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins, as the most abundant proteases found in the lysosomes, play a vital role in several processes-such as protein degradation, changes in cell signaling, cell morphology, migration and proliferation, and energy metabolism. In addition to their lysosomal function, they are also secreted and may remain functional in the extracellular space. Upregulation of cathepsin expression is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune-system dysregulation. In this review, we present an overview of cysteine-cathepsin involvement and possible targeting options for mitigation of aberrant function in immune disorders such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Binding mechanism of selective cathepsin K/S inhibition revealed from molecular simulations. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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7
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Olianas A, Guadalupi G, Cabras T, Contini C, Serrao S, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Messana I, Onali S, Chessa L, Diaz G, Manconi B. Top-Down Proteomics Detection of Potential Salivary Biomarkers for Autoimmune Liver Diseases Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:959. [PMID: 36674470 PMCID: PMC9866740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are autoimmune liver diseases characterized by chronic hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis. The possible use of saliva as a diagnostic tool has been explored in several oral and systemic diseases. The use of proteomics for personalized medicine is a rapidly emerging field. (2) Salivary proteomic data of 36 healthy controls (HCs), 36 AIH and 36 PBC patients, obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry top-down pipeline, were analyzed by multiple Mann-Whitney test, Kendall correlation, Random Forest (RF) analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA); (3) Mann-Whitney tests provided indications on the panel of differentially expressed salivary proteins and peptides, namely cystatin A, statherin, histatin 3, histatin 5 and histatin 6, which were elevated in AIH patients with respect to both HCs and PBC patients, while S100A12, S100A9 short, cystatin S1, S2, SN and C showed varied levels in PBC with respect to HCs and/or AIH patients. RF analysis evidenced a panel of salivary proteins/peptides able to classify with good accuracy PBC vs. HCs (83.3%), AIH vs. HCs (79.9%) and PBC vs. AIH (80.2%); (4) RF appears to be an attractive machine-learning tool suited for classification of AIH and PBC based on their different salivary proteomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Onali
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Diaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Kawato Y, Fukahori H, Nakamura K, Kubo K, Hiramitsu M, Kinugasa F, Morokata T. Development of a novel Poly (I:C)-induced murine model with accelerated lupus nephritis and examination of the therapeutic effects of mycophenolate mofetil and a cathepsin S inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175440. [PMID: 36463947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving multi-organ systems with a widely heterogeneous clinical presentation. Renal involvement, observed mainly in lupus nephritis (LN), is the most common organ lesion associated with SLE and a determinant of prognosis. However, treatment of LN remains controversial and challenging, prompting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. In particular, development of a clinically relevant LN animal model would greatly facilitate the development of new treatments. Here, we report a novel murine model for LN established by administering polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) to NZB/W F1 mice. We investigated the effectiveness of administering Poly (I:C) to NZB/W F1 mice for accelerating nephritis onset and explored the optimal conditions under which to enroll mice with nephritis with similar pathology for studying treatment candidates. Gene-expression analysis revealed that activation of macrophages, which are reported to be involved in the progression of LN in patients, was a unique characteristic in this accelerated nephritis model. Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a recommended first-choice agent for LN, in this novel LN model showed that MMF significantly reduced proteinuria. The cathepsin S (CatS) inhibitor ASP1617, which has been reported to prevent development of lupus-like glomerulonephritis in the spontaneous NZB/W F1 mouse model, also showed marked therapeutic effect in this model. Our novel Poly (I:C) accelerated LN model would thus be very useful for screening clinical candidates for LN, and CatS may be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kawato
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Fukahori
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubo
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramitsu
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kinugasa
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Morokata
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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Hu Y, Paris S, Bertolet G, Barsoumian HB, He K, Sezen D, Chen D, Wasley M, Silva JDA, Mitchell JA, Voss TA, Masrorpour F, Leyton CK, Yang L, Leuschner C, Puebla-Osorio N, Gandhi S, Nguyen QN, Cortez MA, Welsh JW. Combining a nanoparticle-mediated immunoradiotherapy with dual blockade of LAG3 and TIGIT improves the treatment efficacy in anti-PD1 resistant lung cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:417. [PMID: 36123677 PMCID: PMC9484155 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While improvements in immunoradiotherapy have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients, this treatment approach has nevertheless proven ineffective at controlling the majority of malignancies. One of the mechanisms of resistance to immunoradiotherapy is that immune cells may be suppressed via the myriad of different immune checkpoint receptors. Therefore, simultaneous blockade of multiple immune checkpoint receptors may enhance the treatment efficacy of immunoradiotherapy. METHODS We combined NBTXR3-enhanced localized radiation with the simultaneous blockade of three different checkpoint receptors: PD1, LAG3, and TIGIT, and tested the treatment efficacy in an anti-PD1-resistant lung cancer model in mice. 129 Sv/Ev mice were inoculated with fifty thousand αPD1-resistant 344SQR cells in the right leg on day 0 to establish primary tumors and with the same number of cells in the left leg on day 4 to establish the secondary tumors. NBTXR3 was intratumorally injected into the primary tumors on day 7, which were irradiated with 12 Gy on days 8, 9, and 10. Anti-PD1 (200 µg), αLAG3 (200 µg), and αTIGIT (200 µg) were given to mice by intraperitoneal injections on days 5, 8, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. RESULTS This nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy is effective at controlling the growth of irradiated and distant unirradiated tumors, enhancing animal survival, and is the only one that led to the destruction of both tumors in approximately 30% of the treated mice. Corresponding with this improved response is robust activation of the immune response, as manifested by increased numbers of immune cells along with a transcriptional signature of both innate and adaptive immunity within the tumor. Furthermore, mice treated with this combinatorial therapy display immunological memory response when rechallenged by the same cancer cells, preventing tumor engraftment. CONCLUSION Our results strongly attest to the efficacy and validity of combining nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy and simultaneous blockade of multiple immune checkpoint receptors and provide a pre-clinical rationale for investigating its translation into human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sébastien Paris
- Department of Translational Science, Nanobiotix, Paris, France
| | - Genevieve Bertolet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kewen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Duygu Sezen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Mark Wasley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jordan DA Silva
- Department of Translational Science, Nanobiotix, Paris, France
| | - Joylise A Mitchell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tiffany A Voss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fatemeh Masrorpour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Kettlun Leyton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liangpeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carola Leuschner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Saumil Gandhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Unit 97, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Rabatscher PA, Trendelenburg M. Anti-C1q autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus patients enhance CD40-CD154-mediated inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1408. [PMID: 35928801 PMCID: PMC9345742 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Complement C1q has been shown to play a major role in SLE, and autoantibodies against C1q (anti‐C1q) are strongly associated with SLE disease activity and severe lupus nephritis suggesting a pathogenic role for anti‐C1q. Whereas C1q alone has anti‐inflammatory effects on human monocytes and macrophages, C1q/anti‐C1q complexes favor a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. This study aimed to elucidate the inflammatory effects of anti‐C1q on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Isolated monocytes, isolated T cells and bulk PBMCs of healthy donors with or without concomitant T cell activation were exposed to C1q or complexes of C1q and SLE patient‐derived anti‐C1q (C1q/anti‐C1q). Functional consequences of C1q/anti‐C1q on cells were assessed by determining cytokine secretion, monocyte surface marker expression, T cell activation and proliferation. Results Exposure of isolated T cells to C1q or C1q/anti‐C1q did not affect their activation and proliferation. However, unspecific T cell activation in PBMCs in the presence of C1q/anti‐C1q resulted in increased TNF, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 secretion compared with C1q alone. Co‐culture and inhibition experiments showed that the inflammatory effect of C1q/anti‐C1q on PBMCs was due to a direct CD40–CD154 interaction between activated T cells and C1q/anti‐C1q‐primed monocytes. The CD40‐mediated inflammatory reaction of monocytes involves TRAF6 and JAK3‐STAT5 signalling. Conclusion In conclusion, C1q/anti‐C1q have a pro‐inflammatory effect on monocytes that depends on T cell activation and CD40–CD154 signalling. This signalling pathway could serve as a therapeutic target for anti‐C1q‐mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Division of Internal Medicine University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
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11
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Silva R, Malcangio M. Fractalkine/CX 3CR 1 Pathway in Neuropathic Pain: An Update. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:684684. [PMID: 35295489 PMCID: PMC8915718 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.684684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the nervous system can result in a debilitating neuropathic pain state that is often resistant to treatment with available analgesics, which are commonly associated with several side-effects. Growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence over the last two decades indicates that immune cell-mediated mechanisms both in the periphery and in the Central Nervous System (CNS) play significant roles in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Specifically, following peripheral nerve injury, microglia, which are CNS resident immune cells, respond to the activity of the first pain synapse in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and also to neuronal activity in higher centres in the brain. This microglial response leads to the production and release of several proinflammatory mediators which contribute to neuronal sensitisation under neuropathic pain states. In this review, we collect evidence demonstrating the critical role played by the Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling pathway in neuron-to-microglia communication in neuropathic pain states and explore how strategies that include components of this pathway offer opportunities for innovative targets for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Yu Z, Li J, Govindarajan G, Hamm-Alvarez S, Alam J, Li DQ, de Paiva CS. Cathepsin S is a novel target for age-related dry eye. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108895. [PMID: 34910926 PMCID: PMC8908478 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (Ctss) is a protease that is proinflammatory on epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Ctss in age-related dry eye disease. Ctss-/- mice [in a C57BL/6 (B6) background] of different ages were compared to B6 mice. Ctss activity in tears and lacrimal gland (LG) lysates was measured. The corneal barrier function was investigated in naïve mice or after topical administration of Ctss eye drops 5X/day for two days. Eyes were collected, and conjunctival goblet cell density was measured in PAS-stained sections. Immunoreactivity of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, was investigated in primary human cultured corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) without or with Ctss, with or without a Ctss inhibitor. A significant increase in Ctss activity was observed in the tears and LG lysates in aged B6 compared to young mice. This was accompanied by higher Ctss transcripts and protein expression in LG and spleen. Compared to B6, 12 and 24-month-old Ctss-/- mice did not display age-related corneal barrier disruption and goblet cell loss. Treatment of HCEC with Ctss for 48 h disrupted occludin and ZO-1 immunoreactivity compared to control cells. This was prevented by the Ctss inhibitor LY3000328 or Ctss-heat inactivation. Topical reconstitution of Ctss in Ctss-/- mice for two days disrupted corneal barrier function. Aging on the ocular surface is accompanied by increased expression and activity of the protease Ctss. Our results suggest that cathepsin S modulation might be a novel target for age-related dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jinmiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Sarah Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - De-Quan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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13
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Wu M, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li X, Liu Z, Liu H, Li X. Relationship between lysosomal dyshomeostasis and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:958. [PMID: 34663802 PMCID: PMC8523726 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles involved in cell metabolism, waste degradation, and cellular material circulation. They play a key role in the maintenance of cellular physiological homeostasis. Compared with the lysosomal content of other organs, that of the kidney is abundant, and lysosomal abnormalities are associated with the occurrence and development of certain renal diseases. Lysosomal structure and function in intrinsic renal cells are impaired in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Promoting lysosomal biosynthesis and/or restoring lysosomal function can repair damaged podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells, and delay the progression of DKD. Lysosomal homeostasis maintenance may be advantageous in alleviating DKD. Here, we systematically reviewed the latest advances in the relationship between lysosomal dyshomeostasis and progression of DKD based on recent literature to further elucidate the mechanism of renal injury in diabetes mellitus and to highlight the application potential of lysosomal homeostasis maintenance as a new prevention and treatment strategy for DKD. However, research on screening effective interventions for lysosomal dyshomeostasis is still in its infancy, and thus should be the focus of future research studies. The screening out of cell-specific lysosomal function regulation targets according to the different stages of DKD, so as to realize the controllable targeted regulation of cell lysosomal function during DKD, is the key to the successful clinical development of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Yaozhi Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Zixian Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Zejian Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
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14
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Galletti JG, de Paiva CS. The ocular surface immune system through the eyes of aging. Ocul Surf 2021; 20:139-162. [PMID: 33621658 PMCID: PMC8113112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the last century, advances in healthcare, housing, and education have led to an increase in life expectancy. Longevity is accompanied by a higher prevalence of age-related diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes, and infection, and part of this increase in disease incidence relates to the significant changes that aging brings about in the immune system. The eye is not spared by aging either, presenting with age-related disorders of its own, and interestingly, many of these diseases have immune pathophysiology. Being delicate organs that must be exposed to the environment in order to capture light, the eyes are endowed with a mucosal environment that protects them, the so-called ocular surface. As in other mucosal sites, immune responses at the ocular surface need to be swift and potent to eliminate threats but are at the same time tightly controlled to prevent excessive inflammation and bystander damage. This review will detail how aging affects the mucosal immune response of the ocular surface as a whole and how this process relates to the higher incidence of ocular surface disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G Galletti
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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15
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Zhang T, Duran V, Vanarsa K, Mohan C. Targeted urine proteomics in lupus nephritis - a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:767-776. [PMID: 33423575 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1874356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic approaches are central in biomarker discovery. While mass-spectrometry-based techniques are widely used, novel targeted proteomic platforms have enabled the high-throughput detection of low-abundance proteins in an affinity-based manner. Urine has gained growing attention as an ideal biofluid for monitoring renal disease including lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS Pubmed was screened for targeted proteomic studies of LN urine interrogating ≥1000 proteins. Data from the primary studies were combined and a meta-analysis was performed. Shared proteins elevated in active LN across studies were identified, and relevant pathways were elucidated using ingenuity pathway and gene ontology analysis. Urine proteomic data was cross-referenced against renal single-cell RNAseq data from LN kidneys. RESULTS Two high-throughput targeted proteomic platforms with capacity to interrogate ≥1000 proteins have been used to investigate LN urine. Twenty-three urine proteins were significantly elevated in both studies, including 10 chemokines, and proteins implicated in angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix turnover. Of these, Cathepsin S, CXCL10, FasL, ferritin, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and resistin were also significantly elevated within LN kidneys. CONCLUSION Targeted urinary proteomics have uncovered multiple novel biomarkers for LN. Further validation in prospective cohorts and mechanistic studies are warranted to establish their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valeria Duran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Cathepsin S provokes interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling through cleavage of the IL-6 receptor in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21612. [PMID: 33303781 PMCID: PMC7730449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) fulfills its pleiotropic functions via different modes of signaling. Regenerative and anti-inflammatory activities are mediated via classic signaling, in which IL-6 binds to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). For IL-6 trans-signaling, which accounts for the pro-inflammatory properties of the cytokine, IL-6 activates its target cells via soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R). We have previously shown that the majority of sIL-6R in human serum originates from proteolytic cleavage and mapped the cleavage site of the IL-6R. The cleavage occurs between Pro-355 and Val-356, which is the same cleavage site that the metalloprotease ADAM17 uses in vitro. However, sIL-6R serum levels are unchanged in hypomorphic ADAM17ex/ex mice, making the involvement of ADAM17 questionable. In order to identify other proteases that could be relevant for sIL-6R generation in vivo, we perform a screening approach based on the known cleavage site. We identify several candidate proteases and characterize the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CTSS) in detail. We show that CTSS is able to cleave the IL-6R in vitro and that the released sIL-6R is biologically active and can induce IL-6 trans-signaling. However, CTSS does not use the Pro-355/Val-356 cleavage site, and sIL-6R serum levels are not altered in Ctss-/- mice. In conclusion, we identify a novel protease of the IL-6R that can induce IL-6 trans-signaling, but does not contribute to steady-state sIL-6R serum levels.
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17
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Lemke C, Cianni L, Feldmann C, Gilberg E, Yin J, Dos Reis Rocho F, de Vita D, Bartz U, Bajorath J, Montanari CA, Gütschow M. N-Sulfonyl dipeptide nitriles as inhibitors of human cathepsin S: In silico design, synthesis and biochemical characterization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127420. [PMID: 32763808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A library of cathepsin S inhibitors of the dipeptide nitrile chemotype, bearing a bioisosteric sulfonamide moiety, was synthesized. Kinetic investigations were performed at four human cysteine proteases, i.e. cathepsins S, B, K and L. Compound 12 with a terminal 3-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent was the most potent (Ki = 4.02 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 5.8; S/L = 67) and 24 with a 4'-fluoro-4-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent the most selective cathepsin S inhibitor (Ki = 35.5 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 57; S/L = 31). In silico design and biochemical evaluation emphasized the impact of the sulfonamide linkage on selectivity and a possible switch of P2 and P3 substituents with respect to the occupation of the corresponding binding sites of cathepsin S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cianni
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Christian Feldmann
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik Gilberg
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiafei Yin
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernanda Dos Reis Rocho
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Vita
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Upregulation of Cathepsins in Olfactory Bulbs Is Associated with Transient Olfactory Dysfunction in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3412-3423. [PMID: 32529488 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal/endosomal proteolytic enzymes that include serine, aspartate, and cysteine proteases. The role of cathepsin in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, remains elusive. We evaluated the expression level and localization of different cathepsins in the olfactory bulbs of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Quantitative real-time PCR results and Western blotting analyses revealed that serine, aspartate, and cysteine cathepsins are expressed at significantly higher levels in the olfactory bulbs of mice with EAE in the paralytic stage compared with those of control mice. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cathepsin A, D, and S were expressed in the glomerulus layer, external plexiform layer, and mitral cell layer. Furthermore, cathepsins were detected in astrocytes, microglia, inflammatory cells, and vascular cells in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice at the paralytic stage. Collectively, these results suggest that the upregulation of cathepsins in the olfactory bulb of mice with EAE is associated with transient olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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19
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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20
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Vizovišek M, Vidak E, Javoršek U, Mikhaylov G, Bratovš A, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:573-588. [PMID: 32228244 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1746765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cysteine cathepsins are involved in the development and progression of numerous inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, arthritis, bone and immune disorders. Consequently, there is a drive to progress research efforts focused on cathepsin use in diagnostics and as therapeutic targets in disease.Areas covered: This review discusses the potential of cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammation-associated diseases and recent advances in preclinical and clinical research. We describe direct targeting of cathepsins for treatment purposes and their indirect use in diagnostics.Expert opinion: The targeting of cysteine cathepsins has not translated into the clinic; this failure is attributed to off- and on-target side effects and/or the lack of companion biomarkers. This field now embraces developments in diagnostic imaging, the activation of prodrugs and antibody-drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery. The future lies in improved molecular tools and therapeutic concepts that will find a wide spectrum of uses in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Vidak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georgy Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Bratovš
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Freund C, Höfer T. A Missing Switch in Peptide Exchange for MHC Class II Molecules. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2513. [PMID: 31708929 PMCID: PMC6820466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freund
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Nader CP, Cidem A, Verrills NM, Ammit AJ. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A): a key phosphatase in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to lung cancer. Respir Res 2019; 20:222. [PMID: 31623614 PMCID: PMC6798356 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) has the highest relative risk of development as a comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The molecular mechanisms that mediate chronic inflammation and lung function impairment in COPD have been identified in LC. This suggests the two diseases are more linked than once thought. Emerging data in relation to a key phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and its regulatory role in inflammatory and tumour suppression in both disease settings suggests that it may be critical in the progression of COPD to LC. In this review, we uncover the importance of the functional and active PP2A holoenzyme in the context of both diseases. We describe PP2A inactivation via direct and indirect means and explore the actions of two key PP2A endogenous inhibitors, cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and inhibitor 2 of PP2A (SET), and the role they play in COPD and LC. We explain how dysregulation of PP2A in COPD creates a favourable inflammatory micro-environment and promotes the initiation and progression of tumour pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight PP2A as a druggable target in the treatment of COPD and LC and demonstrate the potential of PP2A re-activation as a strategy to halt COPD disease progression to LC. Although further studies are required to elucidate if PP2A activity in COPD is a causal link for LC progression, studies focused on the potential of PP2A reactivating agents to reduce the risk of LC formation in COPD patients will be pivotal in improving clinical outcomes for both COPD and LC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra P Nader
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aylin Cidem
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation & Translation, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Cianni L, Feldmann CW, Gilberg E, Gütschow M, Juliano L, Leitão A, Bajorath J, Montanari CA. Can Cysteine Protease Cross-Class Inhibitors Achieve Selectivity? J Med Chem 2019; 62:10497-10525. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cianni
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfgang Feldmann
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik Gilberg
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luiz Juliano
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center and São Paulo Medical School of Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, 01509-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Montanari
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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24
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Hargreaves P, Daoudlarian D, Theron M, Kolb FA, Manchester Young M, Reis B, Tiaden A, Bannert B, Kyburz D, Manigold T. Differential effects of specific cathepsin S inhibition in biocompartments from patients with primary Sjögren syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:175. [PMID: 31319889 PMCID: PMC6637481 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is characterized by T and B cell infiltration of exocrine glands. The cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) is crucially involved in MHCII processing and T cell stimulation, and elevated levels have been found in patients with RA, psoriasis and pSS. However, little is known about the functional characteristics and mechanisms of SS-A- and SS-B-specific T cells in pSS patients. We herein investigated the inhibition of CatS activity in different biocompartments of pSS patients including antigen-specific T cell responses. METHODS Ex vivo CatS activity was assessed in tears, plasma and saliva of 15 pSS patients and 13 healthy controls (HC) and in the presence or absence of the specific CatS inhibitor RO5459072. In addition, antigen (SS-A (60kD), SS-B, influenza H3N2, tetanus toxoid and SEB)-specific T cell responses were examined using ex vivo IFN-γ/IL-17 Dual ELISPOT and Bromdesoxyuridin (BrdU) proliferation assays in the presence or absence of RO5459072. Supernatants were analysed for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23, using conventional ELISA. RESULTS CatS activity was significantly elevated in tear fluid, but not other biocompartments, was inversely associated with exocrinic function in pSS patients and could significantly be suppressed by RO5459072. Moreover, CatS inhibition by RO5459072 led to strong and dose-dependent suppression of SS-A/SS-B-specific T cell effector functions and cytokine secretion by CD14+ monocytes. However, RO5459072 was incapable of suppressing SS-A/SS-B-induced secretion of cytokines in CD14+ monocytes when T cells were absent, confirming a CatS/MHCII-mediated mechanism of suppression. CONCLUSION CatS activity in tear fluid seems to be a relevant biomarker for pSS disease activity. Conversely, CatS inhibition diminishes T cell and associated monokine responses towards relevant autoantigens in pSS. Thus, CatS inhibition may represent a promising novel treatment strategy in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hargreaves
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Michel Theron
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice A. Kolb
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Manchester Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Reis
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andre Tiaden
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Bannert
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Manigold
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Klinngam W, Janga SR, Lee C, Ju Y, Yarber F, Shah M, Guo H, Wang D, MacKay JA, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Inhibition of Cathepsin S Reduces Lacrimal Gland Inflammation and Increases Tear Flow in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9559. [PMID: 31267034 PMCID: PMC6606642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is highly increased in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients tears and in tears and lacrimal glands (LG) of male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a murine model of SS. To explore CTSS's utility as a therapeutic target for mitigating ocular manifestations of SS in sites where CTSS is increased in disease, the tears and the LG (systemically), the peptide-based inhibitor, Z-FL-COCHO (Z-FL), was administered to 14-15 week male NOD mice. Systemic intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 2 weeks significantly reduced CTSS activity in tears, LG and spleen, significantly reduced total lymphocytic infiltration into LG, reduced CD3+ and CD68+ cell abundance within lymphocytic infiltrates, and significantly increased stimulated tear secretion. Topical administration of Z-FL to a different cohort of 14-15 week male NOD mice for 6 weeks significantly reduced only tear CTSS while not affecting LG and spleen CTSS and attenuated the disease-progression related reduction of basal tear secretion, while not significantly impacting lymphocytic infiltration of the LG. These findings suggest that CTSS inhibitors administered either topically or systemically can mitigate aspects of the ocular manifestations of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Changrim Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mihir Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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26
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Doherty DF, Nath S, Poon J, Foronjy RF, Ohlmeyer M, Dabo AJ, Salathe M, Birrell M, Belvisi M, Baumlin N, Kim MD, Weldon S, Taggart C, Geraghty P. Protein Phosphatase 2A Reduces Cigarette Smoke-induced Cathepsin S and Loss of Lung Function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:51-62. [PMID: 30641028 PMCID: PMC6603057 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1518oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: CTSS (cathepsin S) is a cysteine protease that is observed at higher concentrations in BAL fluid and plasma of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To investigate whether CTSS is involved in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced COPD and determine whether targeting upstream signaling could prevent the disease. Methods: CTSS expression was investigated in animal and human tissue and cell models of COPD. Ctss-/- mice were exposed to long-term cigarette smoke and forced oscillation and expiratory measurements were recorded. Animals were administered chemical modulators of PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) activity. Measurements and Main Results: Here we observed enhanced CTSS expression and activity in mouse lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke. Ctss-/- mice were resistant to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, airspace enlargements, and loss of lung function. CTSS expression was negatively regulated by PP2A in human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from healthy nonsmokers and COPD donors and in monocyte-derived macrophages. Modulating PP2A expression or activity, with silencer siRNA or a chemical inhibitor or activator, during acute smoke exposure in mice altered inflammatory responses and CTSS expression and activity in the lung. Enhancement of PP2A activity prevented chronic smoke-induced COPD in mice. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the decrease in PP2A activity that occurs in COPD contributes to elevated CTSS expression in the lungs and results in impaired lung function. Enhancing PP2A activity represents a feasible therapeutic approach to reduce CTSS activity and counter smoke-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan F. Doherty
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Justin Poon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert F. Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Abdoulaye J. Dabo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Mark Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael D. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
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