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Bagues A, Hu J, Alshanqiti I, Chung MK. Neurobiological mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxin-induced analgesia for neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108668. [PMID: 38782121 PMCID: PMC11182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of neurotoxins produced by Clostridia and other bacteria that induce botulism. BoNTs are internalized into nerve terminals at the site of injection and cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins to inhibit the vesicular release of neurotransmitters. BoNTs have been approved for multiple therapeutic applications, including the treatment of migraines. They have also shown efficacies for treating neuropathic pain, such as diabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic and trigeminal neuralgia. However, the mechanisms underlying BoNT-induced analgesia are not well understood. Peripherally administered BoNT is taken up by the nerve terminals and reduces the release of glutamate, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P, which decreases neurogenic inflammation in the periphery. BoNT is retrogradely transported to sensory ganglia and central terminals in a microtubule-dependent manner. BoNTs decrease the expression of pronociceptive genes (ion channels or cytokines) from sensory ganglia and the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from primary afferent central terminals, which likely leads to decreased central sensitization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or trigeminal nucleus. BoNT-induced analgesia is abolished after capsaicin-induced denervation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing afferents or the knockout of substance P or the neurokinin-1 receptor. Although peripheral administration of BoNT leads to changes in the central nervous system (e.g., decreased phosphorylation of glutamate receptors in second-order neurons, reduced activation of microglia, contralateral localization, and cortical reorganization), whether such changes are secondary to changes in primary afferents or directly mediated by trans-synaptic, transcytotic, or the hematogenous transport of BoNT is controversial. To enhance their therapeutic potential, BoNTs engineered for specific targeting of nociceptive pathways have been developed to treat chronic pain. Further mechanistic studies on BoNT-induced analgesia can enhance the application of native or engineered BoNTs for neuropathic pain treatment with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. C.C. Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Alcorcón, Spain; High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM), Spain
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ishraq Alshanqiti
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Huzum RM, Hînganu MV, Huzum B, Hînganu D. Advances in Molecular Research on Hip Joint Impingement-A Vascular Perspective. Biomolecules 2024; 14:784. [PMID: 39062498 PMCID: PMC11275018 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rise in longevity within the population, medicine continues to encounter fresh hurdles necessitating prompt actions, among which are those associated with hip joint aging. Age-related arthropathies encompass damage to bones' articulating extremities and their supporting structures, such as articular cartilage, and alterations in the quantity and quality of synovial fluid. This study aims to summarize the biomolecular methods of hip joint evaluation focused on its vascularization, using data correlated with biomolecular research on other joints and tissues, in order to reach an objective opinion of the study prospects in this field. Following a retrospective study on most modern biomolecular research methods on the synovium, the capsule, and the articular cartilage of the hip joint, we have hereby concretized certain future research directions in this field that will improve the qualitative and morphofunctional management of the hip joint at an advanced age, even within population categories at risk of developing various degenerative joint pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riana Maria Huzum
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Marius Valeriu Hînganu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Huzum
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Delia Hînganu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Iasi, Romania;
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Sierra-Marquez J, Schaller L, Sassenbach L, Ramírez-Fernández A, Alt P, Rissiek B, Zimmer B, Schredelseker J, Hector J, Stähler T, Koch-Nolte F, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Kopp R, Nicke A. Different localization of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in native mouse lung - lack of evidence for a direct P2X4-P2X7 receptor interaction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425938. [PMID: 38953020 PMCID: PMC11215518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction P2X receptors are a family of homo- and heterotrimeric cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. The P2X4 and P2X7 subunits show overlapping expression patterns and have been involved in similar physiological processes, such as pain and inflammation as well as various immune cell functions. While formation of P2X2/P2X3 heterotrimers produces a distinct pharmacological phenotype and has been well established, functional identification of a P2X4/P2X7 heteromer has been difficult and evidence for and against a physical association has been found. Most of this evidence stems, however, from in vitro model systems. Methods Here, we used a P2X7-EGFP BAC transgenic mouse model as well as P2X4 and P2X7 knock-out mice to re-investigate a P2X4-P2X7 interaction in mouse lung by biochemical and immunohistochemical experiments as well as quantitative expression analysis. Results No detectable amounts of P2X4 could be co-purified from mouse lung via P2X7-EGFP. In agreement with these findings, immuno-histochemical analysis using a P2X7-specific nanobody revealed only limited overlap in the cellular and subcellular localizations of P2X4 and P2X7 in both the native lung tissue and primary cells. Comparison of P2X4 and P2X7 transcript and protein levels in the respective gene-deficient and wild type mice showed no mutual interrelation between their expression levels in whole lungs. However, a significantly reduced P2rx7 expression was found in alveolar macrophages of P2rx4 -/- mice. Discussion In summary, our detailed analysis of the cellular and subcellular P2X4 and P2X7 localization and expression does not support a physiologically relevant direct association of P2X4 and P2X7 subunits or receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sierra-Marquez
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Schaller
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Sassenbach
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Alt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Schredelseker
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hector
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Huang ACW, Shih HC, Shyu BC. The P2X7 Hypothesis of Central Post-Stroke Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6577. [PMID: 38928280 PMCID: PMC11204365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined how P2X7 receptor knockout (KO) modulates central post-stroke pain (CPSP) induced by lesions of the ventrobasal complex (VBC) of the thalamus in behaviors, molecular levels, and electrical recording tests. Following the experimental procedure, the wild-type and P2X7 receptor KO mice were injected with 10 mU/0.2 μL type IV collagenase in the VBC of the thalamus to induce an animal model of stroke-like thalamic hemorrhage. Behavioral data showed that the CPSP group induced thermal and mechanical pain. The P2X7 receptor KO group showed reduced thermal and mechanical pain responses compared to the CPSP group. Molecular assessments revealed that the CPSP group had lower expression of NeuN and KCC2 and higher expression of GFAP, IBA1, and BDNF. The P2X7 KO group showed lower expression of GFAP, IBA1, and BDNF but nonsignificant differences in KCC2 expression than the CPSP group. The expression of NKCC1, GABAa receptor, and TrkB did not differ significantly between the control, CPSP, and P2X7 receptor KO groups. Muscimol, a GABAa agonist, application increased multiunit numbers for monitoring many neurons and [Cl-] outflux in the cytosol in the CPSP group, while P2X7 receptor KO reduced multiunit activity and increased [Cl-] influx compared to the CPSP group. P2X4 receptor expression was significantly decreased in the 100 kDa but not the 50 kDa site in the P2X7 receptor KO group. Altogether, the P2X7 hypothesis of CPSP was proposed, wherein P2X7 receptor KO altered the CPSP pain responses, numbers of astrocytes and microglia, CSD amplitude of the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial dorsal thalamus, BDNF expression, [Cl-] influx, and P2X4 expression in 100 kDa with P2X7 receptors. The present findings have implications for the clinical treatment of CPSP symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsi-Chien Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Bai Chuang Shyu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
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Yi M, Zhang Z, Luo Z, Luo A, Zeng H, Li P, Wang T, Yang J, Nie H. PolyphyllinVI alleviates the spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain based on P2X3 receptor-mediated the release of inflammatory mediators. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117886. [PMID: 38355027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE PolyphyllinVI (PPⅥ) is the main bioactive component of Chonglou which is a traditional Chinese herbal with various effects, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and analgesia. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the properties and mechanisms of the analgesia of PPⅥ by using neuropathic pain (NPP) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The potential targets and mechanisms of PPⅥ in alleviating NPP were excavated based on the network pharmacology. Subsequently, the construction of a spared nerve injury (SNI) mice model was used to evaluate the effect of PPⅥ on NPP and the expression of the P2X3 receptor. We identified the signaling pathways of PPⅥ analgesia by RNA sequencing. RESULTS The results of network pharmacology showed that BCL2, CASP3, JUN, STAT3, and TNF were the key targets of the analgesic effect of PPⅥ. PPⅥ increased the MWT and TWL of SNI mice and decreased the level of P2X3 receptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord (SC). Additionally, PPⅥ reduced the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the DRG, SC, and serum. Based on the KEGG enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-Seq, PPVI may relieve NPP by regulating the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Western blotting results showed that the AMPK signaling pathway was activated, followed by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PPⅥ increased the MWT and TWL of SNI mice maybe by inhibiting the expression of the P2X3 receptor and the release of inflammatory mediators. The properties of the analgesia of PPⅥ may be based on the AMPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenglang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenhui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Anqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hekun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Wang J, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Song J, Zhou Y. Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain by Suppressing P2Y12R-Dependent Microglial Activation in Monoarthritic Rats. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1268-1277. [PMID: 38337134 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) effectively improves arthritis-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia by repressing spinal microglial activation, which plays a crucial role in pain hypersensitivity following tissue inflammation. However, the mechanism by which EA suppresses spinal microglial activation in monoarthritis (MA) remains unclear. In the present study, a rat model of MA was established through unilateral ankle intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The relationship among P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) expression, spinal microglial activation, and EA analgesia was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR), western blotting, immunofluorescence (IF), and behavioral testing. The results found that EA treatment at the ipsilateral "Huantiao" (GB30) and "Yanglingquan" (GB34) acupoints markedly attenuated pain and spinal microglia M1 polarization in MA rats. In particular, P2Y12R expression was significantly increased at the mRNA and protein levels in the spinal dorsal horn in MA rats, whereas EA treatment effectively repressed the MA-induced upregulation of P2Y12R. IF analysis further revealed that most P2Y12R was expressed in microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. Pharmacological inhibition of P2Y12R by its antagonist (AR-C69931MX) decreased MA-induced spinal microglial activation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production. Consequently, AR-C69931MX significantly intensified the anti-pain hypersensitive function of EA in MA rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EA alleviates MA-induced pain by suppressing P2Y12R-dependent microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiangang Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yalan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Witkin JM, Shafique H, Smith JL, Cerne R. Is there a biochemical basis for purinergic P2X3 and P2X4 receptor antagonists to be considered as anti-seizure medications? Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116046. [PMID: 38341001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy require improved medications. Purinergic receptors were identified as late as 1976 and are slowly emerging as potential drug targets for the discovery of antiseizure medications. While compounds interacting with these receptors have been approved for use as medicines (e.g., gefapixant for cough) and continue to be explored for a number of diseases (e.g., pain, cancer), there have been no purinergic receptor antagonists that have been advanced for epilepsy. There are very few studies on the channel conducting receptors, P2X3 and P2X4, that suggest their possible role in seizure generation or control. However, the limited data available provides some compelling reasons to believe that they could be valuable antiseizure medication drug targets. The data implicating P2X3 and P2X4 receptors in epilepsy includes the role played by ATP in neuronal excitability and seizures, receptor localization, increased receptor expression in epileptic brain, the involvement of these receptors in seizure-associated inflammation, crosstalk between these purinergic receptors and neuronal processes involved in seizures (GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission), and the significant attenuation of seizures and seizure-like activity with P2X receptor blockade. The discovery of new and selective antagonists for P2X3 and P2X4 receptors is ongoing, armed with new structural data to guide rational design. The availability of safe, brain-penetrant compounds will likely encourage the clinical exploration of epilepsy as a disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Jiang C, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhu X. Role of EPAC1 in chronic pain. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101645. [PMID: 38304575 PMCID: PMC10832381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain usually lasts over three months and commonly occurs in chronic diseases (cancer, arthritis, and diabetes), injuries (herniated discs, torn ligaments), and many major pain disorders (neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic headaches). Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of effective treatments to help people with chronic pain to achieve complete relief. Therefore,it is particularly important to understand the mechanism of chronic pain and find new therapeutic targets. The exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) (EPAC) has been recognized for its functions in nerve regeneration, stimulating insulin release, controlling vascular pressure, and controlling other metabolic activities. In recent years, many studies have found that the subtype of EPAC, EPAC1 is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation and plays a crucial role in the regulation of pain, which is expected to become a new therapeutic target for chronic pain. This article reviews the major contributions of EPAC1 in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yihang Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
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Mardelle U, Bretaud N, Daher C, Feuillet V. From pain to tumor immunity: influence of peripheral sensory neurons in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335387. [PMID: 38433844 PMCID: PMC10905387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems are the primary sensory interfaces of the body, allowing it to recognize, process, and respond to various stimuli from both the external and internal environment. These systems work in concert through various mechanisms of neuro-immune crosstalk to detect threats, provide defense against pathogens, and maintain or restore homeostasis, but can also contribute to the development of diseases. Among peripheral sensory neurons (PSNs), nociceptive PSNs are of particular interest. They possess a remarkable capability to detect noxious stimuli in the periphery and transmit this information to the brain, resulting in the perception of pain and the activation of adaptive responses. Pain is an early symptom of cancer, often leading to its diagnosis, but it is also a major source of distress for patients as the disease progresses. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the mechanisms within tumors that are likely to induce cancer pain, exploring a range of factors from etiological elements to cellular and molecular mediators. In addition to transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system, PSNs are also capable, when activated, to produce and release neuropeptides (e.g., CGRP and SP) from their peripheral terminals. These neuropeptides have been shown to modulate immunity in cases of inflammation, infection, and cancer. PSNs, often found within solid tumors, are likely to play a significant role in the tumor microenvironment, potentially influencing both tumor growth and anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about the degree of sensory innervation in tumors. We also seek to understand whether and how PSNs may influence the tumor growth and associated anti-tumor immunity in different mouse models of cancer. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the tumor is able to influence the development and functions of the PSNs that innervate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Mardelle
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Ninon Bretaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Daher
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Feuillet
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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10
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Yeh TY, Chang MF, Kan YY, Chiang H, Hsieh ST. HSP27 Modulates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting P2X3 Degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:707-724. [PMID: 37656312 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), a chaperone, in neuropathic pain after nerve injury has not been systematically surveyed despite its neuroprotective and regeneration-promoting effects. In this study, we found that HSP27 expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) mediated nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain behaviors were alleviated by silencing HSP27 in the DRG of a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Local injection of an HSP27-overexpression construct into the DRG of naïve rats elicited neuropathic pain behaviors. HSP27 interacted with a purinergic receptor, P2X3, and their expression patterns corroborated the induction and reversal of neuropathic pain according to two lines of evidence: colocalization immunohistochemically and immunoprecipitation biochemically. In a cell model cotransfected with HSP27 and P2X3, the degradation rate of P2X3 was reduced in the presence of HSP27. Such an alteration was mediated by reducing P2X3 ubiquitination in SNL rats and was reversed after silencing HSP27 in the DRGs of SNL rats. In summary, the interaction of HSP27 with P2X3 provides a new mechanism of injury-induced neuropathic pain that could serve as an alternative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Kan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | | | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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11
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Ko HG, Chun H, Han S, Kaang BK. Role of spinal astrocytes through the perisynaptic astrocytic process in pathological pain. Mol Brain 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38093330 PMCID: PMC10717263 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain is caused by abnormal activity in the neural circuit that transmits nociceptive stimuli. Beyond homeostatic functions, astrocytes actively participate in regulating synaptic transmission as members of tripartite synapses. The perisynaptic astrocytic process (PAP) is the key structure that allows astrocytes to play these roles and not only physically supports synapse formation through cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) but also regulates the efficiency of chemical signaling. Accumulating evidence has revealed that spinal astrocytes are involved in pathological pain by modulating the efficacy of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA through transporters located in the PAP and by directly regulating synaptic transmission through various gliotransmitters. Although various CAMs contribute to pathological pain, insufficient evidence is available as to whether astrocytic CAMs also have this role. Therefore, more in-depth research is needed on how pathological pain is induced and maintained by astrocytes, especially in the PAP surrounding the synapse, and this will subsequently increase our understanding and treatment of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Gon Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol- daero, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Heejung Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei-SL Bigen Institute (YSLI), Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seunghyo Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol- daero, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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12
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Liu N, Zhang GX, Zhu CH, Lan XB, Tian MM, Zheng P, Peng XD, Li YX, Yu JQ. Antinociceptive and neuroprotective effect of echinacoside on peripheral neuropathic pain in mice through inhibiting P2X7R/FKN/CX3CR1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115675. [PMID: 37812887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, neuropathic pain treatment remains a challenging issue because the major therapy, centred around pharmacological intervention, is not satisfactory enough to patient by reason of low effectiveness and more adverse reaction. Therefore, it is still necessary to find more effective and safe therapy to ameliorate neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was to explore the antinociceptive effect of Echinacoside (ECH), an active compound of Cistanche deserticola Ma, on peripheral neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in mice, and to demonstrate its potential mechanism in vivo and vitro. In the present study, results showed that intraperitoneal administration of ECH (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) could alleviate mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia via behavioural test. Moreover, the structure and function of injured sciatic nerve by CCI were taken a turn for the better to a certain extent after ECH treatment using histopathological and electrophysiological test. Furthermore, ECH repressed the expression of the P2X7R and FKN and reduced the expression and release of the IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, ECH could decrease Ca2+ influx and Cats efflux and inhibit phosphorylation of p38MAPK. To sum up, the present study illustrated that ECH could alleviate peripheral neuropathic pain by inhibiting microglia overactivation and inflammation through P2X7R/FKN/CX3CR1 signalling pathway in spinal cord. This study would provide a new perspective and strategy for the pharmacological treatment on neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guo-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hao Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Miao-Miao Tian
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Peng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Li
- School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Drug Development and Generic Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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13
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Shah S, Kondapalli K, Rasheed N, Chu XP. Commentary: P2X7 receptor modulation is a viable therapeutic target for neurogenic pain with concurrent sleep disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1293174. [PMID: 38099200 PMCID: PMC10720246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1293174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang-Ping Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas, MO, United States
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14
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Kuan YH, Li FA, Cheng SJ, Chang WP, Shyu BC. Modulation of Thalamocingulate Nociceptive Transmission and Glutamate Secretion by Targeting P2×7 Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1915-1930. [PMID: 37271352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and diversity of pain signaling have led to obstacles for prominent treatments due to mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Among adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors, P2×7 differs in many respects from P2×1-6, it plays a significant role in various inflammatory pain, but whether it plays a role in noninflammatory pain has not been widely discussed. In this study, we utilized major neuropharmacological methods to record the effects of manipulating P2×7 during nociceptive signal transmission in the thalamocingulate circuits. Our results show that regardless of the specific cell type distribution of P2×7 in the central nervous system (CNS), it participates directly in the generated nociceptive transmission, which indicates its apparent functional existence in the major pain transmission path, the thalamocingulate circuits. Activation of P2×7 may facilitate transmission velocity along the thalamocingulate projection as well as neuron firings and synaptic vesicle release in anterior cingulate cortical neurons. Targeting thalamic P2×7 affects glutamate and ATP secretion during nociceptive signal transmission. PERSPECTIVE: The observations in this study provide evidence that the ATP receptor P2×7 presents in the central ascending pain path and plays a modulatory role during nociceptive transmission, which could contribute new insights for many antinociceptive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hui Kuan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Neuro Circuit Electrophysiology Core Facility, Neuroscience Program, Academia Sinica (NPAS), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Chang
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bai-Chuang Shyu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Hu JL, Luo HL, Liu JP, Zuo C, Xu YS, Feng X, Zhang WJ. Chitosan biomaterial enhances the effect of OECs on the inhibition of sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102327. [PMID: 37634701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common symptom experienced by most clinical diseases at different levels, and its treatment has always been a clinical difficulty. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore new and effective treatment methods. The role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in nerve injury and pain is recognized by different studies. Our previous study found that transplantation of OECs alleviated hyperalgesia in rats. However, single-cell transplantation lacks medium adhesion and support, and exerts limited analgesic effect. Therefore, on the basis of the previous study, this study investigated the effect of pain relief by co-transplanting OECs with chitosan (CS) (a biological tissue engineering material, as OECs were transplanted into the host medium) to the injured sciatic nerve. The results showed that the pain threshold of sciatic nerve injury of rats was significantly reduced, and the expression level of P2×4 receptor in the spinal cord was significantly increased. While olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan (OECs+CS) transplantation could significantly relieve pain, and the analgesic effect was stronger than that of OECs transplantation alone. OECs+CS transplantation promoted the formation of sciatic nerve remyelination, improved the changes of demyelination, and promoted the repair of sciatic nerve injury more significantly. In addition, the effect of OECs+CS to down-regulate the expression of P2×4 receptor was significantly stronger than that of OECs transplantation, and exerted a better analgesic effect. These data reveal that OECs+CS have a better analgesic effect in relieving neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury, and provide a new therapeutic strategy for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Cheng Zuo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Xu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China.
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16
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Deng Y, Yuan D, Deng Z, Liang J, Zhang Z, Hei Z, Li X. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain by inhibiting the expression of P2X3. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13461. [PMID: 36974350 PMCID: PMC10542618 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) show a good property for pain treatment by modulating inflammatory response. However, the underlying therapeutic effect and related mechanism of BMSCs on inflammatory pain remain unclear. Therefore, we explored the function and potential mechanism of BMSCs performing in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain model in this study. Here, BMSCs were injected into the CFA-treated rats, and we used behavioural tests to evaluate the changes in hypersensitivity. High-throughput sequencing was used to screen out the hub genes. Molecular biology experiments were performed to detect the level of P2X3 or inflammatory mediators in rats and observed the distribution of P2X3 in neural cells. Furthermore, the function of the P2X3 was explored via inhibitor and activator experiments. Finally, we found that BMSCs alleviated hyperalgesia and spinal levels of pro-inflammatory factors in CFA-treated rats. High-throughput sequencing showed that P2X3 and P2X7 were identified as hub genes, and only the expression level of P2X3 was significantly down-regulated after BMSCs treatment. Immunohistochemistry showed that P2X3 mainly colocalized with microglia and astrocytes. The levels of P2X3 and pro-inflammatory factors were all significantly reduced after BMSC injection. Moreover, similar attenuation was found in the CFA-treated rats after injecting the P2X3 inhibitor, and a P2X3 antagonist reversed the attenuation induced by the BMSCs. These findings suggest that BMSCs exerted a therapeutic effect on inflammatory pain by inhibiting the expression of P2X3 and the excessive production of inflammatory mediators was associated with an increased P2X3 level and BMSC therapy reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Zhizhao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Jianfen Liang
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Zhenye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
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17
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Rupert M, Bhattacharya A, Sivcev S, Knezu M, Cimicka J, Zemkova H. Identification of residues in the first transmembrane domain of the P2X7 that regulates receptor trafficking, sensitization, and dye uptake function. J Neurochem 2023; 165:874-891. [PMID: 36945903 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
P2X receptors (P2X1-7) are trimeric ion channels activated by extracellular ATP. Each P2X subunit contains two transmembrane helices (TM1 and TM2). We substituted all residues in TM1 of rat P2X7 with alanine or leucine one by one, expressed mutants in HEK293T cells, and examined the pore permeability by recording both membrane currents and fluorescent dye uptake in response to agonist application. Alanine substitution of G27, K30, H34, Y40, F43, L45, M46, and D48 inhibited agonist-stimulated membrane current and dye uptake, and all but one substitution, D48A, prevented surface expression. Mutation V41A partially reduced both membrane current and dye uptake, while W31A and A44L showed reduced dye uptake not accompanied by reduced membrane current. Mutations T28A, I29A, and L33A showed small changes in agonist sensitivity, but they had no or small impact on dye uptake function. Replacing charged residues with residues of the same charge (K30R, H34K, and D48E) rescued receptor function, while replacement with residues of opposite charge inhibited (K30E and H34E) or potentiated (D48K) receptor function. Prolonged stimulation with agonist-induced current facilitation and a leftward shift in the dose-response curve in the P2X7 wild-type and most functional mutants, but sensitization was absent in the W31A, L33A, and A44L. Detailed analysis of the decay of responses revealed two kinetically distinct mechanisms of P2X7 deactivation: fast represents agonist unbinding, and slow might represent resetting of the receptor to the resting closed state. These results indicate that conserved and receptor-specific TM1 residues control surface expression of the P2X7 protein, non-polar residues control receptor sensitization, and D48 regulates intrinsic channel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rupert
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anirban Bhattacharya
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Knezu
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cimicka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Cherninskyi A, Storozhuk M, Maximyuk O, Kulyk V, Krishtal O. Triggering of Major Brain Disorders by Protons and ATP: The Role of ASICs and P2X Receptors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:845-862. [PMID: 36445556 PMCID: PMC9707125 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is well-known as a universal source of energy in living cells. Less known is that this molecule has a variety of important signaling functions: it activates a variety of specific metabotropic (P2Y) and ionotropic (P2X) receptors in neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes. So, a wide variety of signaling functions well fits the ubiquitous presence of ATP in the tissues. Even more ubiquitous are protons. Apart from the unspecific interaction of protons with any protein, many physiological processes are affected by protons acting on specific ionotropic receptors-acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Both protons (acidification) and ATP are locally elevated in various pathological states. Using these fundamentally important molecules as agonists, ASICs and P2X receptors signal a variety of major brain pathologies. Here we briefly outline the physiological roles of ASICs and P2X receptors, focusing on the brain pathologies involving these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Cherninskyi
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Maksim Storozhuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Maximyuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kulyk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
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19
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Richter K, Asci N, Singh VK, Yakoob SH, Meixner M, Zakrzewicz A, Liese J, Hecker A, Wilker S, Stumpf S, Schlüter KD, Rohde M, Gödecke A, Padberg W, Manzini I, Schmalzing G, Grau V. Activation of endothelial NO synthase and P2X7 receptor modification mediates the cholinergic control of ATP-induced interleukin-1β release by mononuclear phagocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140592. [PMID: 36969210 PMCID: PMC10034071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a central role in host defense against infections. High systemic IL-1β levels, however, promote the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, mechanisms controlling IL-1β release are of substantial clinical interest. Recently, we identified a cholinergic mechanism inhibiting the ATP-mediated IL-1β release by human monocytes via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α7, α9 and/or α10. We also discovered novel nAChR agonists that trigger this inhibitory function in monocytic cells without eliciting ionotropic functions at conventional nAChRs. Here, we investigate the ion flux-independent signaling pathway that links nAChR activation to the inhibition of the ATP-sensitive P2X7 receptor (P2X7R).MethodsDifferent human and murine mononuclear phagocytes were primed with lipopolysaccharide and stimulated with the P2X7R agonist BzATP in the presence or absence of nAChR agonists, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitors, and NO donors. IL-1β was measured in cell culture supernatants. Patch-clamp and intracellular Ca2+ imaging experiments were performed on HEK cells overexpressing human P2X7R or P2X7R with point mutations at cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain.ResultsThe inhibitory effect of nAChR agonists on the BzATP-induced IL-1β release was reversed in the presence of eNOS inhibitors (L-NIO, L-NAME) as well as in U937 cells after silencing of eNOS expression. In peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from eNOS gene-deficient mice, the inhibitory effect of nAChR agonists was absent, suggesting that nAChRs signal via eNOS to inhibit the BzATP-induced IL-1β release. Moreover, NO donors (SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine; SIN-1) inhibited the BzATP-induced IL-1β release by mononuclear phagocytes. The BzATP-induced ionotropic activity of the P2X7R was abolished in the presence of SIN-1 in both, Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK cells over-expressing the human P2X7R. This inhibitory effect of SIN-1 was absent in HEK cells expressing P2X7R, in which C377 was mutated to alanine, indicating the importance of C377 for the regulation of the P2X7R function by protein modification.ConclusionWe provide first evidence that ion flux-independent, metabotropic signaling of monocytic nAChRs involves eNOS activation and P2X7R modification, resulting in an inhibition of ATP signaling and ATP-mediated IL-1β release. This signaling pathway might be an interesting target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Richter
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katrin Richter,
| | - Nilay Asci
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Vijay K. Singh
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Marion Meixner
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Zakrzewicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Juliane Liese
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Wilker
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Stumpf
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Marius Rohde
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Gödecke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Winfried Padberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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20
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Sluyter R, Sophocleous RA, Stokes L. P2X receptors: Insights from the study of the domestic dog. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109358. [PMID: 36464207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the late Geoffrey Burnstock described the concept of purinergic nerves and transmission bringing into existence the broader concepts of purinergic signaling including P2X receptors. These receptors are trimeric ligand-gated cation channels activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). P2X receptors have important roles in health and disease and continue to gain interest as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory, neurological, cardiovascular and many other disorders including cancer. Current understanding of P2X receptors has largely arisen from the study of these receptors in humans and rodents, but additional insights have been obtained from the study of P2X receptors in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. This review article will briefly introduce purinergic signaling and P2X receptors, before detailing the pharmacological profiles of the two recombinant canine P2X receptors studied to date, P2X7 and P2X4. The article will then describe the current state of knowledge concerning the distribution and function of the P2X receptor family in dogs. The article will also discuss the characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the canine P2RX7 gene, and contrast this variation to the canine P2RX4 gene, which is largely conserved between dogs. Finally, this article will outline published examples of the use of dogs to study the pharmacokinetics of P2X7 and P2X3 antagonists, and how they have contributed to the preclinical testing of antagonists to human P2X7, CE-224,535, and human P2X3, Gefapixant (AF-219, MK-7264) and Eliapixant (BAY, 1817080), with Gefapixant gaining recent approval for use in the treatment of refractory chronic cough in humans. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Purinergic Signaling: 50 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Luo Z, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Yi M, Li P, Pan J, Zhu C, Lin N, Liang S, Verkhratsky A, Nie H. Polyphyllin VI screened from Chonglou by cell membrane immobilized chromatography relieves inflammatory pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing the expression of P2X 3 purinoceptor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117762. [PMID: 36865911 PMCID: PMC9971013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inflammatory pain is one of the most common diseases in daily life and clinic. In this work, we analysed bioactive components of the traditional Chinese medicine Chonglou and studied mechanisms of their analgesic effects. Material and methods: Molecular docking technology and U373 cells overexpressing P2X3 receptors combined with the cell membrane immobilized chromatography were used to screen possible CL bioactive molecules interacting with the P2X3 receptor. Moreover, we investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Polyphyllin VI (PPIV), in mice with chronic neuroinflammatory pain induced by CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant). Results: The results of cell membrane immobilized chromatography and molecular docking showed that PPVI was one of the effective compounds of Chonglou. In mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPVI decreased the thermal paw withdrawal latency and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and diminished foot edema. Additionally, in mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPIV reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and downregulated the expression of P2X3 receptors in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Conclusion: Our work identifies PPVI as a potential analgesic component in the Chonglou extract. We demonstrated that PPVI reduces pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing P2X3 receptor expression in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Luo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hekun Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqin Yi
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Pan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
| | - Hong Nie
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
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22
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Ferreyra S, González S. Therapeutic potential of progesterone in spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain: At the crossroads between neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13181. [PMID: 35924434 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, an area of active research has supported the notion that progesterone promotes a wide range of remarkable protective actions in experimental models of nervous system trauma or disease, and has also provided a strong basis for considering this steroid as a promising molecule for modulating the complex maladaptive changes that lead to neuropathic pain, especially after spinal cord injury. In this review, we intend to give the readers a brief appraisal of the main mechanisms underlying the increased excitability of the spinal circuit in the pain pathway after trauma, with particular emphasis on those mediated by the activation of resident glial cells, the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines and their impact on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. We then summarize the available preclinical data pointing to progesterone as a valuable repurposing molecule for blocking critical cellular and molecular events that occur in the dorsal horn of the injured spinal cord and are related to the development of chronic pain. Since the treatment and management of neuropathic pain after spinal injury remains challenging, the potential therapeutic value of progesterone opens new traslational perspectives to prevent central pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Ferreyra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana González
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Imperatorin Improves Obesity-Induced Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Injury Mediated by P2X4 Receptor in Stellate Sympathetic Ganglion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010783. [PMID: 36614227 PMCID: PMC9821705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity can activate the inflammatory signal pathway, induce in the body a state of chronic inflammation, and increase the excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, which may induce sympathetic neuropathic injury. The stellate sympathetic ganglia (SG) can express the P2X4 receptor, and the abnormal expression of the P2X4 receptor is related to inflammation. Imperatorin (IMP) is a kind of furan coumarin plant which has anti-inflammatory effects. This project aimed to investigate whether IMP can affect the expression of P2X4 receptors in the SG of obese rats to display a protective effect from high-fat-triggered cardiac sympathetic neuropathic injury. Molecular docking through homology modelling revealed that IMP had good affinity for the P2X4 receptor. Our results showed that compared with the normal group, the administration of IMP or P2X4 shRNA decreased sympathetic excitement; reduced the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase; downregulated the expression of P2X4 receptors in SG; and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in the SG and serum of obese rats significantly. In addition, the expression of factors associated with the cell pyroptosis GSDMD, caspase-1, NLRP-3, and IL-18 in obese rats were significantly higher than those of the normal rats, and such effects were decreased after treatment with IMP or P2X4 shRNA. Furthermore, IMP significantly reduced the ATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with P2X4 receptor. Thus, the P2X4 receptor may be a key target for the treatment of obesity-induced cardiac sympathetic excitement. IMP can improve obesity-induced cardiac sympathetic excitement, and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of P2X4 receptor expression and activity in the SG, suppression of cellular pyroptosis in the SG, and reduction of inflammatory factor levels.
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Li HL, Lin M, Tan XP, Wang JL. Role of Sensory Pathway Injury in Central Post-Stroke Pain: A Narrative Review of Its Pathogenetic Mechanism. J Pain Res 2023; 16:1333-1343. [PMID: 37101520 PMCID: PMC10124563 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s399258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a severe chronic neuropathic pain syndrome that is a direct result of cerebrovascular lesions affecting the central somatosensory system. The pathogenesis of this condition remains unclear owing to its extensive clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, clinical and animal experiments have allowed a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying CPSP occurrence, based on which different theoretical hypotheses have been proposed. We reviewed and collected the literature and on the mechanisms of CPSP by searching the English literature in PubMed and EMBASE databases for the period 2002-2022. Recent studies have reported that CPSP occurrence is mainly due to post-stroke nerve injury and microglial activation, with an inflammatory response leading to central sensitization and de-inhibition. In addition to the primary injury at the stroke site, peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and brain regions outside the stroke site are involved in the occurrence and development of CPSP. In the present study, we reviewed the mechanism of action of CPSP from both clinical studies and basic research based on its sensory pathway. Through this review, we hope to increase the understanding of the mechanism of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Li
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Ping Tan
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Lin Wang
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jiang-Lin Wang, Pain Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Pacific Street, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618090880626, Fax +86830-3165469, Email
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25
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Rei N, Valente CA, Vaz SH, Farinha-Ferreira M, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM. Changes in adenosine receptors and neurotrophic factors in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Modulation by chronic caffeine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272104. [PMID: 36516126 PMCID: PMC9749988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of corticospinal tract motor neurons. Previous studies showed that adenosine-mediated neuromodulation is disturbed in ALS and that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a neuroprotective function in ALS mouse models. We evaluated how adenosine (A1R and A2AR) and VEGF (VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) system markers are altered in the cortex and spinal cord of pre-symptomatic and symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. We then assessed if/how chronic treatment of SOD1G93A mice with a widely consumed adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, modulates VEGF system and/or the levels of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), known to be under control of A2AR. We found out decreases in A1R and increases in A2AR levels even before disease onset. Concerning the VEGF system, we detected increases of VEGFB and VEGFR-2 levels in the spinal cord at pre-symptomatic stage, which reverses at the symptomatic stage, and decreases of VEGFA levels in the cortex, in very late disease states. Chronic treatment with caffeine rescued cortical A1R levels in SOD1G93A mice, bringing them to control levels, while rendering VEGF signaling nearly unaffected. In contrast, BDNF levels were significantly affected in SOD1G93A mice treated with caffeine, being decreased in the cortex and increased in spinal the cord. Altogether, these findings suggest an early dysfunction of the adenosinergic system in ALS and highlights the possibility that the negative influence of caffeine previously reported in ALS animal models results from interference with BDNF rather than with the VEGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Rei
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A. Valente
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim A. Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Ma Y, Luo J, Wang XQ. The effect and mechanism of exercise for post-stroke pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1074205. [PMID: 36533131 PMCID: PMC9755671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1074205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the common negative effects of a stroke that seriously lowers patients' quality of life is post-stroke pain (PSP). Thus, exercise in PSP management has become a hot research topic. The main advantages of exercise therapy are affordability and ease of acceptance by patients compared to other treatment methods. Therefore, this article reviews the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of exercise interventions for PSP. Exercise training for patients with PSP not only improves physical function but also effectively reduces pain intensity and attenuates the behavioral response to pain. In addition, exercise therapy can improve brain function and modulate levels of pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic factors to exert specific analgesic effects. Potential mechanisms for exercise intervention include modulation of synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, modulation of endogenous opioids in vivo, reversal of brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression, inhibition of purinergic receptor (P2X4R, P2X7R) expression, and inhibition of microglia activation. However, current research on exercise for PSP remains limited, and the sustainable benefits of exercise interventions for PSP need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Shangti Orthopaedic Hospital, Shanghai, China
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27
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Radi G, Campanti A, Diotallevi F, Martina E, Marani A, Offidani A. A Systematic Review of Atopic Dermatitis: The Intriguing Journey Starting from Physiopathology to Treatment, from Laboratory Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2700. [PMID: 36359220 PMCID: PMC9688004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated skin disease with a complex pathophysiology and still represents a therapeutic challenge, owing to limited responses to available treatments. However, recent advances in the understanding of AD pathophysiology have led to the discovery of several new potential therapeutic targets, and research in the field of new molecules with therapeutic perspectives is boiling, with more than 70 new promising drugs in development. The aim of this systematic review is to provide the state of the art on the current knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of the disease and on novel agents currently being investigated for AD, and to highlight which type of evolution is going to take place in therapeutic approaches of atopic dermatitis in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Diotallevi
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Imado E, Sun S, Abawa AR, Tahara T, Kochi T, Huynh TNB, Asano S, Hasebe S, Nakamura Y, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Kotake Y, Irifune M, Tsuga K, Takuma K, Morioka N, Kiguchi N, Ago Y. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation. Neurochem Int 2022; 160:105415. [PMID: 36027995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors. Additionally, difficulties in sensory processing commonly occur in ASD. Sensory abnormalities include heightened or reduced sensitivity to pain, but the mechanism underlying sensory phenotypes in ASD remain unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia play an important role in forming and refining neuronal circuitry, and thus contribute to neuronal plasticity and nociceptive signaling. In the present study, we investigated the age-dependent tactile sensitivity in an animal model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) and subsequently assessed the involvement of microglia in the spinal cord in pain processing. Pregnant ICR (CD1) mice were intraperitoneally injected with either saline or VPA (500 mg/kg) on embryonic day 12.5. Male offspring of VPA-treated mothers showed mechanical allodynia at both 4 and 8 weeks of age. In the spinal cord dorsal horn in prenatally VPA-treated mice, the numbers and staining intensities of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-positive cells were increased and the cell bodies became enlarged, indicating microglial activation. Treatment with PLX3397, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, for 10 days resulted in a decreased number of spinal microglia and attenuated mechanical allodynia in adult mice prenatally exposed to VPA. Additionally, intrathecal injection of Mac-1-saporin, a saporin-conjugated anti-CD11b antibody to deplete microglia, abolished mechanical allodynia. These findings suggest that prenatal VPA treatment causes allodynia and that spinal microglia contribute to the increased nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Imado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Samnang Sun
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Health Sciences, #73, Monivong Blvd., Sangkat Sras Chak, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Abrar Rizal Abawa
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Takeru Tahara
- Department of Neurochemistry and Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kochi
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tran Ngoc Bao Huynh
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hong Bang International University, 215 Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 15, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hasebe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Department of Neurochemistry and Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irifune
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Norikazu Kiguchi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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BzATP Activates Satellite Glial Cells and Increases the Excitability of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152280. [PMID: 35892578 PMCID: PMC9330736 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic system plays an important role in pain transmission. Recent studies have suggested that activation of P2-purinergic receptors (P2Rs) may be involved in neuron-satellite glial cell (SGC) interactions in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but the details remain unclear. In DRG, P2X7R is selectively expressed in SGCs, which closely surround neurons, and is highly sensitive to 3’-O-(4-Benzoyl) benzoyl-ATP (BzATP). Using calcium imaging in intact mice to survey a large number of DRG neurons and SGCs, we examined how intra-ganglionic purinergic signaling initiated by BzATP affects neuronal activities in vivo. We developed GFAP-GCaMP6s and Pirt-GCaMP6s mice to express the genetically encoded calcium indicator GGCaM6s in SGCs and DRG neurons, respectively. The application of BzATP to the ganglion induced concentration-dependent activation of SGCs in GFAP-GCaMP6s mice. In Pirt-GCaMP6s mice, BzATP initially activated more large-size neurons than small-size ones. Both glial and neuronal responses to BzATP were blocked by A438079, a P2X7R-selective antagonist. Moreover, blockers to pannexin1 channels (probenecid) and P2X3R (A317491) also reduced the actions of BzATP, suggesting that P2X7R stimulation may induce the opening of pannexin1 channels, leading to paracrine ATP release, which could further excite neurons by acting on P2X3Rs. Importantly, BzATP increased the responses of small-size DRG neurons and wide-dynamic range spinal neurons to subsequent peripheral stimuli. Our findings suggest that intra-ganglionic purinergic signaling initiated by P2X7R activation could trigger SGC-neuron interaction in vivo and increase DRG neuron excitability.
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NMDA and P2X7 Receptors Require Pannexin 1 Activation to Initiate and Maintain Nociceptive Signaling in the Spinal Cord of Neuropathic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126705. [PMID: 35743148 PMCID: PMC9223805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is involved in the spinal central sensitization process in rats with neuropathic pain, but its interaction with well-known, pain-related, ligand-dependent receptors, such as NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and P2X7 purinoceptors (P2X7R), remains largely unexplored. Here, we studied whether NMDAR- and P2X7R-dependent nociceptive signaling in neuropathic rats require the activation of Panx1 channels to generate spinal central sensitization, as assessed by behavioral (mechanical hyperalgesia) and electrophysiological (C-reflex wind-up potentiation) indexes. Administration of either a selective NMDAR agonist i.t. (NMDA, 2 mM) or a P2X7R agonist (BzATP, 150 μM) significantly increased both the mechanical hyperalgesia and the C-reflex wind-up potentiation, effects that were rapidly reversed (minutes) by i.t. administration of a selective pannexin 1 antagonist (10panx peptide, 300 μM), with the scores even reaching values of rats without neuropathy. Accordingly, 300 μM 10panx completely prevented the effects of NMDA and BzATP administered 1 h later, on mechanical hyperalgesia and C-reflex wind-up potentiation. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging revealed coexpression of Panx1 with NeuN protein in intrinsic dorsal horn neurons of neuropathic rats. The results indicate that both NMDAR- and P2X7R-mediated increases in mechanical hyperalgesia and C-reflex wind-up potentiation require neuronal Panx1 channel activation to initiate and maintain nociceptive signaling in neuropathic rats.
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Dong CR, Zhang WJ, Luo HL. Association between P2X3 receptors and neuropathic pain: As a potential therapeutic target for therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113029. [PMID: 35489283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common clinical symptom of various diseases, and it seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. Owing to the complex pathological mechanism of neuropathic pain, clinical treatment of pain is challenging. Therefore, there is growing interest among researchers to explore potential therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain. A large number of studies have shown that development of neuropathic pain is related to nerve conduction and related signaling molecules. P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are ATP-dependent ion channels that participate in the transmission of neural information and related signaling pathways, sensitize the central nervous system, and play a key role in the development of neuropathic pain. In this paper, we summarized the structure and biological characteristics of the P2X3R gene and discussed the role of P2X3R in the nervous system. Moreover, we outlined the related pathological mechanisms of pain and described the relationship between P2X3R and chronic pain to provide valuable information for development of novel treatment strategies for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Rong Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
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Bereiter DA, Rahman M, Ahmed F, Thompson R, Luong N, Olson JK. Title: P2x7 Receptor Activation and Estrogen Status Drive Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in a Rat Model for Dry Eye. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827244. [PMID: 35479310 PMCID: PMC9037241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition with an increase in tear osmolarity and loss of tear film integrity. DED is often accompanied by adverse ocular symptoms which are more prevalent in females than males. The basis for ocular hyperalgesia in DED remains uncertain; however, both peripheral and central neural mechanisms are implicated. A model for aqueous deficient DED, exorbital gland excision, was used to determine if activation of the purinergic receptor subtype 7, P2X7R, expressed by non-neural cells in peripheral and central trigeminal nerve pathways, contributed to persistent ocular hyperalgesia. Densitometry of trigeminal brainstem sections revealed increases in P2X7R, the myeloid cell marker Iba1, and the inflammasome, NLRP3, of estradiol-treated DED females compared to estradiol-treated sham females, while expression in DED males and DED females not given estradiol displayed minor changes. No evidence of immune cell infiltration into the trigeminal brainstem was seen in DED rats; however, markers for microglia activation (Iba1) were increased in all groups. Isolated microglia expressed increased levels of P2X7R and P2X4R, IL-1β (Ιnterleukin-1β), NLRP3, and iNOS (nitric oxide synthase). Further, estradiol-treated DED females displayed greater increases in P2X7R, IL-1β and NLRP3 expression compared to untreated DED females. Orbicularis oculi muscle activity (OOemg) evoked by ocular instillation of hypertonic saline (HS) was recorded as a surrogate measure of ocular hyperalgesia and was markedly enhanced in all DED groups compared to sham rats. Systemic minocycline reduced HS-evoked OOemg in all DED groups compared to sham rats. Local microinjection in the caudal trigeminal brainstem of an antagonist for P2X7R (A804598) greatly reduced HS-evoked OOemg activity in all DE groups, while responses in sham groups were not affected. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of siRNA for P2X7R significantly reduced HS-evoked OOemg activity in all DED groups, while evoked responses in sham animals were not affected. These results indicated that activation of P2X7R at central and peripheral sites in trigeminal pain pathways contributed to an increase in ocular hyperalgesia and microglia activation in DED males and females. Estrogen treatment in females further amplified ocular hyperalgesia and neuroimmune responses in this model for aqueous deficient DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mostafeezur Rahman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Fabeeha Ahmed
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Randall Thompson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nhungoc Luong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Julie K Olson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Takeda H, Inoue K. The Role of Microglial Purinergic Receptors in Pain Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061919. [PMID: 35335282 PMCID: PMC8949888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an essential modality of sensation in the body. Purinergic signaling plays an important role in nociceptive pain transmission, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and is important for communication between both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Microglia and astrocytes express a variety of purinergic effectors, and a variety of receptors play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of purinergic signaling and of the compounds that modulate purinergic transmission, with the aim of highlighting the importance of purinergic pathways as targets for the treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-944-32-6137
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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Castillo C, Saez-Orellana F, Godoy PA, Fuentealba J. Microglial Activation Modulated by P2X4R in Ischemia and Repercussions in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814999. [PMID: 35283778 PMCID: PMC8904919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 80 million people currently living who have had a stroke. The ischemic injury in the brain starts a cascade of events that lead to neuronal death, inducing neurodegeneration which could lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebrovascular diseases have been suggested to contribute to AD neuropathological changes, including brain atrophy and accumulation of abnormal proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ). In patients older than 60 years, the incidence of dementia a year after stroke was significantly increased. Nevertheless, the molecular links between stroke and dementia are not clearly understood but could be related to neuroinflammation. Considering that activated microglia has a central role, there are brain-resident innate immune cells and are about 10-15% of glial cells in the adult brain. Their phagocytic activity is essential for synaptic homeostasis in different areas, such as the hippocampus. These cells polarize into phenotypes or subtypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, or the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Phenotype M1 is induced by classical activation, where microglia secrete a high level of pro- inflammatory factors which can cause damage to the surrounding neuronal cells. Otherwise, M2 phenotype is the major effector cell with the potential to counteract pro-inflammatory reactions and promote repair genes expression. Moreover, after the classical activation, an anti-inflammatory and a repair phase are initiated to achieve tissue homeostasis. Recently it has been described the concepts of homeostatic and reactive microglia and they had been related to major AD risk, linking to a multifunctional microglial response to Aβ plaques and pathophysiology markers related, such as intracellular increased calcium. The upregulation and increased activity of purinergic receptors activated by ADP/ATP, specially P2X4R, which has a high permeability to calcium and is mainly expressed in microglial cells, is observed in diseases related to neuroinflammation, such as neuropathic pain and stroke. Thus, P2X4R is associated with microglial activation. P2X4R activation drives microglia motility via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Also, these receptors are involved in inflammatory-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and induce a secretion and increase the expression of BDNF and TNF-α which could be a link between pathologies related to aging and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Castillo
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Saez-Orellana
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Andrea Godoy
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compounds, Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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35
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Falzoni S, Salvi G, Giuliani AL, Di Virgilio F. Signalling by extracellular nucleotides in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119237. [PMID: 35150807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are released from all cells through regulated pathways or as a result of plasma membrane damage or cell death. Outside the cell, nucleotides act as signalling molecules triggering multiple responses via specific plasma membrane receptors of the P2 family. In the nervous system, purinergic signalling has a key function in neurotransmission. Outside the nervous system, purinergic signalling is one of the major modulators of basal tissue homeostasis, while its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of various disease, including inflammation and cancer. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence shows that selective P2 agonists or antagonists are effective treatments for many pathologies, thus highlighting the relevance of extracellular nucleotides and P2 receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giada Salvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
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36
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Domoto R, Sekiguchi F, Kamaguchi R, Iemura M, Yamanishi H, Tsubota M, Wang D, Nishibori M, Kawabata A. Role of neuron-derived ATP in paclitaxel-induced HMGB1 release from macrophages and peripheral neuropathy. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:156-161. [PMID: 34924121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of ATP and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN). PIPN in mice was prevented by HMGB1 neutralization, macrophage depletion, and P2X7 or P2X4 blockade. Paclitaxel and ATP synergistically released HMGB1 from macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, but not neuron-like NG108-15 cells. The paclitaxel-induced HMGB1 release from RAW264.7 cells was accelerated by co-culture with NG108-15 cells in a manner dependent on P2X7 or P2X4. Paclitaxel released ATP from NG108-15 cells, but not RAW264.7 cells. Thus, PIPN is considered to involve acceleration of HMGB1 release from macrophages through P2X7 and P2X4 activation by neuron-derived ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Domoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Riki Kamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Maiko Iemura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Maho Tsubota
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Dengli Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Kawabata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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37
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Alles SRA, Smith PA. Peripheral Voltage-Gated Cation Channels in Neuropathic Pain and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:750583. [PMID: 35295464 PMCID: PMC8915663 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.750583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of increased excitability and spontaneous activity in injured peripheral neurons is imperative for the development and persistence of many forms of neuropathic pain. This aberrant activity involves increased activity and/or expression of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels and hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as well as decreased function of K+ channels. Because they display limited central side effects, peripherally restricted Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers and K+ channel activators offer potential therapeutic approaches to pain management. This review outlines the current status and future therapeutic promise of peripherally acting channel modulators. Selective blockers of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Cav3.2, and HCN2 and activators of Kv7.2 abrogate signs of neuropathic pain in animal models. Unfortunately, their performance in the clinic has been disappointing; some substances fail to meet therapeutic end points whereas others produce dose-limiting side effects. Despite this, peripheral voltage-gated cation channels retain their promise as therapeutic targets. The way forward may include (i) further structural refinement of K+ channel activators such as retigabine and ASP0819 to improve selectivity and limit toxicity; use or modification of Na+ channel blockers such as vixotrigine, PF-05089771, A803467, PF-01247324, VX-150 or arachnid toxins such as Tap1a; the use of Ca2+ channel blockers such as TTA-P2, TTA-A2, Z 944, ACT709478, and CNCB-2; (ii) improving methods for assessing "pain" as opposed to nociception in rodent models; (iii) recognizing sex differences in pain etiology; (iv) tailoring of therapeutic approaches to meet the symptoms and etiology of pain in individual patients via quantitative sensory testing and other personalized medicine approaches; (v) targeting genetic and biochemical mechanisms controlling channel expression using anti-NGF antibodies such as tanezumab or re-purposed drugs such as vorinostat, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor used in the management of T-cell lymphoma, or cercosporamide a MNK 1/2 inhibitor used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; (vi) combination therapy using drugs that are selective for different channel types or regulatory processes; (vii) directing preclinical validation work toward the use of human or human-derived tissue samples; and (viii) application of molecular biological approaches such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R A Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Peter A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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38
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Hao JW, Qiao WL, Li Q, Wei S, Liu TT, Qiu CY, Hu WP. Suppression of P2X3 receptor-mediated currents by the activation of α 2A -adrenergic receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:289-297. [PMID: 34862748 PMCID: PMC8739037 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The α2‐adrenergic receptor (α2‐AR) agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of various pain. For example, dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective α2A‐AR agonist, can be used for peripheral analgesia. However, it is not yet fully elucidated for the precise molecular mechanisms. P2X3 receptor is a major receptor processing nociceptive information in primary sensory neurons. Herein, we show that a functional interaction of α2A‐ARs and P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons could contribute to peripheral analgesia of DEX. Methods Electrophysiological recordings were carried out on rat DRG neurons, and nociceptive behavior was quantified in rats. Results The activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated and α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP)‐evoked inward currents in a concentration‐dependent and voltage‐independent manner. Pre‐application of DEX shifted the α,β‐meATP concentration‐response curve downwards, with a decrease of 50.43 ± 4.75% in the maximal current response of P2X3 receptors to α,β‐meATP in the presence of DEX. Suppression of α,β‐meATP‐evoked currents by DEX was blocked by the α2A‐AR antagonist BRL44408 and prevented by intracellular application of the Gi/o protein inhibitor pertussis toxin, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, and the cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP. DEX also suppressed α,β‐meATP‐evoked action potentials through α2A‐ARs in rat DRG neurons. Finally, the activation of peripheral α2A‐ARs by DEX had an analgesic effect on the α,β‐meATP‐induced nociception. Conclusions These results suggested that activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated electrophysiological and behavioral activity via a Gi/o proteins and cAMP signaling pathway, which was a novel potential mechanism underlying analgesia of peripheral α2A‐AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Long Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Chun-Yu Qiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
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Jayakar S, Shim J, Jo S, Bean BP, Singeç I, Woolf CJ. Developing nociceptor-selective treatments for acute and chronic pain. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj9837. [PMID: 34757806 PMCID: PMC9964063 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial efforts dedicated to the development of new, nonaddictive analgesics, success in treating pain has been limited. Clinically available analgesic agents generally lack efficacy and may have undesirable side effects. Traditional target-based drug discovery efforts that generate compounds with selectivity for single targets have a high rate of attrition because of their poor clinical efficacy. Here, we examine the challenges associated with the current analgesic drug discovery model and review evidence in favor of stem cell–derived neuronal-based screening approaches for the identification of analgesic targets and compounds for treating diverse forms of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Jayakar
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaehoon Shim
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sooyeon Jo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce P Bean
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ilyas Singeç
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Stem Cell Translation Laboratory (SCTL), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis: an expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:21-40. [PMID: 34417579 PMCID: PMC8377708 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology that underlies a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. AD remains challenging to treat owing to the limited response to available therapies. However, recent advances in understanding of disease mechanisms have led to the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets and drug candidates. In addition to regulatory approval for the IL-4Ra inhibitor dupilumab, the anti-IL-13 inhibitor tralokinumab and the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib in Europe, there are now more than 70 new compounds in development. This Review assesses the various strategies and novel agents currently being investigated for AD and highlights the potential for a precision medicine approach to enable prevention and more effective long-term control of this complex disease. Recent advances in understanding of the complex phenotype and mechanisms underlying atopic dermatitis (AD) have revealed multiple new potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, Bieber reviews therapeutic strategies and assesses the expanding pipeline for the therapy of AD, highlighting the potential for a precision medicine approach to the management of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany. .,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland. .,Davos Biosciences, Davos, Switzerland.
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Tanaka M, Török N, Tóth F, Szabó Á, Vécsei L. Co-Players in Chronic Pain: Neuroinflammation and the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080897. [PMID: 34440101 PMCID: PMC8389666 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that persists or recurs more than three months and may extend beyond the expected time of healing. Recently, nociplastic pain has been introduced as a descriptor of the mechanism of pain, which is due to the disturbance of neural processing without actual or potential tissue damage, appearing to replace a concept of psychogenic pain. An interdisciplinary task force of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) compiled a systematic classification of clinical conditions associated with chronic pain, which was published in 2018 and will officially come into effect in 2022 in the 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization. ICD-11 offers the option for recording the presence of psychological or social factors in chronic pain; however, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions in the pathogenesis of chronic pain are missing. Earlier pain disorder was defined as a condition with chronic pain associated with psychological factors, but it was replaced with somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) in 2013. Recently clinical nosology is trending toward highlighting neurological pathology of chronic pain, discounting psychological or social factors in the pathogenesis of pain. This review article discusses components of the pain pathway, the component-based mechanisms of pain, central and peripheral sensitization, roles of chronic inflammation, and the involvement of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites, exploring the participation of psychosocial and behavioral factors in central sensitization of diseases progressing into the development of chronic pain, comorbid diseases that commonly present a symptom of chronic pain, and psychiatric disorders that manifest chronic pain without obvious actual or potential tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Nóra Török
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Fanni Tóth
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
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Macrophage as a Peripheral Pain Regulator. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081881. [PMID: 34440650 PMCID: PMC8392675 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuroimmune crosstalk is involved in somatic and visceral pathological pain including inflammatory and neuropathic components. Apart from microglia essential for spinal and supraspinal pain processing, the interaction of bone marrow-derived infiltrating macrophages and/or tissue-resident macrophages with the primary afferent neurons regulates pain signals in the peripheral tissue. Recent studies have uncovered previously unknown characteristics of tissue-resident macrophages, such as their origins and association with regulation of pain signals. Peripheral nerve macrophages and intestinal resident macrophages, in addition to adult monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages, secrete a variety of mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, high mobility group box 1 and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), that regulate the excitability of the primary afferents. Neuron-derived mediators including neuropeptides, ATP and macrophage-colony stimulating factor regulate the activity or polarization of diverse macrophages. Thus, macrophages have multitasks in homeostatic conditions and participate in somatic and visceral pathological pain by interacting with neurons.
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Jiang Y, Ye F, Du Y, Zong Y, Tang Z. P2X7R in Mast Cells is a Potential Target for Salicylic Acid and Aspirin in Treatment of Inflammatory Pain. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2913-2931. [PMID: 34239315 PMCID: PMC8259951 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s313348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells are well known for their role in inflammatory pain. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has attracted much attention due to its prominent role in inflammatory diseases. Salicylates are commonly used anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Until now, little has been known about whether P2X7R in mast cells is involved in inflammatory pain and whether it is a potential target for salicylates. Methods First, the expression of P2X receptors in mouse peritoneal mast cells was detected by using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, calcium imaging and electrophysiological technique. In addition, the functions of P2X receptors, especially P2X7R, in mast cells were studied by using QPCR, ELISA and behavioral tests. Furthermore, P2X7R was used as a target to screen for some anti-inflammatory monomers that could inhibit its activity. At last, the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and aspirin (ASA) on the activity of P2X7R was studied by using calcium imaging, electrophysiological technique, ELISA, real-time PCR, behavioral tests, immunofluorescence and molecular docking. Results We found that P2X1, P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors were expressed in mouse peritoneal mast cells. The functions of different P2X receptors were various. Activation of P2X7R in mouse mast cells induced the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, IL-1β, and CCL3. In addition, inflammation pain induced by high concentrations of ATP could be alleviated by P2X7R blockers or mast cell defects. Interestingly, SA or ASA could reduce high concentrations of ATP-induced inward current, P2X7R upregulation, mediators release, and inflammatory pain. SA or ASA also inhibited the inward current evoked by P2X7R agonist, BZATP. Molecular docking showed that SA or ASA had affinity for the cytoplasmic GDP-binding region of P2X7R. Conclusion P2X7R in mast cells was involved in inflammation pain by releasing inflammatory mediators, and P2X7R might be a potential target for SA and ASA analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Jiang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Ye
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Du
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Zong
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Yan C, Chen J, Yang X, Li W, Mao R, Chen Z. Emerging Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2549-2560. [PMID: 34135607 PMCID: PMC8200159 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s310566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread metabolic diseases in the world, and diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), as one of its chronic complications, not only causes a large amount of physiological and psychological pain to patients but also places a tremendous burden on the entire economy and society. Despite significant advances in knowledge on the mechanism and in the treatment of DFU, clinical practice is still not satisfactory, and our understanding of its cellular and molecular pathogenesis is far from complete. Fortunately, progress in studying the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which play important regulatory roles in the expression of genes at multiple levels, suggests that we can apply them in the early diagnosis and potential targeted intervention of DFU. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the functional roles and potential mechanisms of reported lncRNAs in regulating DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Yan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renqun Mao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhenbing Chen Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13871103730Fax +86 2785351628 Email
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