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Tate S, Imai M, Matsushita N, Nishimura EK, Higashiyama S, Nanba D. Rotation is the primary motion of paired human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nanba D, Toki F, Tate S, Imai M, Matsushita N, Shiraishi K, Sayama K, Toki H, Higashiyama S, Barrandon Y. Cell motion predicts human epidermal stemness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:305-15. [PMID: 25897083 PMCID: PMC4411274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte stem cell colonies can be identified by analyzing cell motion, an emergent stem cell property. Image-based identification of cultured stem cells and noninvasive evaluation of their proliferative capacity advance cell therapy and stem cell research. Here we demonstrate that human keratinocyte stem cells can be identified in situ by analyzing cell motion during their cultivation. Modeling experiments suggested that the clonal type of cultured human clonogenic keratinocytes can be efficiently determined by analysis of early cell movement. Image analysis experiments demonstrated that keratinocyte stem cells indeed display a unique rotational movement that can be identified as early as the two-cell stage colony. We also demonstrate that α6 integrin is required for both rotational and collective cell motion. Our experiments provide, for the first time, strong evidence that cell motion and epidermal stemness are linked. We conclude that early identification of human keratinocyte stem cells by image analysis of cell movement is a valid parameter for quality control of cultured keratinocytes for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nanba
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Fujio Toki
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sota Tate
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Matome Imai
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ken Shiraishi
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toki
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine; and Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yann Barrandon
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Experimental Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Locational heterogeneity of maturation by changes in migratory behaviors of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Switching between self-renewal and lineage commitment of human induced pluripotent stem cells via cell–substrate and cell–cell interactions on a dendrimer-immobilized surface. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5670-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim MH, Sawada Y, Taya M, Kino-Oka M. Influence of surface topography on the human epithelial cell response to micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 25045401 PMCID: PMC4084502 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying the cellular response to topographical surface features will extend our knowledge regarding the regulation of cell functions. Analyzing the cellular response to different topographical features, over multiple temporal and spatial scales, is central to understanding and guiding several biological functions. We used micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures to evaluate the behaviors of human epithelial cells on these substrates. Results Pillar and pit substrates caused heterogeneous spatial growth and distribution, with differences in cell density, over 48 h. Regional densities and distribution were significantly increased at pillar sidewalls, and at pit sidewalls and bottoms compared with those on flat unpatterned areas. Time-lapse observations revealed that different mechanisms of cell migration were dependent upon pillar and pit features. Cells on pillar substrate migrated towards the sidewall, whereas cells on pit substrate tended to move towards the sidewalls and bottom. Cytoskeletal staining of F-actin and vinculin showed that this migration can be attributed to difference in spatial reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, and the formation of focal adhesions at various points on the at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. Cells cultured on the pillar substrate had stress fibers with extended filopodia and immature focal contacts at the sidewalls and convex corners, similar to those on the flat unpatterned substrate. Cells at the sidewalls and concave corners of pit substrate had more contractile stress fibers and stable focal contacts compared with cells on the pillar substrate. We also found that the substrate structures affect cell-cell contact formation via E-cadherin, and that this was associated with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton at the sidewall, and at the convex and concave corners of the substrate. Conclusion Migration is an important factor affecting spatial growth and distribution. Heterogeneity at various locations was caused by different migratory behaviors at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. We propose that this investigation is a valuable method for understanding cell phenotypes and the heterogeneity during spatial growth and distribution of epithelial cells during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sawada
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Taya
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nadzir MM, Kino-oka M, Maruyama N, Sato Y, Kim MH, Sugawara K, Taya M. Comprehension of terminal differentiation and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during passage cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:395-401. [PMID: 21778110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A high density collagen type I coated substrate (CL substrate) was used to evaluate the chondrocyte phenotypes in passaged cultures. With increasing age of cell population (population doubling (PD)=0-14.5), the frequency of non-dividing spindle shaped cells without ALP activity increased, accompanied with an increase in gene expression of collagen type I, meaning the senescence of dedifferentiated cells. At the middle age of cell population (PD=5.1 and 6.6), the high frequency of polygonal shaped cells with ALP activity existed on the CL substrate together with up-regulated expressions of collagen types II and X, indicating the terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. When the chondrocytes passaged up to the middle age were embedded in collagen gel, the high frequency of single hypertrophic cells with collagen type II formation was recognized, which supports the thought that the high gene expression of collagen type II was attributed to terminal differentiation rather than redifferentiation. These results show that the CL substrate can draw out the potential of terminal differentiation in chondrocytes, which is unattainable by a polystyrene surface, and that the CL substrate can be a tool to evaluate cell quality in three-dimensional culture with the collagen gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrina Mohd Nadzir
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Hata N, Agatahama Y, Kino-Oka M, Taya M. Relations between individual cellular motions and proliferative potentials in successive cultures of human keratinocytes. Cytotechnology 2011; 47:127-31. [PMID: 19003052 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-005-3749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the successive cultures of human keratinocyte cells, cellular motions of extension and rotation were analyzed based on observation of the individual cells, to evaluate the proliferative potential in a whole cell population. In lag phases of the serial cultures, an extension index of individual cells, R(E), was defined as an average spreading rate divided by initial cell area for each cell. The mean value of R(E) was found to relate to prolongation of lag time; namely it decreased with increasing passage number in the successive cultures approaching cellular senescence. During the courses of the cultures, the rotation rate of paired cells was also measured through time-lapse observation. The mean value of rotation rate, [Formula: see text], decreased with an increase in doubling time caused by the progress of cellular age, reaching an almost constant value of [Formula: see text] h(-1) in the cultures with prolonged doubling time of over 59 h. It was concluded that the indices determined from the motions of individual cells, R(E) and [Formula: see text], were correlated with the lag time and doubling time, respectively, which are growth parameters varied with the vitality of the cells approaching cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Hata
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, 560-8531, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Chowdhury SR, Muneyuki Y, Takezawa Y, Kino-oka M, Saito A, Sawa Y, Taya M. Growth and differentiation potentials in confluent state of culture of human skeletal muscle myoblasts. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:310-3. [PMID: 20159584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transitional behaviors of myoblasts toward differentiation were investigated in the cultures at the low and high seeding densities (respectively, X(0)=1.0x10(3) and 2.0x10(5) cells/cm(2)). In the culture at the low seeding density, an increase in confluence degree accompanied a decrease in growth potential (R(p)), being R(p)=0.85 and 0.11 at t=48 and 672 h, respectively. Myoblasts seeded at the high density resulted in the immediate cessation of growth with keeping the low range of R(p)=0.02-0.09 throughout the culture. The reduction of R(p) led to the generation of three subpopulations of cells in proliferative, quiescent and differentiated states. Close cell contacts in the confluent state of high seeding culture induced cell quiescence to a higher extent with suppressing differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiplu Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Synergic stimulation of laminin and epidermal growth factor facilitates the myoblast growth through promoting migration. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:174-7. [PMID: 19619867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic behaviors of human skeletal muscle myoblasts were investigated in the culture on a laminin-coated surface in the presence of 100 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) in medium. The coexistence of laminin and EGF caused the enhancement of myoblast migration, giving an average migration rate of 62.0 microm/h, which was 2.7 times that on a plain surface. This encouraged migration could be a driving force to separate the dividing cells from each other, accompanied by shortened disjunction time of daughter cells to complete cytokinesis. In addition, the synergic effect of laminin and EGF led to the promotion of myoblast growth with keeping a relatively high fraction of proliferative cells during the culture for 150 h, which is considered to arise from the reduced frequency of cell-cell contacts during cytokinesis and thereby suppressing the process towards myotube formation after cell division.
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Saito A, Sawa Y, Taya M. Myogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells by culture on dendrimer-immobilized surface with d-glucose display. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:55-61. [PMID: 20129083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Culture surfaces were designed by immobilizing dendrimer with d-glucose display, that is, 1st-generation (G1) and 3rd-generation (G3) dendrimer surfaces. In the cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), the effect of the prepared culture surfaces was examined in terms of regulating cell morphology and differentiation. The time-lapse observation revealed that the cells on the G3 surface showed more dynamic behaviors of temporal stretching and contracting associated with stimulated migration, as compared with the cells on the G1 and plain surfaces. On the G3 surface, moreover, a frequency of round-shaped cells increased, and spreading of the cells was appreciably suppressed. From the cytoskeletal staining of F-actin, it was found that the immature stress fibers were of significance in the cells on the G3 surface. In addition, the cells on the G3 surface expressed RhoA inactivation and Rac1 activation during the culture, indicating that the G3 surface permits the regulation of RhoA and Rac1 expression associated with altering in cellular morphology and migratory behaviors. It was also found that desmin expression was, in particular, promoted on the G3 surface, thus supporting the consideration that a balance of Rho family GTPases activation induces myogenesis in hMSCs. The current results suggest that the dendrimer surface can be a potential tool for the guided differentiation of hMSCs directing to myocyte-like cells in the absence of an aqueous myogenesis-inducing factor.
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Morinaga Y, Sawada Y, Kawase M, Yagi K, Taya M. Morphological regulation and aggregate formation of rabbit chondrocytes on dendrimer-immobilized surfaces with d-glucose display. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Enrichment of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells on a culture surface with a glucose-displaying dendrimer. Biomaterials 2008; 29:4236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hata N, Jinguji H, Kino-Oka M, Taya M. Cell behavior analysis to evaluate proliferative potentials of human lymphocytes expanded and activated for therapeutic use. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:566-9. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Kawase M, Yagi K, Taya M. Glucose transporter mediation responsible for morphological changes of human epithelial cells on glucose-displayed surfaces. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:319-26. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Matsune H, Sakurai D, Niidome Y, Takenaka S, Kishida M. Relationship between degree of dynamic morphological change and proliferative potential of murine embryonic stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:58-60. [PMID: 18295721 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The degree of dynamic morphological change of murine embryonic stem cells is investigated through direct observation by microscopy. As a result, we find that the degree of dynamic morphological change is proportional to the increase in the ratio of the cellular population in subculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsune
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Mori H, Fujitani T, Kanemura Y, Kino-oka M, Taya M. Observational examination of aggregation and migration during early phase of neurosphere culture of mouse neural stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:231-4. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Kawase M, Yagi K, Taya M. Synergistic Effect of D-Glucose and Epidermal Growth Factor Display on Dynamic Behaviors of Human Epithelial Cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:428-31. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kino-Oka M, Ogawa N, Umegaki R, Taya M. Bioreactor design for successive culture of anchorage-dependent cells operated in an automated manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:535-45. [PMID: 15869432 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel bioreactor system was designed to perform a series of batchwise cultures of anchorage-dependent cells by means of automated operations of medium change and passage for cell transfer. The experimental data on contamination frequency ensured the biological cleanliness in the bioreactor system, which facilitated the operations in a closed environment, as compared with that in flask culture system with manual handlings. In addition, the tools for growth prediction (based on growth kinetics) and real-time growth monitoring by measurement of medium components (based on small-volume analyzing machinery) were installed into the bioreactor system to schedule the operations of medium change and passage and to confirm that culture proceeds as scheduled, respectively. The successive culture of anchorage-dependent cells was conducted with the bioreactor running in an automated way. The automated bioreactor gave a successful culture performance with fair accordance to preset scheduling based on the information in the latest subculture, realizing 79- fold cell expansion for 169 h. In addition, the correlation factor between experimental data and scheduled values through the bioreactor performance was 0.998. It was concluded that the proposed bioreactor with the integration of the prediction and monitoring tools could offer a feasible system for the manufacturing process of cultured tissue products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan
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Kino-oka M, Agatahama Y, Haga Y, Inoie M, Taya M. Long-term subculture of human keratinocytes under an anoxic condition. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:119-22. [PMID: 16233862 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The serial subculturing of human keratinocyte cells under the anoxic and normoxic conditions was examined. The cumulative number of population doublings in the subcultures under the former condition increased 2.1-fold while maintaining an appreciable growth rate of cells, as compared with that under the latter condition. Moreover, the migration ability, which was estimated by the rotation rate of paired cells, was maintained accompanied by fully developed filopodia of F-actin filaments under the anoxic condition, despite of the poor development of stress fibers at the center of the cellular body. The cells passaged under the anoxic condition possessed the sufficient clonogenic potential to form epithelial sheets, supporting the view that the long-term subculture of keratinocytes under the anoxic condition can be applied for cell expansion in the practical production of epithelial sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kino-oka
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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