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De Clercq E, Li G, Zhang Y, Huang J, Tan L. Unachieved antiviral strategies with acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: Dedicated to the memory of dr. Salvatore "Sam" Joseph Enna. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116448. [PMID: 39043335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Many acyclic nucleoside phosphonates such as cidofovir, adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide have been marketed for the treatment or prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Here, this review highlights potent acyclic nucleoside phosphonates for their potential in the treatment of retrovirus (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus) and DNA virus (e.g., adeno-, papilloma-, herpes- and poxvirus) infections. If properly assessed and/or optimized, some potent acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can be possibly applied in the control of current and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Clinical Molecular Diagnosis Center, Molecular Diagnostic Technology Hunan Engineering Research Center, Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China.
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Shimizu R, Murai K, Tanaka K, Sato Y, Takeda N, Nakasyo S, Shirasaki T, Kawaguchi K, Shimakami T, Nio K, Nakaya Y, Kagiwada H, Horimoto K, Mizokami M, Kaneko S, Murata K, Yamashita T, Honda M. Nucleos(t)ide analogs for hepatitis B virus infection differentially regulate the growth factor signaling in hepatocytes. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0351. [PMID: 38180972 PMCID: PMC10781114 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical studies have suggested that the risk of developing HCC might be lower in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate than in patients receiving entecavir, although there is no difference in biochemical and virological remission between the 2 drugs. METHODS The effects of nucleoside analogs (NsAs; lamivudine and entecavir) or nucleotide analogs (NtAs; adefovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide) on cell growth and the expression of growth signaling molecules in hepatoma cell lines and PXB cells were investigated in vitro. The tumor inhibitory effects of NsAs or NtAs were evaluated using a mouse xenograft model, and protein phosphorylation profiles were investigated. The binding of NsAs or NtAs to the insulin receptor (INSR) was investigated by thermal shift assays. RESULTS NtAs, but not NsAs, showed direct growth inhibitory effects on hepatoma cell lines in vitro and a mouse model in vivo. A phosphoprotein array revealed that INSR signaling was impaired and the levels of phosphorylated (p)-INSRβ and downstream molecules phosphorylated (p)-IRS1, p-AKT, p-Gab1, and p-SHP2 were substantially reduced by NtAs. In addition, p-epidermal growth factor receptor and p-AKT levels were substantially reduced by NtAs. Similar findings were also found in PXB cells and nontumor lesions of liver tissues from patients with chronic hepatitis B. Prodrug NtAs, but not their metabolites (adefovir, adefovir monophosphate, adefovir diphosphate, tenofovir, tenofovir monophosphate, and tenofovir diphosphate), had such effects. A thermal shift assay showed the binding of NtAs to INSRβ. CONCLUSIONS NtAs (adefovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide), which are adenine derivative acyclic nucleotide analogs, potentially bind to the ATP-binding site of growth factor receptors and inhibit their autophosphorylation, which might reduce the risk of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Murai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuga Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naho Takeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Saki Nakasyo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shimakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouki Nio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakaya
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Division of Virology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Harumi Kagiwada
- Biological Data Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Horimoto
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Division of Virology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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Therapeutic strategies for human poxvirus infections: Monkeypox (mpox), smallpox, molluscipox, and orf. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102528. [PMID: 36539022 PMCID: PMC9758798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic and vaccine development for human poxvirus infections (e.g., monkeypox (mpox) virus, variola virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, orf virus) has been largely deserted, especially after the eradication of smallpox by 1980. Human mpox is a self-limited disease confined to Central and West Africa for decades. However, since April 2022, mpox has quickly emerged as a multi-country outbreak, urgently calling for effective antiviral agents and vaccines to control mpox. Here, this review highlights possible therapeutic options (e.g., tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir) and other strategies (e.g., vaccines, intravenous vaccinia immune globulin) for the management of human poxvirus infections worldwide.
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Yue T, Xu M, Cai T, Zhu H, Pourkarim MR, De Clercq E, Li G. Gender disparity and temporal trend of liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 and predictions in a 25-year period. Front Public Health 2022; 10:956712. [PMID: 36091549 PMCID: PMC9459158 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.956712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to reveal epidemiological features and trends of liver cancer (LC) in China. Methods We retrieved data from the Global Burden of Disease database 2019. Joinpoint regression was used to examine the temporal trend of LC. Future trends of LC were estimated using the Nordpred. Results The incidence, mortality, and disability-standardized life year (DALY) rate of LC declined in China from 1990 to 2019. Among >210,000 LC cases in 2019, the LC incidences were nearly 3.15 times higher in males than in females. LC cases and LC-associated deaths were mostly found among patients aged 65 to 69 years. The proportion of LC attributable to hepatitis B decreased over time, whereas the proportions of LC attributable to hepatitis C, alcohol use, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis increased modestly from 1990 to 2019. The majority of LC-associated deaths could be traced to four risk factors: smoking (20%), drug use (13.6%), alcohol use (11.7%), and high body mass index (10.1%). Based on the Nordpred prediction, there will be a steady decline in the incidence (39.0%) and mortality (38.3%) of liver cancer over a 25-year period from 2020 to 2044. Conclusion The disease burden of liver cancer in China has declined over the past 30 years. However, it remains important to control liver cancer among high-risk populations, especially elderly males with obesity, alcohol use, tobacco use, and/or drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Guangdi Li
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Yue T, Zhang Q, Cai T, Xu M, Zhu H, Pourkarim MR, De Clercq E, Li G. Trends in the disease burden of HBV and HCV infection in China from 1990 to 2019. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:476-485. [PMID: 35724827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to reveal the 30-year dynamics of HBV and HCV disease burden in China from 1990 to 2019. METHODS HBV/HCV data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. Joinpoint regression was used to examine temporal trends. Age-period-cohort models were applied to evaluate effects of patient age, period, and cohort on HBV/HCV-associated mortality and incidences. RESULTS A dramatic decrease in the disease burden of HBV was found from 1990 to 2019, but the disease burden of HCV has remained stable since 2000. Patient age, period, and cohort exerted a significant effect on the diseases burden of HBV and HCV infection. Compared with females, males had a higher risk of HBV/HCV infections as well as HBV/HCV-associated mortality and liver cancer. Overweight, alcohol, tobacco and drug use were important risk factors associated with HBV/HCV-associated liver cancer. The incidences of HBV- and HCV-associated liver cancer from 2019 to 2044 are expected to decrease by 39.4% and 33.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The disease burden of HBV/HCV infection has decreased in China over the past 30 years, but HBV incidences remain high, especially in males. Effective management of HBV and HCV infections is still needed for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Quanquan Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 Hunan, China
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Hemmat Exp. Way, 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China.
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Li G, Wang Y, De Clercq E. Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1567-1590. [PMID: 35847492 PMCID: PMC9279714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are the important components of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) for anti-HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical practice. Many RT inhibitors and their combination regimens have been approved in the past ten years, but a review on their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy is lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of RT inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide, rilpivirine, doravirine, dapivirine, azvudine and elsulfavirine) approved in the past decade, regarding their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Novel RT inhibitors such as islatravir, MK-8504, MK-8507, MK8583, IQP-0528, and MIV-150 will be also highlighted. Future development may focus on the new generation of novel antiretroviral inhibitors with higher bioavailability, longer elimination half-life, more favorable side-effect profiles, fewer drug-drug interactions, and higher activities against circulating drug-resistant strains.
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Key Words
- 3TC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (common name, lamivudine)
- ABC, abacavir
- ATV, atazanavir
- AZT, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (common name, zidovudine)
- BIC, bictegravir
- CAB, cabotegravir
- CC50, the 50% cytotoxic concentration
- COBI, cobicistat
- Clinical efficacy
- DOR, doravirine
- DPV, dapivirine
- DRV, darunavir
- DTG, dolutegravir
- EACS, European AIDS Clinical Society
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- EFV, efavirenz
- ESV, elsulfavirine
- EVG, elvitegravir
- F, bioavailability
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FTC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine (common name, emtricitabine)
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MSM, men who have sex with men
- NNRTI
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NRTI
- NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- RPV, rilpivirine
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Li G, De Clercq E. A medicinal chemist who reshaped the antiviral drug industry: John Charles Martin (1951-2021). Med Res Rev 2021; 42:647-653. [PMID: 34636044 DOI: 10.1002/med.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
John Charles Martin should be remembered as a visionary medicinal chemist who was involved in the coinvention, development, or management of many FDA-approved antiviral drugs such as ganciclovir, stavudine, didanosine, cidofovir, oseltamivir, adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, sofosbuvir, and remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Miao M, Clercq ED, Li G. Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 over a One-Year Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective. Biomedicines 2021; 9:412. [PMID: 33920487 PMCID: PMC8069977 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Genome surveillance is a key method to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed based on 260,673 whole-genome sequences, which were sampled from 62 countries between 24 December 2019 and 12 January 2021. We found that amino acid (AA) substitutions were observed in all SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and the top six proteins with the highest substitution rates were ORF10, nucleocapsid, ORF3a, spike glycoprotein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and ORF8. Among 25,629 amino acid substitutions at 8484 polymorphic sites across the coding region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, the D614G (93.88%) variant in spike and the P323L (93.74%) variant in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were the dominant variants on six continents. As of January 2021, the genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 could be divided into at least 12 different clades. Distributions of SARS-CoV-2 clades were featured with temporal and geographical dynamics on six continents. Overall, this large-scale analysis provides a detailed mapping of SARS-CoV-2 variants in different geographic areas at different time points, highlighting the importance of evaluating highly prevalent variants in the development of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China;
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China;
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Determination of Antiviral Drugs and Their Metabolites Using Micro-Solid Phase Extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS in Reversed-Phase and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Modes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082123. [PMID: 33917128 PMCID: PMC8067820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) methods for analyzing 21 selected antivirals and their metabolites were optimized, including sample preparation step, LC separation conditions, and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Micro-solid phase extraction in pipette tips was used to extract antivirals from the biological material of Hanks balanced salt medium of pH 7.4 and 6.5. These media were used in experiments to evaluate the membrane transport of antiviral drugs. Challenging diversity of physicochemical properties was overcome using combined sorbent composed of C18 and ion exchange moiety, which finally allowed to cover the whole range of tested antivirals. For separation, reversed-phase (RP) chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), were optimized using extensive screening of stationary and mobile phase combinations. Optimized RP-UHPLC separation was carried out using BEH Shield RP18 stationary phase and gradient elution with 25 mmol/L formic acid in acetonitrile and in water. HILIC separation was accomplished with a Cortecs HILIC column and gradient elution with 25 mmol/L ammonium formate pH 3 and acetonitrile. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) conditions were optimized in both chromatographic modes, but obtained results revealed only a little difference in parameters of capillary voltage and cone voltage. While RP-UHPLC-MS/MS exhibited superior separation selectivity, HILIC-UHPLC-MS/MS has shown substantially higher sensitivity of two orders of magnitude for many compounds. Method validation results indicated that HILIC mode was more suitable for multianalyte methods. Despite better separation selectivity achieved in RP-UHPLC-MS/MS, the matrix effects were noticed while using both chromatographic modes leading to signal enhancement in RP and signal suppression in HILIC.
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