1
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ω-Transaminase-Mediated Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)Ethylamine. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role played by ω-transaminases (ω-TAs) in the synthesis of chiral amines used as building blocks for drugs and pharmaceuticals is widely recognized. However, chiral bulky amines are challenging to produce. Herein, a ω-TA (TR8) from a marine bacterium was used to synthesize a fluorine chiral amine from a bulky ketone. An analysis of the reaction conditions for process development showed that isopropylamine concentrations above 75 mM had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. Five different organic solvents were investigated as co-solvents for the ketone (the amine acceptor), among which 25–30% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) produced the highest enzyme activity. The reaction reached equilibrium after 18 h at 30% of conversion. An in situ product removal (ISPR) approach using an aqueous organic two-phase system was tested to mitigate product inhibition. However, the enzyme activity initially decreased because the ketone substrate preferentially partitioned into the organic phase, n-hexadecane. Consequently, DMSO was added to the system to increase substrate mass transfer without affecting the ability of the organic phase to prevent inhibition of the enzyme activity by the product. Thus, the enzyme reaction was maintained, and the product amount was increased for a 62 h reaction time. The investigated ω-TA can be used in the bioconversion of bulky ketones to chiral amines for future bioprocess applications.
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2
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Böhmer W, Koenekoop L, Simon T, Mutti FG. Parallel Interconnected Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (PIKAT) with an Immobilized ω-Transaminase in Neat Organic Solvent. Molecules 2020; 25:E2140. [PMID: 32375267 PMCID: PMC7248775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising approximately 40% of the commercially available optically active drugs, α-chiral amines are pivotal for pharmaceutical manufacture. In this context, the enzymatic asymmetric amination of ketones represents a more sustainable alternative than traditional chemical procedures for chiral amine synthesis. Notable advantages are higher atom-economy and selectivity, shorter synthesis routes, milder reaction conditions and the elimination of toxic catalysts. A parallel interconnected kinetic asymmetric transformation (PIKAT) is a cascade in which one or two enzymes use the same cofactor to convert two reagents into more useful products. Herein, we describe a PIKAT catalyzed by an immobilized ω-transaminase (ωTA) in neat toluene, which concurrently combines an asymmetric transamination of a ketone with an anti-parallel kinetic resolution of an amine racemate. The applicability of the PIKAT was tested on a set of prochiral ketones and racemic α-chiral amines in a 1:2 molar ratio, which yielded elevated conversions (up to >99%) and enantiomeric excess (ee, up to >99%) for the desired products. The progress of the conversion and ee was also monitored in a selected case. This is the first report of a PIKAT using an immobilized ωTA in a non-aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesco G. Mutti
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS Biocat, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (L.K.); (T.S.)
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3
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Chen FF, Cosgrove SC, Birmingham WR, Mangas-Sanchez J, Citoler J, Thompson MP, Zheng GW, Xu JH, Turner NJ. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Vicinal Amino Alcohols Using Amine Dehydrogenases. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - William R. Birmingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Joan Citoler
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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4
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Petroll K, Kopp D, Care A, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Tools and strategies for constructing cell-free enzyme pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:91-108. [PMID: 30521853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single enzyme systems or engineered microbial hosts have been used for decades but the notion of assembling multiple enzymes into cell-free synthetic pathways is a relatively new development. The extensive possibilities that stem from this synthetic concept makes it a fast growing and potentially high impact field for biomanufacturing fine and platform chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, the translation of individual single enzymatic reactions into cell-free multi-enzyme pathways is not trivial. In reality, the kinetics of an enzyme pathway can be very inadequate and the production of multiple enzymes can impose a great burden on the economics of the process. We examine here strategies for designing synthetic pathways and draw attention to the requirements of substrates, enzymes and cofactor regeneration systems for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of cell-free biocatalysis. In addition, we comment on methods for the immobilisation of members of a multi-enzyme pathway to enhance the viability of the system. Finally, we focus on the recent development of integrative tools such as in silico pathway modelling and high throughput flux analysis with the aim of reinforcing their indispensable role in the future of cell-free biocatalytic pathways for biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Petroll
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominik Kopp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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5
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Optimisation of enzyme cascades for chiral amino alcohol synthesis in aid of host cell integration using a statistical experimental design approach. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:150-160. [PMID: 30009844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chiral amino alcohols are compounds of pharmaceutical interest as they are building blocks of sphingolipids, antibiotics, and antiviral glycosidase inhibitors. Due to the challenges of chemical synthesis we recently developed two TK-TAm reaction cascades using natural and low cost feedstocks as substrates: a recycling cascade comprising of 2 enzymes and a sequential 3-step enzyme cascade yielding 30% and 1% conversion, respectively. In order to improve the conversion yield and aid the future host strain engineering for whole cell biocatalysis, we used a combination of microscale experiments and statistical experimental design. For this we implemented a full factorial design to optimise pH, temperature and buffer type, followed by the application of Response Surface Methodology for the optimisation of substrates and enzymes concentrations. Using purified enzymes we achieved 60% conversion for the recycling cascade and 3-fold improvement using the sequential pathway. Based on the results, limiting steps and individual requirements for host cell metabolic integration were identified expanding the understanding of the cascades without implementing extensive optimisation modelling. Therefore, the approach described here is well suited for optimising reaction conditions as well as defining the relative enzyme expression levels required for construction of microbial cell factories.
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6
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Gupta P, Mahajan N. Biocatalytic approaches towards the stereoselective synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global need for clean manufacturing technologies and the management of hazardous chemicals and waste present new research challenges to both chemistry and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
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Schrittwieser JH, Velikogne S, Hall M, Kroutil W. Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades for Preparation of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 118:270-348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Velikogne
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Weber N, Gorwa-Grauslund M, Carlquist M. Improvement of whole-cell transamination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae using metabolic engineering and cell pre-adaptation. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:3. [PMID: 28049528 PMCID: PMC5209827 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-cell biocatalysis based on metabolically active baker’s yeast with engineered transamination activity can be used to generate molecules carrying a chiral amine moiety. A prerequisite is though to express efficient ω-transaminases and to reach sufficient intracellular precursor levels. Results Herein, the efficiency of three different ω-transaminases originating from Capsicum chinense, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Ochrobactrum anthropi was compared for whole-cell catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenylethylamine to (R)-1-phenylethylamine. The gene from the most promising candidate, C. violaceum ω-transaminase (CV-TA), was expressed in a strain lacking pyruvate decarboxylase activity, which thereby accumulate the co-substrate pyruvate during glucose assimilation. However, the conversion increased only slightly under the applied reaction conditions. In parallel, the effect of increasing the intracellular pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) level by omission of thiamine during cultivation was investigated. It was found that without thiamine, PLP supplementation was redundant to keep high in vivo transamination activity. Furthermore, higher reaction rates were achieved using a strain containing several copies of CV-TA gene, highlighting the necessity to also increase the intracellular transaminase level. At last, this strain was also investigated for asymmetric whole-cell bioconversion of acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethylamine using l-alanine as amine donor. Although functionality could be demonstrated, the activity was extremely low indicating that the native co-product removal system was unable to drive the reaction towards the amine under the applied reaction conditions. Conclusions Altogether, our results demonstrate that (R)-1-phenylethylamine with >99% ee can be obtained via kinetic resolution at concentrations above 25 mM racemic substrate with glucose as sole co-substrate when combining appropriate genetic and process engineering approaches. Furthermore, the engineered yeast strain with highest transaminase activity was also shown to be operational as whole-cell catalyst for the production of (S)-1-phenylethylamine via asymmetric transamination of acetophenone, albeit with very low conversion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0615-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weber
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Marie Gorwa-Grauslund
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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9
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High-throughput strategies for the discovery and engineering of enzymes for biocatalysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:161-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Börner T, Grey C, Adlercreutz P. Generic HPLC platform for automated enzyme reaction monitoring: Advancing the assay toolbox for transaminases and other PLP-dependent enzymes. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1025-36. [PMID: 27168488 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methods for rapid and direct quantification of enzyme kinetics independent of the substrate stand in high demand for both fundamental research and bioprocess development. This study addresses the need for a generic method by developing an automated, standardizable HPLC platform monitoring reaction progress in near real-time. The method was applied to amine transaminase (ATA) catalyzed reactions intensifying process development for chiral amine synthesis. Autosampler-assisted pipetting facilitates integrated mixing and sampling under controlled temperature. Crude enzyme formulations in high and low substrate concentrations can be employed. Sequential, small (1 µL) sample injections and immediate detection after separation permits fast reaction monitoring with excellent sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility. Due to its modular design, different chromatographic techniques, e.g. reverse phase and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) can be employed. A novel assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes is presented using SEC for direct monitoring of enzyme-bound and free reaction intermediates. Time-resolved changes of the different cofactor states, e.g. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate and the internal aldimine were traced in both half reactions. The combination of the automated HPLC platform with SEC offers a method for substrate-independent screening, which renders a missing piece in the assay and screening toolbox for ATAs and other PLP-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Börner
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Carl Grey
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Biocatalysis is a growing area of synthetic and process chemistry with the ability to deliver not only improved processes for the synthesis of existing compounds, but also new routes to new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Ringborg
- CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - J. M. Woodley
- CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
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12
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Rios-Solis L, Mothia B, Yi S, Zhou Y, Micheletti M, Lye G. High throughput screening of monoamine oxidase (MAO-N-D5) substrate selectivity and rapid kinetic model generation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Tufvesson P, Nordblad M, Krühne U, Schürmann M, Vogel A, Wohlgemuth R, Woodley JM. Economic Considerations for Selecting an Amine Donor in Biocatalytic Transamination. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Nordblad
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Krühne
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Modelling and optimisation of the one-pot, multi-enzymatic synthesis of chiral amino-alcohols based on microscale kinetic parameter determination. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Du CJ, Rios-Solis L, Ward JM, Dalby PA, Lye GJ. Evaluation of CV2025 ω-transaminase for the bioconversion of lignin breakdown products into value-added chemicals: synthesis of vanillylamine from vanillin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.976632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Microscale methods to rapidly evaluate bioprocess options for increasing bioconversion yields: application to the ω-transaminase synthesis of chiral amines. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:931-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Tufvesson P, Lima-Ramos J, Haque NA, Gernaey KV, Woodley JM. Advances in the Process Development of Biocatalytic Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joana Lima-Ramos
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Naweed Al Haque
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Center for Process Engineering
and Technology, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds
Vej 1, Building 101A, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Tufvesson P, Bach C, Woodley JM. A model to assess the feasibility of shifting reaction equilibrium by acetone removal in the transamination of ketones using 2-propylamine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:309-19. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Lyngby 2800, Kgs Denmark
| | - Christian Bach
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Lyngby 2800, Kgs Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Lyngby 2800, Kgs Denmark
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