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Bain EK, Bain SC. Recent developments in GLP-1RA therapy: A review of the latest evidence of efficacy and safety and differences within the class. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:30-39. [PMID: 34324260 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evie K Bain
- Diabetes Research Unit, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Stephen C Bain
- Diabetes Research Unit, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
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2
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Qiu XL, Fan ZR, Liu YY, Wang DF, Wang SX, Li CX. Preparation and Evaluation of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Loaded with Heparin Phospholipid Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084077. [PMID: 33920853 PMCID: PMC8071307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed to enhance the absorption of heparin after oral administration, in which heparin was compounded with phospholipids to achieve better fat solubility in the form of heparin-phospholipid (HEP-Pc) complex. HEP-Pc complex was prepared using the solvent evaporation method, which increased the solubility of heparin in n-octanol. The successful preparation of HEP-Pc complex was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, NMR, and SEM. A heparin lipid microemulsion (HEP-LM) was prepared by high-pressure homogenization and characterized. HEP-LM can enhance the absorption of heparin after oral administration, significantly prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) in mice, and reduce fibrinogen (FIB) content. All these outcomes indicate that HEP-LM has great potential as an oral heparin formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
| | - Zi-Rui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
| | - Ding-Fu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
| | - Shi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.-L.Q.); (Z.-R.F.); (Y.-Y.L.); (D.-F.W.); (S.-X.W.)
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-8203-1631; Fax: +86-532-8203-3054
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3
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Fang G, Tang B. Advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:449-460. [PMID: 32952668 PMCID: PMC7486512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparins show great anticoagulant effect with few side effects, and are administered by subcutaneous or intravenous route in clinics. To improve patient compliance, oral administration is an alternative route. Nonetheless, oral administration of heparins still faces enormous challenges due to the multiple obstacles. This review briefly analyzes a series of barriers ranging from poorly physicochemical properties of heparins, to harsh biological barriers including gastrointestinal degradation and pre-systemic metabolism. Moreover, several approaches have been developed to overcome these obstacles, such as improving stability of heparins in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the intestinal epithelia permeability and facilitating lymphatic delivery of heparins. Overall, this review aims to provide insights concerning advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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4
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Kalra S, Sahay R. A Review on Semaglutide: An Oral Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist in Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:1965-1982. [PMID: 32725484 PMCID: PMC7434819 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a well-established class of glucose-lowering drugs. GLP-1 RAs can be classified according to their structure, duration of action and mode of administration. This review describes the basic and clinical pharmacology of orally administered semaglutide. It highlights the PIONEER clinical trial programme results, and reviews the efficacy, safety and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India.
| | - Rakesh Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India
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5
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Spadarella G, Di Minno A, Donati MB, Mormile M, Ventre I, Di Minno G. From unfractionated heparin to pentasaccharide: Paradigm of rigorous science growing in the understanding of the in vivo thrombin generation. Blood Rev 2020; 39:100613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Impact of Sodium N-[8-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)amino]-caprylate on Intestinal Permeability for Notoginsenoside R1 and Salvianolic Acids in Caco-2 Cells Transport and Rat Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112990. [PMID: 30453465 PMCID: PMC6278436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For drugs with high hydrophilicity and poor membrane permeability, absorption enhancers can promote membrane permeability and improve oral bioavailability. Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC) is a new kind of absorption enhancer that has good safety. To investigate the absorption enhancement effect of SNAC on non-polar charged and polar charged drugs and establish the absorption enhancement mechanism of SNAC, SNAC was synthesized and characterized. Two representative hydrophilic drugs—notoginsenoside R1 (R1) and salvianolic acids (SAs)—were selected as model drugs. In vitro Caco-2 cells transport and in vivo rat pharmacokinetics studies were conducted to examine the permeation effect of SNAC on R1 and SAs. R1, rosmarinic acid (RA), salvianolic acid B (SA-B) and salvianolic acid B (SA-A) were determined to compare the permeation enhancement of different drugs. The MTT assay results showed that SNAC had no toxicity to Caco-2 cells. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayer displayed that SNAC facilitated passive transport of polar charged SAs through the membrane of epithelial enterocytes. The pharmacokinetics results demonstrated that area under the curve (AUC) of RA, SA-B and SA-A with administration of SAs containing SNAC was 35.27, 8.72 and 9.23 times than administration of SAs. Tmax of RA, SA-B and SA-A were also prolonged. The AUC of R1 with administration of R1 containing SNAC was 2.24-times than administration of R1. SNAC is more effective in promoting absorption of SAs than R1. The study demonstrated that SNAC significantly improved bioavailability of R1 and SAs. What’s more, the effect of SNAC on absorption enhancement of charged drugs was larger than that of non-charged drugs. The current findings not only confirm the usefulness of SNAC for the improved delivery of R1 and SAs but also demonstrate the importance of biopharmaceutics characterization in the dosage form development of drugs.
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7
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Akhtar F, Wan X, Wu G, Kesse S, Wang S, He S. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins: Reduced Size Particulate Systems for Improved Therapeutic Outcomes. Molecules 2018; 23:E1757. [PMID: 30021958 PMCID: PMC6100363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of diseases have been treated using low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), the drug of choice for anticoagulation. Owing to their better pharmacokinetic features compared to those of unfractionated heparin (uFH), several systems incorporating LMWHs have been investigated to deliver and improve their therapeutic outcomes, especially through development of their micro- and nano-particles. This review article describes current perspectives on the fabrication, characterization, and application of LMWHs-loaded micro- and nano-particles to achieve ameliorated bioavailability. The valuable applications of LMWH will continue to encourage researchers to identify efficient delivery systems that have specific release characteristics and ameliorated bioavailability, overcoming the challenges presented by biological obstructions and the physicochemical properties of LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Akhtar
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xinyu Wan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Samuel Kesse
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shaoda Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shuying He
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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8
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Park JW, Jeon OC, Kim SK, Al-Hilal T, Lim KM, Moon HT, Kim CY, Byun Y. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of an oral tablet form of low-molecular-weight heparin and deoxycholic acid conjugate as a novel oral anticoagulant. Thromb Haemost 2017; 105:1060-71. [DOI: 10.1160/th10-07-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThis study was designed to develop a solid oral dosage form of deoxycholic acid (DOCA)-conjugated low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and to evaluate its oral absorption, distribution, and metabolic stability for the prospect of providing an orally bioavailable LMWH. The LMWH derivative (LHD) was synthesised and then formulated with solubilisers and other pharmaceutical excipients to form a solid tablet. Its absorption and distribution after oral administration were evaluated in mice, rats, and monkeys. The in vitro metabolic stability of LHD was examined by liver microsome assays. More than 80% of LHD was released from the tablet within 60 minutes, guaranteeing rapid tablet disintegration after oral administration. Oral bioavailability of LHD in mice, rats and monkeys were 16.1 ± 3.0, 15.6 ± 6.1, and 15.8 ± 2.5%, respectively. After the oral administration of 131I-tyramine-LHD, most of the absorbed drug remained in the blood circulation and was eliminated mainly through the kidneys. LHD was hardly metabolised by the liver microsomes and showed a stable metabolic pattern similar to that of LMWH. In a rat thrombosis model, 10 mg/kg of orally administered LHD reduced thrombus formation by 60.8%, which was comparable to the antithrombotic effect of the subcutaneously injected LMWH (100 IU/ kg). Solid tablets of LHD exhibited high oral absorption and statistically significant therapeutic effects in preventing venous thromboembolism. Accordingly, LHD tablets are expected to satisfy the unmet medical need for an oral heparin-based anticoagulant as an alternative to injectable heparin and oral warfarin.
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9
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Strategies to Overcome Heparins' Low Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9030037. [PMID: 27367704 PMCID: PMC5039490 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Even after a century, heparin is still the most effective anticoagulant available with few side effects. The poor oral absorption of heparins triggered the search for strategies to achieve oral bioavailability since this route has evident advantages over parenteral administration. Several approaches emerged, such as conjugation of heparins with bile acids and lipids, formulation with penetration enhancers, and encapsulation of heparins in micro and nanoparticles. Some of these strategies appear to have potential as good delivery systems to overcome heparin’s low oral bioavailability. Nevertheless, none have reached the market yet. Overall, this review aims to provide insights regarding the oral bioavailability of heparin.
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10
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Trends in the development of oral anticoagulants. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:685-703. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulation remains the therapy of choice for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolic disorders which can cause major organ damage or death. Heparins represent the antithrombotic drugs of choice in short and medium-term prophylaxis and therapy of thromboembolic diseases. Fondaparinux, a synthetic and structural analog of the antithrombin-binding pentasaccharide domain of heparin, has selective anti-Xa activity and longer half-life. However, anticoagulants are poorly absorbed by oral route because of their high molecular weight, hydrophilicity and negative charges. Long-term anticoagulation therapy is problematic because of side effects and frequent monitoring. Formulation approaches are particularly promising.
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11
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Ibrahim SS, Osman R, Awad GAS, Mortada ND, Geneidy AS. Low molecular weight heparins for current and future uses: approaches for micro- and nano-particulate delivery. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2661-2667. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1046570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehanne A. S. Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed-Shawky Geneidy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Delivery of peptides by the oral route greatly appeals due to commercial, patient convenience and scientific arguments. While there are over 60 injectable peptides marketed worldwide, and many more in development, most delivery strategies do not yet adequately overcome the barriers to oral delivery. Peptides are sensitive to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the intestine, and are poorly permeable across the intestinal epithelium due to sub-optimal physicochemical properties. A successful oral peptide delivery technology should protect potent peptides from presystemic degradation and improve epithelial permeation to achieve a target oral bioavailability with acceptable intra-subject variability. This review provides a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the current status of oral peptide delivery with an emphasis on patented formulations that are yielding promising clinical data.
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Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Biomimetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Oral Bioavailability Enhancement of Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Its Lipid Conjugates: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1314-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200109m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Paliwal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory and ‡Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India, 470003
| | - Shivani R. Paliwal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory and ‡Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India, 470003
| | - Govind P. Agrawal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory and ‡Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India, 470003
| | - Suresh P. Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory and ‡Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India, 470003
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14
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Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Recent advances in search of oral heparin therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:388-409. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh P. Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya; Sagar M.P. 470003 India
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15
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Park JW, Jeon OC, Kim SK, Al-Hilal TA, Moon HT, Kim CY, Byun Y. Anticoagulant Efficacy of Solid Oral Formulations Containing a New Heparin Derivative. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:836-43. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Ok Cheol Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Sang Kyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Taslim Ahmed Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Hyun Tae Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Choong Yong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, South Korea, Mediplex Corporation, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 135-729, South Korea, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 19 Shinseong-ro, Yuseon-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of
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16
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Park JW, Kim SK, Al-Hilal TA, Jeon OC, Moon HT, Byun Y. Strategies for oral delivery of macromolecule drugs. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Yu L, Gao Y, Yue X, Liu S, Dai Z. Novel hollow microcapsules based on iron-heparin complex multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13723-13729. [PMID: 18855487 DOI: 10.1021/la802611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron-polysaccharide complex have been extensively utilized in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia for parenteral administration. Herein, a novel iron-heparin complexed hollow capsules with nanoscaled wall thickness have been fabricated by means of alternating deposition of ferric ions (III) (Fe+) and heparin (Hep) onto the surface of submicroscaled (488 nm) and microscaled (10.55 microm) polystyrene latex particles via both electrostatic interaction and chemical complexation processes, followed by dissolution of the cores using tetrahydrofuran. Confocal micrographs and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images prove that iron-heparin complexed submicroscaled hollow capsules keep spherical shapes in solution and even after drying. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay shows that complexing with ferric ions do not compromise the catalytic capacity of heparin to promote antithrombin III-mediated thrombin inactivation. The anticoagulant activity value of (Fe3+/Hep)8 capsules is evaluated to be about 95.7 U/mg, indicating that approximately 0.55 mg heparin was in 1 mg powder of submicroscaled (Fe3+/Hep)8 hollow capsules. Compared with the same dosage of heparin, iron-heparin complexed hollow capsules display a more prolonged anticoagulant duration than heparin. All these results reveal that such submicroscaled iron-heparin complexed hollow capsules have application potential as an injectable anticoagulant vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, Bio-X Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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18
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Balogh L, Polyak A, Mathe D, Kiraly R, Thuroczy J, Terez M, Janoki G, Ting Y, Bucci LR, Schauss AG. Absorption, uptake and tissue affinity of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan after oral administration in rats and dogs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10582-10593. [PMID: 18959406 DOI: 10.1021/jf8017029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the absorption, distribution and excretion of (99m)technetium-labeled, high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (((99m)Tc-HA) and (99m)technetium pertechnetate ((99m)Tc-P) after single dose, oral administration to Wistar rats and Beagle dogs. A pilot study utilized (99m)Tc-HA alone, and a second confirmatory study compared uptake of labeled (99m)Tc-HA with (99m)Tc-P. Urinary and fecal excretion after (99m)Tc-HA ingestion by rats showed 86.7-95.6% of radioactivity was recovered, almost all in feces. All tissues examined showed incorporation of radioactivity from (99m)Tc-HA starting at 15 min and persisting for 48 h, in a pattern significantly different from (99m)Tc-P. Whole-body scintigraphs and close-ups of the ventral chest region showed nonalimentary radioactivity from (99m)Tc-HA concentrated in joints, vertebrae and salivary glands four hours after administration. Autoradiography of skin, bone and joint tissue pieces after 24 h showed incorporation of radioactivity from (99m)Tc-HA, but not from (99m)Tc-P. Conversely, absorption, distribution and excretion of (99m)Tc was completely different from (99m)Tc-HA, showing an expected pattern of rapid absorption and excretion in urine, with accumulation in thyroid glands, stomach, kidney and bladder. This report presents the first evidence for uptake and distribution to connective tissues of orally administered, high-molecular-weight HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Balogh
- Department of Applied Radioisotopes, National FJC Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Fodor Jozsef National Center of Health, Budapest, Hungary,
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Thanou M, Henderson S, Kydonieus A, Elson C. N-sulfonato-N,O-carboxymethylchitosan: A novel polymeric absorption enhancer for the oral delivery of macromolecules. J Control Release 2007; 117:171-8. [PMID: 17184870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan has been shown to act on the mucosal epithelial barriers mainly when protonated at acidic pH values in which it is soluble. Soluble chitosan is able to improve the permeation and absorption of neutral to cationic macromolecules only, as it forms polyelectrolyte complexes with anionic macromolecules. LMWH (Low Molecular Weight Heparin) is an anionic polysaccharide finding clinical application as an improved antithrombotic agent compared to Unfractionated Heparin (UFH). In this study we have employed N-sulfonato-N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (SNOCC) as a potential intestinal absorption enhancer of LMWH, Reviparin. SNOCC was prepared at 3 different viscosity grades 20, 40 and 60 cps and identified as SNOCC-20, SNOCC-40 and SNOCC-60, respectively. SNOCC materials were tested in vitro for their ability to decrease the Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers. They were further tested as transport enhancers of hydrophilic compounds such as (14)C-mannitol, FITC-Dextran (MW 4400 Da) and Reviparin (LMWH). Solutions of Reviparin, with or without SNOCC, were administered intraduodenally in vivo in rats and the absorption of the drug was assessed by measuring the Anti-Xa levels in rat plasma. In vitro studies showed that SNOCC materials were able to induce a concentration dependent decrease in the TEER of the Caco-2 monolayers. SNOCC-40 and -60 were shown to decrease resistance more readily compared to the low viscosity SNOCC-20. (14)C-mannitol permeation data across intestinal epithelia were in agreement with the observed decrease in TEER; the higher viscosity SNOCC-60 was the most effective demonstrating a 51-fold enhancement of the permeation of the radiolabeled marker. Studies with both FITC-Dextran and Reviparin demonstrated significantly increased permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers when they were co-incubated at the apical side of the monolayer. Intestinal absorption of Reviparin in rats was increased when it was co-administered with SNOCC-40 and -60, in agreement with in vitro data. Anti-Xa levels were elevated to and above the antithrombotic levels and were sustained for at least 6 h, giving an 18.5-fold increase in the AUC of LMWH in rats. In conclusion, SNOCC-40 and -60 have been shown to enhance both permeation and absorption of Reviparin across intestinal epithelia proving their potential as polymeric absorption enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thanou
- Genetic Therapies Centre, Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, UK.
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Pacini S, Punzi T, Gulisano M, Cecchi F, Vannucchi S, Ruggiero M. Transdermal delivery of heparin using pulsed current iontophoresis. Pharm Res 2006; 23:114-20. [PMID: 16362453 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-8923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In clinical practice heparin has to be administered by injection with obvious disadvantages; thus, transdermal delivery by electrically assisted methods have been studied. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a Food and Drug Administration-approved pulsed current iontophoresis system in delivering heparin through living rat skin. METHODS Fluorescent and radioactive heparin as well as a commercial heparin preparation were delivered through rat skin via a pulsed current iontophoresis system. RESULTS Pulsed current iontophoresis allowed fluorescent heparin to cross the stratum corneum localizing in epidermis and dermis. Unfractionated, high-, and low molecular weight fraction pools, obtained by fractionating [35S]-unfractionated heparin on a molecular weight sieve, were then separately tested. Pulsed current iontophoresis elicited the transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin, but not that of high molecular weight heparin. Finally, pulsed current iontophoresis of an unfractionated pharmaceutical heparin preparation significantly decreased plasmatic factor Xa activity. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that this technique could be used to administer low molecular weight heparin in a cost-efficient and safe manner without the need for syringes and needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pacini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Motlekar NA, Youan BBC. The quest for non-invasive delivery of bioactive macromolecules: a focus on heparins. J Control Release 2006; 113:91-101. [PMID: 16777255 PMCID: PMC1539865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of a non-invasive drug delivery system for unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) has been the elusive goal of several research groups since the initial discovery of this glycosaminogylcan by McLean in 1916. After a brief update on current parenteral formulations of UFH and LMWHs, this review revisits past and current strategies intended to identify alternative routes of administration (e.g. oral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, pulmonary and transdermal). The following strategies have been used to improve the bioavailability of this bioactive macromolecule by various routes: (i) enhancement in cell-membrane permeabilization, (ii) modification of the tight-junctions, (iii) increase in lipophilicity and (iv) protection against acidic pH of the stomach. Regardless of the route of administration, a simplified unifying principle for successful non-invasive macromolecular drug delivery may be: "to reversibly overcome the biological, biophysical and biochemical barriers and to safely and efficiently improve the in vivo spatial and temporal control of the drug in order to achieve a clinically acceptable therapeutic advantage". Future macromolecular drug delivery research should embrace a more systemic approach taking into account recent advances in genomics/proteomics and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat A. Motlekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Bi-Botti C. Youan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 806 356 4015x236; fax: +1 806 354 4034. E-mail address: (B.-B.C. Youan)
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Arbit E, Goldberg M, Gomez-Orellana I, Majuru S. Oral heparin: status review. Thromb J 2006; 4:6. [PMID: 16686945 PMCID: PMC1526416 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin are the most commonly used antithrombotic and thromboprophylactic agents in hospital practice. Extended out-of-hospital treatment is inconvenient in that these agents must be administered parenterally. Current research is directed at development of a safe and effective oral antithrombotic agent as an alternative for the effective, yet difficult to use vitamin K antagonists. A novel drug delivery technology that facilitates transport of drugs across the gastrointestinal epithelium has been harnessed to develop an oral dosage form of unfractionated heparin. Combining unfractionated heparin with the carrier molecule, sodium N-(8 [2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate, or SNAC has markedly increased the gastrointestinal absorption of this drug. Preclinical and clinical studies to-date suggests that oral heparin-SNAC can confer a clinical efficacious effect; further confirmation is sought in planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Arbit
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Shingai Majuru
- Emisphere Technologies Inc. 765 Old Saw Mill River Road. Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arbit
- Emisphere Technologies, Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Abstract
Efforts to improve oral drug bioavailability have grown in parallel with the pharmaceutical industry. As the number and chemical diversity of drugs has increased, new strategies have been required to develop orally active therapeutics. The past two decades have been characterised by an increased understanding of the causes of low bioavailability and a great deal of innovation in oral drug delivery technologies, marked by an unprecedented growth of the drug delivery industry. The advent of biotechnology and consequent proliferation of biopharmaceuticals have brought new challenges to the drug delivery field. In spite of the difficulties associated with developing oral forms of this type of therapeutics, significant progress has been made in the past few years, with some oral proteins, peptides and other macromolecules currently advancing through clinical trials. This article reviews the approaches that have been successfully applied to improve oral drug bioavailability, primarily, prodrug strategies, lead optimisation through medicinal chemistry and formulation design. Specific strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of biopharmaceuticals are also discussed.
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