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Afshari AR, Sanati M, Ahmadi SS, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Harnessing the capacity of phytochemicals to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancers: A focus on brain malignancies. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216955. [PMID: 38750720 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Brain cancers, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are challenging health issues with frequent unmet aspects. Today, discovering safe and effective therapeutic modalities for brain tumors is among the top research interests. Immunotherapy is an emerging area of investigation in cancer treatment. Since immune checkpoints play fundamental roles in repressing anti-cancer immunity, diverse immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed, and some monoclonal antibodies have been approved clinically for particular cancers; nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in brain tumors. Among the various tools to modify the immune checkpoints, phytochemicals show good effectiveness and excellent safety, making them suitable candidates for developing better ICIs. Phytochemicals regulate multiple immunological checkpoint-related signaling pathways in cancer biology; however, their efficacy for clinical cancer immunotherapy remains to be established. Here, we discussed the involvement of immune checkpoints in cancer pathology and summarized recent advancements in applying phytochemicals in modulating immune checkpoints in brain tumors to highlight the state-of-the-art and give constructive prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Zhou Y, Wang F, Li G, Xu J, Zhang J, Gullen E, Yang J, Wang J. From immune checkpoints to therapies: understanding immune checkpoint regulation and the influence of natural products and traditional medicine on immune checkpoint and immunotherapy in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340307. [PMID: 38426097 PMCID: PMC10902058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease of global concern, and immunotherapy has brought lung cancer therapy to a new era. Besides promising effects in the clinical use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and low response rates are problems unsolved. Natural products and traditional medicine with an immune-modulating nature have the property to influence immune checkpoint expression and can improve immunotherapy's effect with relatively low toxicity. This review summarizes currently approved immunotherapy and the current mechanisms known to regulate immune checkpoint expression in lung cancer. It lists natural products and traditional medicine capable of influencing immune checkpoints or synergizing with immunotherapy in lung cancer, exploring both their effects and underlying mechanisms. Future research on immune checkpoint modulation and immunotherapy combination applying natural products and traditional medicine will be based on a deeper understanding of their mechanisms regulating immune checkpoints. Continued exploration of natural products and traditional medicine holds the potential to enhance the efficacy and reduce the adverse reactions of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglan Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth Gullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Yao P, Liang S, Liu Z, Xu C. A review of natural products targeting tumor immune microenvironments for the treatment of lung cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343316. [PMID: 38361933 PMCID: PMC10867126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) produces some of the most malignant tumors in the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), a component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are critical in tumor development, immune escape, and drug resistance. The TIME is composed of various immune cells, immune cytokines, etc, which are important biological characteristics and determinants of tumor progression and outcomes. In this paper, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products in regulating TIME. We observed that a total of 37 natural compounds have been reported to exert anti-cancer effects by targeting the TIME. In different classes of natural products, terpenoids are the most frequently mentioned compounds. TAMs are one of the most investigated immune cells about therapies with natural products in TIME, with 9 natural products acting through it. 17 natural products exhibit anti-cancer properties in LC by modulating PD-1 and PD-L1 protein activity. These natural products have been extensively evaluated in animal and cellular LC models, but their clinical trials in LC patients are lacking. Based on the current review, we have revealed that the mechanisms of LC can be treated with natural products through TIME intervention, resulting in a new perspective and potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Su Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Xu
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Jinan, China
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Sabanayagam R, Krishnamoorthy S, Anbuselvam M, Muruganantham B, Muthusami S. A comparative analysis of phyto-components on EGFR binding, viability, and migration in HPV positive ME180 and HPV negative C33A cervical cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:357. [PMID: 37964051 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A need for effective implementation of cervical cancer (CC) even in developed countries insist the urge for developing an effective drug molecule to treat CC. Previously, we showed an inverse correlation between survival of CC patients and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) levels. Newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors to treat CC are being constantly pursued. In this context, the proposed study is an attempt to perform a comparative analysis using 20 phyto-components to determine the effective lead molecule. Molecular docking was utilized to determine the comparative efficacy of 20 phyto-components in binding to EGFR. It was then validated by cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in human papilloma virus (HPV) positive and HPV negative CC cells using top nine phyto-components based on computational screening. Computational analysis identified nine phyto-components out of which five compounds were effective in reducing the survival, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, migration, and MMP-2 secretion. EGCG, plumbagin, quercetin, emodin, and naringenin were identified as effective molecules in attenuating CC survival, proliferation, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Sabanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Sneha Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Mohan Anbuselvam
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Bharathi Muruganantham
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
- Centre for Cancer Research, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
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Park J, Nah Y, Kim WJ. IDO-triggered swellable polymeric micelles for IDO inhibition and targeted cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 363:496-506. [PMID: 37788761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been studied as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. IDO catalyzes the oxidation of tryptophan into kynurenine, which subsequently activates regulatory T cells, thereby promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor tissue. Due to its overexpression in tumor cells, IDO itself could be a tumor-specific stimulus for targeted cancer therapy. Toward this objective, we developed IDO-triggered swellable micelles for targeted cancer immunotherapy. The micelles are prepared by the self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers containing polymerized tryptophan as a hydrophobic block. The micelles exhibited IDO-responsive behavior via solubility conversion of the hydrophobic core triggered by the oxidation of tryptophan residues into kynurenine. The micelles were internalized into tumor cells and disassembled by overexpressed IDO. Loaded with IDO inhibitor, the micelle presented enhanced therapeutic antitumor effect, and effector T-cells were recruited into the tumor tissue. We demonstrated that overexpressed IDO in cancer cells could be utilized as a tumor-specific stimulus, and utilizing an IDO-responsive drug delivery system holds great promise for targeted cancer therapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.
| | - Yunyoung Nah
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea.
| | - Won Jong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, POSTECH-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea.
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Leonte D, Ungureanu D, Zaharia V. Flavones and Related Compounds: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:6528. [PMID: 37764304 PMCID: PMC10535985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the synthesis and biological activity of flavones and their related flavonoidic compounds, namely flavonols and aurones. Among the biological activities of natural and synthetic flavones and aurones, their anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties are highlighted and detailed in this review. Starting from the structures of natural flavones acting on multiple anticancer targets (myricetin, genkwanin, and other structurally related compounds), new flavone analogs were recently designed and evaluated for their anticancer activity. The most representative compounds and their anticancer activity are summarized in this review. Natural flavones recognized for their antimicrobial properties (baicalein, luteolin, quercetol, apigenin, kaempferol, tricin) have been recently derivatized or structurally modulated by chemical synthetic methods in order to obtain new effective antimicrobial flavonoidic derivatives with improved biological properties. The most promising antimicrobial agents are systematically highlighted in this review. The most applied method for the synthesis of flavones and aurones is based on the oxidative cyclization of o-hydroxychalcones. Depending on the reaction conditions and the structure of the precursor, in some cases, several cyclization products result simultaneously: flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and aurones. Based on the literature data and the results obtained by our research group, our aim is to highlight the most promising methods for the synthesis of flavones, as well as the synthetic routes for the other structurally related cyclization products, such as hydroxyflavones and aurones, while considering that, in practice, it is difficult to predict which is the main or exclusive cyclization product of o-hydroxychalcones under certain reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentin Zaharia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeş 41, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.); (D.U.)
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:442-456. [PMID: 37248103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes maturing in the thymus (T cells) are key factors in adaptive immunity and the regulation of inflammation. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes several enzymes and compounds that can modulate T cell function, but manipulating these pharmacologically has not achieved the expected therapeutic activity for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and cancer. With increasing knowledge of other pathways interacting with kynurenines, the expansion of screening methods, and the application of virtual techniques to understanding enzyme structures and mechanisms, details of interactions between kynurenines and other pathways are being revealed. This review surveys some of these alternative approaches to influence T cell function indirectly via the kynurenine pathway and summarizes the most recent work on the development of compounds acting directly on the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
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De Re V, Tornesello ML, Racanelli V, Prete M, Steffan A. Non-Classical HLA Class 1b and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1672. [PMID: 37371767 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies are underway to gain a better understanding of the role of immunity in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma and to identify subgroups of individuals who may benefit the most from systemic therapy according to the etiology of their tumor. Human leukocyte antigens play a key role in antigen presentation to T cells. This is fundamental to the host's defense against pathogens and tumor cells. In addition, HLA-specific interactions with innate lymphoid cell receptors, such those present on natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cell type 2, have been shown to be important activators of immune function in the context of several liver diseases. More recent studies have highlighted the key role of members of the non-classical HLA-Ib and the transcript adjacent to the HLA-F locus, FAT10, in hepatocarcinoma. The present review analyzes the major contribution of these molecules to hepatic viral infection and hepatocellular prognosis. Particular attention has been paid to the association of natural killer and Vδ2 T-cell activation, mediated by specific HLA class Ib molecules, with risk assessment and novel treatment strategies to improve immunotherapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, Italy
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Rahmani AH, Almatroudi A, Allemailem KS, Alwanian WM, Alharbi BF, Alrumaihi F, Khan AA, Almatroodi SA. Myricetin: A Significant Emphasis on Its Anticancer Potential via the Modulation of Inflammation and Signal Transduction Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119665. [PMID: 37298616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide and main burden of the healthcare system. Regrettably, most of the currently used cancer treatment approaches such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery usually cause adverse complications including hair loss, bone density loss, vomiting, anemia and other complications. However, to overcome these limitations, there is an urgent need to search for the alternative anticancer drugs with better efficacy as well as less adverse complications. Based on the scientific evidences, it is proven that naturally occurring antioxidants present in medicinal plants or their bioactive compounds might constitute a good therapeutic approach in diseases management including cancer. In this regard, myricetin, a polyhydroxy flavonol found in a several types of plants and its role in diseases management as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective has been documented. Moreover, its role in cancer prevention has been noticed through modulation of angiogenesis, inflammation, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, myricetin plays a significant role in cancer prevention through the inhibition of inflammatory markers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Moreover, myricetin increases the chemotherapeutic potential of other anticancer drugs through modulation of cell signaling molecules activity. This review elaborates the information of myricetin role in cancer management through modulating of various cell-signaling molecules based on in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, synergistic effect with currently used anticancer drugs and approaches to improve bioavailability are described. The evidences collected in this review will help different researchers to comprehend the information about its safety aspects, effective dose for different cancers and implication in clinical trials. Moreover, different challenges need to be focused on engineering different nanoformulations of myricetin to overcome the poor bioavailability, loading capacity, targeted delivery and premature release of this compound. Furthermore, some more derivatives of myricetin need to be synthesized to check their anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wanian M Alwanian
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah F Alharbi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Interactions of IDO and the Kynurenine Pathway with Cell Transduction Systems and Metabolism at the Inflammation-Cancer Interface. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112895. [PMID: 37296860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying a relationship between inflammation and cancer are unclear, but much emphasis has been placed on the role of tryptophan metabolism to kynurenine and downstream metabolites, as these make a substantial contribution to the regulation of immune tolerance and susceptibility to cancer. The proposed link is supported by the induction of tryptophan metabolism by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), in response to injury, infection or stress. This review will summarize the kynurenine pathway and will then focus on the bi-directional interactions with other transduction pathways and cancer-related factors. The kynurenine pathway can interact with and modify activity in many other transduction systems, potentially generating an extended web of effects other than the direct effects of kynurenine and its metabolites. Conversely, the pharmacological targeting of those other systems could greatly enhance the efficacy of changes in the kynurenine pathway. Indeed, manipulating those interacting pathways could affect inflammatory status and tumor development indirectly via the kynurenine pathway, while pharmacological modulation of the kynurenine pathway could indirectly influence anti-cancer protection. While current efforts are progressing to account for the failure of selective IDO1 inhibitors to inhibit tumor growth and to devise means of circumventing the issue, it is clear that there are wider factors involving the relationship between kynurenines and cancer that merit detailed consideration as alternative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Xue C, Yao Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Yuan X, Chu Q, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:204. [PMID: 37208335 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Wu S, Sun Z, Guo Z, Li P, Mao Q, Tang Y, Chen H, Peng H, Wang S, Cao Y. The effectiveness of blood-activating and stasis-transforming traditional Chinese medicines (BAST) in lung cancer progression-a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116565. [PMID: 37172918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Blood-activating and stasis-transforming traditional Chinese medicines (BAST) are a class of herbs that have the effect of dilating blood vessels and dispersing stagnation. Modern pharmaceutical research has demonstrated that they are capable of improving hemodynamics and micro-flow, resist thrombosis and promote blood flow. BAST contain numerous active ingredients, which can theoretically regulate multiple targets at the same time and have a wide range of pharmacological effects in the treatment of diseases including human cancers. Clinically, BAST have minimal side effects and can be used in combination with Western medicine to improve patients' quality of life, lessen adverse effects and minimize the risk of recurrence and metastasis of cancers. AIM OF THE REVIEW We aimed to summarize the research progression of BAST on lung cancer in the past five years and present a prospect for the future. Particularly, this review further analyzes the effects and molecular mechanisms that BAST inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies about BSAT were collected from PubMed and Web of science. RESULTS Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest mortality rate. Most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage and are highly susceptible to metastasis. Recent studies have shown that BAST, a class of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the function of opening veins and dispersing blood stasis, significantly improve hemodynamics and microcirculation, prevent thrombosis and promote blood flow, and thereby inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. In the current review, we analyzed 51 active ingredients extracted from BAST. It was found that BAST and their active ingredients contribute to the prevention of invasion and metastasis of lung cancer through multiple mechanisms, such as regulation of EMT process, specific signaling pathway and metastasis-related genes, tumor blood vessel formation, immune microenvironment and inflammatory response of tumors. CONCLUSIONS BSAT and its active ingredients have showed promising anticancer activity and significantly inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. A growing number of studies have realized their potential clinical significance in the therapy of lung cancer, which will provide substantial evidences for the development of new TCM for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wu
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe Sun
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zehuai Guo
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peiqin Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qianqian Mao
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Tang
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Chen
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huiting Peng
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sisi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Liu J, Mamun Bhuyan AA, Ma K, Zhu X, Zhou K, Lang F. Myricetin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4253-4260. [PMID: 36905403 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myricetin, a type of flavonol commonly found in fruits and herbs, has demonstrated anticancer properties by triggering the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells. Despite the absence of mitochondria and nuclei, erythrocytes can undergo programmed cell death, also known as eryptosis.This process is characterized by cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane, and the formation of membrane blebs. The signaling of eryptosis involves Ca2+ influx, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of cell surface ceramide. The present study explored the effects of myricetin on eryptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human erythrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of myricetin (2-8 µM) for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to assess the markers of eryptosis, including PS exposure, cellular volume, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and ceramide accumulation. In addition, the levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The myricetin-treated (8 µM) erythrocytes significantly increased Annexin-positive cells, Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, DCF fluorescence intensity, and the accumulation of ceramide. The impact of myricetin on the binding of annexin-V was significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by the nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Myricetin triggers eryptosis, which is accompanied and, at least in part, caused by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress and increase of ceramide abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6250, Bangladesh
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kuo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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14
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IDO1 Activity Predicts Lung Toxicity in Patients with Unresectable Stage III NSCLC and Chemoradiotherapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:3591758. [PMID: 36824664 PMCID: PMC9943611 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3591758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) acts as the key rate-limiting enzyme that converts tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). Its activity was primarily induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which was reported to play a role in the development of acute radiation-induced pneumonitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between IDO1 activity and radiation-induced lung toxicity (RILT) in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who were treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Materials and Methods Systemic IDO1 activity was reflected by Kyn : Trp ratio. Plasma levels of Kyn and Trp in 113 stage III NSCLC patients were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) before the initiation of radiotherapy. Dynamic change of IDO1 activity was followed in 23 patients before, during, and after radiotherapy. We also used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database and performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore how IDO1 was involved in the development of RILT. Results 9.7% (11/113) of the whole group developed G3+ (greater than or equal to Grade 3) RILT. Preradiation IDO1 activity was significantly higher in patients who developed G3 + RILT than in nonG3 + RILT patients. (P = 0.029, AUC = 0.70). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that high IDO1 activity was independently associated with the risk of G3 + RILT (P = 0.034). A predictive model combining both IDO1 activity and FEV1 was established for severe RILT and displayed a moderate predictive value (AUC = 0.83, P < 0.001). The incidence of G3 + RILT was 2.6% (1/38) in patients with an IDO activity ≤0.069 and FEV1 > 59.4%, and 50.0% (6/12) in those with an IDO activity >0.069 and FEV1 ≤ 59.4%. Of 23 patients with dynamic tracking, the IDO1 activity of postradiation was significantly lower than midradiation (P = 0.021), though no significant differences among the three time points were observed (P = 0.070). Bioinformatic analysis using RNA-seq data from 1014 NSCLC patients revealed that IDO mainly functioned in the inflammatory response instead of the late fibrosis process in NSCLC patients. Conclusion High baseline IDO1 activity combined with unfavorable baseline FEV1 was predictive of severe RILT in unresectable stage III NSCLC patients. IDO1 might play a role in the acute inflammatory response. Finding effective interventions to alleviate RILT using IDO inhibitors is warranted in the future.
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15
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Duan N, Hu X, Zhou R, Li Y, Wu W, Liu N. A Review on Dietary Flavonoids as Modulators of the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200435. [PMID: 36698331 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the local environment where malignant cells strive and survive, composed of cancer cells and their surroundings, regulating essential tumor survival, and promotion functions. Dietary flavonoids are abundantly present in common vegetables and fruits and exhibit good anti-cancer activities, which significantly inhibit tumorigenesis by targeting TME constituents and their interaction with cancer cells. This review aims to synthesize information concerning the modulation of TME by dietary flavonoids, as well as to provide insights into the molecular basis of its potential anti-tumor activities, with an emphasis on its ability to control intracellular signaling cascades that regulate the TME processes, involving cell proliferation, invasion and migration, continuous angiogenesis, and immune inflammation. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the development of the leading compound targeting TME for anti-cancer therapies from these dietary flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namin Duan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuru Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.,National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.,Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, 201306, China
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16
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Liu K, Sun Q, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang W, Sun C. Focus on immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: New advances of polyphenol phytochemicals in tumor immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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17
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Liu Y, Xie J, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Deng C. A polymeric IDO inhibitor based on poly(ethylene glycol)- b-poly(L-tyrosine- co-1-methyl-D-tryptophan) enables facile trident cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5731-5743. [PMID: 36039890 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), with an immunoregulatory effect related to tryptophan metabolism, has emerged as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, a polymeric IDO inhibitor based on the poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-tyrosine-co-1-methyl-D-tryptophan) copolymer (PEG-b-P(Tyr-co-1-MT)) was developed for facile trident cancer immunotherapy. PEG-b-P(Tyr-co-1-MT) could self-assemble into nanoparticles (NPs), which were subject to enzyme degradation and capable of retarding the metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) to L-kynurenine (KYN) in B16F10 cancer cells. Notably, cRGD-functionalized NPs showed efficient encapsulation and an enzyme-responsive release of doxorubicin (DOX) and the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1. DOX in drug-loaded nanoparticles (cRGD-NPDJ) could activate immunization by inducing the discernible immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells and promoting the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which besides activating the antitumor cellular immunity often upregulates the expression of PD-L1 and IDO to accelerate tumor progression. The encapsulated JQ1 and polymeric 1-MT in cRGD-NPDJ could reverse the expression by disrupting the binding of BET proteins with chromatin and elevating the TRP/KYN ratio. In B16F10 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice, cRGD-NPDJ displayed significantly increased CD8+ T cells, matured dendritic cells (mDCs), and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), as well as reduced regulatory T cells and downregulated PD-L1 expression at tumor sites, generating immune cascade reactions and a distinct improvement of the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to significant tumor suppression and survival prolongation. The polymeric IDO inhibitor provides a facile strategy for the co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and inhibitors for efficient and safe combination cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jiguo Xie
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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18
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Flavonoids regulate tumor-associated macrophages - From structure-activity relationship to clinical potential (Review). Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106419. [PMID: 36041653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the strategy for tumor therapy has changed from focusing on the direct killing effect of different types of therapeutic agents on cancer cells to the new mainstream of multi-mode and -pathway combined interventions in the microenvironment of the developing tumor. Flavonoids, with unique tricyclic structures, have diverse and extensive immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immunosuppressive cells in the TME. The regulation of macrophages to fight cancer is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. This study covers the most comprehensive cognition of flavonoids in regulating TAMs so far. Far more than a simple list of studies, we try to dig out evidence of crosstalk at the molecular level between flavonoids and TAMs from literature, in order to discuss the most relevant chemical structure and its possible relationship with the multimodal pharmacological activity, as well as systematically build a structure-activity relationship between flavonoids and TAMs. Additionally, we point out the advantages of the macro-control of flavonoids in the TME and discuss the potential clinical implications as well as areas for future research of flavonoids in regulating TAMs. These results will provide hopeful directions for the research of antitumor drugs, while providing new ideas for the pharmaceutical industry to develop more effective forms of flavonoids.
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Zeng J, Zhao N, Yang J, Kuang W, Xia X, Chen X, Liu Z, Huang R. Puerarin Induces Molecular Details of Ferroptosis-Associated Anti-Inflammatory on RAW264.7 Macrophages. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070653. [PMID: 35888777 PMCID: PMC9317776 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is a natural flavonoid with significant anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis may involve puerarin countering inflammation. However, the mechanism of ferroptosis mediated by the anti-inflammatory process of puerarin has not been widely explored. Herein, puerarin at a concentration of 40 μM showed an anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages RAW264.7. The analysis of network pharmacology indicated that 51 common targets were enriched in 136 pathways, and most of the pathways were associated with ferroptosis. Subsequently, the analysis of metabolomics obtained 61 differential metabolites that were enriched in 30 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics revealed that puerarin exerted an excellent effect on anti-inflammatory in RAW264.7 via regulating ferroptosis-related arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and glutathione metabolism pathways, and metabolites such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), serotonin, kynurenine, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), gamma-glutamylcysteine and cysteinylglycine were involved. In addition, the possible active binding sites of the potential targeted proteins such as acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) with puerarin were further revealed by molecular docking. Thus, we suggested that ferroptosis mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of puerarin in macrophages RAW264.7 induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ning Zhao
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Weiyang Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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