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Wang S, Tian Y, Bi Y, Meng F, Qiu C, Yu J, Liu L, Zhao Y. Recovery strategies and mechanisms of anammox reaction following inhibition by environmental factors: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118824. [PMID: 38588911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a promising biological method for treating nitrogen-rich, low-carbon wastewater. However, the application of anammox technology in actual engineering is easily limited by environmental factors. Considerable progress has been investigated in recent years in anammox restoration strategies, significantly addressing the challenge of poor reaction performance following inhibition. This review systematically outlines the strategies employed to recover anammox performance following inhibition by conventional environmental factors and emerging pollutants. Additionally, comprehensive summaries of strategies aimed at promoting anammox activity and enhancing nitrogen removal performance provide valuable insights into the current research landscape in this field. The review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of restoration strategies of anammox-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmeng Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Fansheng Meng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunsheng Qiu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjie Yu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingjie Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Guo H, Gao M, Yao Y, Zou X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Liu Y. Enhancing anammox process with granular activated carbon: A study on Microbial Extracellular Secretions (MESs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171980. [PMID: 38537814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC), a porous carbon-based material, provides increased attachment space for functional microorganisms and enhances nitrogen removal by facilitating extracellular electron transfer in the anammox process. This study investigates the effects of GAC on the biosynthesis of microbial extracellular secretions (MESs) and explores the roles of these secretions in anammox activities. Four lab-scale reactors were operated: two downstream UASB reactors (D1 and D2) receiving effluents from the upstream UASB reactors (U1: no-GAC, U2: yes-GAC). Our results indicate that MESs were enhanced with the addition of GAC. The effluent from U2 exhibited a 59.62 % higher amino acid content than that from U1. These secretions contributed to an increase in the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) in the downstream reactors. Specifically, NLR in D1 increased from 130.5 to 142.7 g N/m3/day, and in D2, it escalated from 137.5 to 202.8 g N/m3/day, likely through acting as cross-feeding substrates or vital nutrients. D2 also showed increased anammox bacterial activity, enriched Ca. Brocadia population and hao gene abundance. Furthermore, this study revealed that D2 sludge has significantly higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (48.71 mg/g VSS) and a larger average granule size (1.201 ± 0.119 mm) compared to D1 sludge. Overall, GAC-stimulated MESs may have contributed to the enhanced performance of the anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengbo Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mengjiao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yiduo Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xin Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wendy Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Chen H, Zhang C, Al-Dhabi NA, Wu S, Liu Y, Wu L, Kong Z, Tang W, Chen J, Shi L, Luo G. Insights into the rapid start-up of an inoculated municipal sludge system: A high-height-to-diameter-ratio airlift inner-circulation partition bioreactor based on CFD analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117838. [PMID: 38056609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of municipal sludge as a seed sludge for initiating the autotrophic nitrogen removal (ANR) process presents a challenge due to the negligible abundance of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). Here, a computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate sludge volume fraction and sludge particle velocity. A high-height-to-diameter-ratio airlift inner-circulation partition bioreactor (HHAIPBR) was operated for 175 d to enrich AnAOB from municipal sludge, and the performance of the ANR process was investigated. The start-up period of HHAIPBR inoculated with municipal sludge required approximately 69 d. A high nitrogen removal performance, with a mean total nitrogen removal efficiency of 82.1%, was obtained for 1 month. The simulation results validated the presence of sludge circulation and revealed the distribution characteristics of dissolved oxygen inside the reactor, further supporting the promotion of sludge granulation via the high height-to-diameter ratio. Nitrosomonas (3.31%) of Proteobacteria and Candidatus Brocadia (6.56%) of Planctomycetota were dominant in the HHAIPBR. This study presents a viable approach for the industrial cultivation of anammox sludge and the rapid start-up of the partial nitritation-anammox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Institute of Eco-environment, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Fujian Strait Graphene Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jinjiang, 362200, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Institute of Eco-environment, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sha Wu
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Institute of Eco-environment, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Yangkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Lvzhou Wu
- Fujian Strait Graphene Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jinjiang, 362200, China
| | - Zhe Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Institute of Eco-environment, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Lixiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China; Institute of Eco-environment, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Guina Luo
- Fujian Strait Graphene Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jinjiang, 362200, China
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Wan J, Zhang Z, Li P, Ma Y, Li H, Guo Q, Wang Y, Dagot C. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal through an integrated partial-denitrification/anammox process in a single UAFB system. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141040. [PMID: 38145846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining enhanced nitrogen removal and phosphate recovery in mainstream sewage, we examined an integrated partial-denitrification/anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PD/A) process over a period of 189 days to accomplish this goal. An up-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactor (UAFB) used in the integrated PD/A process was started up with anammox sludge inoculated and the influent composition controlled. Results showed that the system achieved a phosphorus removal efficiency of 82% when the influent concentration reached 12.0 mg/L. Batch tests demonstrated that stable and efficient removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus was achieved at a COD/NO3--N ratio of 3.5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that hydroxyapatite was the main crystal in the biofilm. Furthermore, substrate variation along the axial length of UAFB indicated that partial denitrification and anammox primarily took place near the reactor's bottom. According to a microbiological examination, 0.4% of the PD/A process's microorganisms were anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). Ca. Brocadia, Ca. Kuenenia, and Ca. Jettenia served as the principal AnAOB generals in the system. Thauera, Candidatus Accumulibacter, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter, which together accounted for 27% of the denitrifying and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria, were helpful in advanced nutrient removal. Therefore, the combined PD/A process can be a different option in the future for sewage treatment to achieve contemporaneous nutrient removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yifei Ma
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Haisong Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Qiong Guo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Christophe Dagot
- GRESE EA 4330, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, F-87060, Limoges, Cedex, France; INSERM, U1092, Limoges, France
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Takeda PY, Paula CT, Giglio GL, Borges ADV, Pereira TDS, Damianovic MHRZ. Efficient reactivation of anammox sludge after prolonged storage using a combination of batch and continuous reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2408-2418. [PMID: 38066278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, enriched sludge is required for the rapid start-up of anammox-based reactors. However, it is still unclear if long-term stored anammox sludge (SAS) is an effective source of inoculum to accelerate reactor start-up. This study explored the reactivation of long-term SAS and developed an efficient protocol to reduce the start-up period of an anammox reactor. Although stored for 13 months, a low level of the specific anammox activity of 28 mg N/g VSS/d was still detected. Experimental Phase 1 involved the direct application of SAS to an upflow sludge bed reactor (USB) operated for 90 d under varying conditions of hydraulic retention time and nitrogen concentrations. In Phase 2, batch runs were executed prior to the continuous operation of the USB reactor. The biomass reactivation in the continuous flow reactor was unsuccessful. However, the SAS was effectively reactivated through a combination of batch runs and continuous flow feed. Within 75 days, the anammox process achieved a stable rate of nitrogen removal of 1.3 g N/L/day and a high nitrogen removal efficiency of 84.1 ± 0.2%. Anammox bacteria (Ca. Brocadia) abundance was 37.8% after reactivation. These overall results indicate that SAS is a feasible seed sludge for faster start-up of high-rate mainstream anammox reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yumi Takeda
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Tavares Paula
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lelis Giglio
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - André do Vale Borges
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Tiago Duarte Santos Pereira
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG) - Instituto Tecnológico de Agropecuária de Pitangui (ITAP), Pitangui, MG = Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Agency - Pitangui Institute of Agricultural Technology, Rodovia BR - MG 352 Km 35 Zona Rural, Pitangui, Minas Gerais, 35650-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
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Liu X, Xin X, Yang W, Zhang X. Effect mechanism of micron-scale zero-valent iron enhanced pyrite-driven denitrification biofilter for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1847-1860. [PMID: 37955735 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effect mechanism of micron-scale zero-valent iron (mZVI) to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a pyrite (FeS2)-driven denitrification biofilter (DNBF) for the secondary effluent treatment. Two similar DNBFs (DNBF-A with FeS2 as fillers and DNBF-B with the mixture mZVI and FeS2 as carrier) were developed. The results showed that NO3--N, total nitrogen (TN) and PO43--P removal efficiencies were up to 91.64%, 67.44% and 80.26% in DNBF-B, which were obviously higher than those of DNBF-A (with NO3--N, TN and PO43--P removal efficiencies of 38.39%, 44.89% and 53.02%, respectively). Kinetic analysis of both PO43--P and NO3--N showed an increase in the rate constant (K) for DNBF-B compared to DNBF-A. The addition of mZVI not only improved the electron transport system activity (ETSA), but also achieved system Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycle in DNBF-B. In addition, the high-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that the addition of mZVI could obviously stimulate the enrichment of functional bacteria, such as Thiobacillus (11.99%), Mesotoga (7.50%), JGI-0000079D21 (6.37%), norank_f__Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 (6.19%), Aquimonas (5.93%) and Arenimonas (3.97%). These genus played the important role in nitrogen and phosphorus removal in DNBF-B. Addition mZVI in the FeS2-driven denitrification biofilter is highly promising for TN and TP removal during secondary effluent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xin Xin
- School of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- School of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
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Dong Z, Yu M, Cai Y, Ma Y, Chen Y, Hu B. Directed regulation of anammox communities based on exogenous siderophores for highly efficient nitrogen removal. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120394. [PMID: 37494745 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
It is expected that the quicker domestication of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) communities and the enhancement of their nitrogen transformation capability can be achieved through targeted regulation of anammox communities. Iron cast a vital role in the growth and metabolism of anammox bacteria. Specific siderophores offer promising prospects for the targeted regulation of anammox communities by facilitating the efficient utilization of iron. Two siderophores-enterobactin and putrebactin-exclusively for Ca. Brocadia and Ca. Kuenenia were developed to specifically regulate anammox communities towards different directions, respectively. Anammox communities in the reactors evoluted targetedly towards Ca. Brocadia-dominated communities and Ca. Kuenenia-dominated communities, respectively, leading to a maximum increase in community nitrogen removal capacity by 84.64±0.55% and 210.26±0.57%, respectively, under different nitrogen concentrations. It was indicated that siderophores could regulate anammox communities by redistributing iron resources in a targeted manner based on the analyses of transcriptome and proteome. This study provides novel insights into the rational selection and utilization of exogenous siderophores as an effective implement to manipulate anammox communities and create communities with high nitrogen removal ability fleetly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Dong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengwen Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufei Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingluo Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Li D, Dong Y, Li S, Jiang P, Zhang J. Biological carbon promotes the recovery of anammox granular sludge after starvation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129305. [PMID: 37311527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article adopts the strategy of adding biochar and increasing HRT to accelerate the performance and particle morphology recovery of anaerobic ammonia oxidation granular sludge stored at room temperature for 68 days. The results showed that biochar accelerated the death of heterotrophic bacteria, shortened the cell lysis and lag period of the recovery process by 4 days, and it only took 28 days for the nitrogen removal performance of the reactor to recover to the original level, and 56 days for re-granulation. Biochar promoted the secretion of EPS (56.96 mg gVSS-1), and the sludge volume and nitrogen removal performance of the bioreactor remain stable. Biochar also accelerated the growth of Anammox bacteria. The abundance of Anammox bacteria in the biochar reactor reached 38.76% on the 28th day. The high abundance of functional bacteria and the optimized community structure of biochar made system (Candidatus_Kuenenia: 38.30%) more risk-resistant than control reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Yiwen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100123, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wang P, Lu B, Chai X. Rapid start-up and long-term stable operation of the anammox reactor based on biofilm process: Status, challenges, and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139166. [PMID: 37295685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anammox-biofilm processes have great potential for wastewater nitrogen removal, as it overcomes the slow growth and easy loss of AnAOB (anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria). Biofilm carrier is the core part of the Anammox-biofilm reactor and plays a key role in the start-up and long-term operation of the process. Therefore, the research on the biofilm carrier of Anammox-based process was summarized and discussed in terms of configurations and types. In the Anammox-biofilm process, fixed bed biofilm reactor is a relatively mature biofilm carrier configuration and has advantages in terms of nitrogen removal and long-term operational stability, while moving bed biofilm reactor has advantages in terms of start-up time. Although the long-term operational stability of fluidized bed biofilm reactor is good, its nitrogen removal performance needs to be improved. Among the different biofilm carrier categories, the inorganic biofilm carrier has an advantage in start-up time, due to the enhancement of the growth and metabolic of AnAOB by inorganic materials (such as carbon and iron). Anammox-based reactors using organic biofilm carriers, especially suspension carriers, are well-established and more stable in long-term operation. Composite biofilm carriers combine the advantages of several materials, but their complex preparation procedures lead to high costs. In addition, possible research directions for accelerating the start-up and keeping the long-term stable operation of Anammox reactor by biofilm process were highlighted. It is hoped to provide a possible pathway for the rapid start-up of Anammox-based process, and references for the optimization and promotion of process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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10
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Gao M, Dang H, Zou X, Yu N, Guo H, Yao Y, Liu Y. Deciphering the role of granular activated carbon (GAC) in anammox: Effects on microbial succession and communication. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119753. [PMID: 36841162 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) offered an energy-efficient option for nitrogen removal from wastewater. Granular activated carbon (GAC) addition has been reported that improved biomass immobilization, but the role of GAC in anammox reactors has not been sufficiently revealed. In this study, it was observed that GAC addition in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor led to the significantly shortened anammox enrichment time (shortened by 45 days) than the reactor without GAC addition. The nitrogen removal rate was 0.83 kg N/m3/day versus 0.76 kg N/m3/day in GAC and non-GAC reactors, respectively after 255 days' operation. Acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing signal molecule C8-HSL had comparable concentrations in both anammox reactors, whereas the signal molecule C12-HSL was more pervasive in the reactor containing GAC than the reactor without GAC. Microbial analysis revealed distinct anammox development in both reactors, with Candidatus Brocadia predominant in the reactor that did not contain GAC, and Candidatus Kuenenia predominant in the reactor that contained GAC. Denitrification bacteria likely supported anammox metabolism in both reactors. The analyses of microbial functions suggested that AHL-dependent quorum sensing was enhanced with the addition of GAC, and that GAC possibly augmented the extracellular electron transfer (EET)-dependent anammox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongyu Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xin Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Najiaowa Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hengbo Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yiduo Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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11
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Zhao ZC, Fan SQ, Lu Y, Dang CC, Wang X, Liu BF, Xing DF, Ma J, Ren NQ, Wang Q, Xie GJ. Reactivated biofilm coupling n-DAMO with anammox achieved high-rate nitrogen removal in membrane aerated moving bed biofilm reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115184. [PMID: 36586714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a promising technology, the combination of nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) with Anammox offers a solution to achieve effective and sustainable wastewater treatment. However, this sustainable process faces challenges to accumulate sufficient biomass for reaching practical nitrogen removal performance. This study developed an innovative membrane aerated moving bed biofilm reactor (MAMBBR), which supported sufficient methane supply and excellent biofilm attachment, for cultivating biofilms coupling n-DAMO with Anammox. Biofilms were developed rapidly on the polyurethane foam with the supply of ammonium and nitrate, achieving the bioreactor performance of 275 g N m-3 d-1 within 102 days. After the preservation at -20 °C for 8 months, the biofilm was successfully reactivated and achieved 315 g N m-3 d-1 after 188 days. After reactivation, MAMBBR was applied to treat synthetic sidestream wastewater. Up to 99.9% of total nitrogen was removed with the bioreactor performance of 4.0 kg N m-3 d-1. Microbial community analysis and mass balance calculation demonstrated that n-DAMO microorganisms and Anammox bacteria collectively contributed to nitrogen removal in MAMBBR. The MAMBBR developed in this study provides an ideal system of integrating n-DAMO with Anammox for sustainable wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- The Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng-Cheng Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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12
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Wang Z, Su J, Li Y, Zhang R, Yang W, Wang Y. Microbially induced calcium precipitation coupled with medical stone-coated sponges: A targeted strategy for enhanced nitrate and fluoride removal from groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120855. [PMID: 36513175 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of nitrate and fluoride in groundwater is of high concern due to its potential environmental impacts and health risks. Medical stone-coated sponges, as a microbial activity promoter and slow-release calcium source, were introduced into an immobilized bioreactor for enhanced removal of nitrate and fluoride. Under the hydraulic retention time of 3 h, nitrate, fluoride, and calcium contents of 16.5, 3.0, and 100 mg L-1, the average removal efficiencies of nitrate, fluoride, and calcium reached 99.49%, 74.26%, and 70.43%, respectively. Co-precipitation and chemisorption were the mechanisms for fluoride and calcium removal. Medical stone load improved the competitiveness of dominant bacteria and electron transport activity, accelerated the denitrification process, and stimulated biofilm formation. High fluoride level (5.0 mg L-1) inhibited the nitrate removal and aromatic protein production. The fluoride content changes altered the carbon source preference of the microbial community, which preferred to use amino acids and carbohydrates under a higher fluoride content. The introduction of medical stones significantly accelerated the fluoride and nitrate removal, providing a new insight for the application of microbially induced calcium precipitation technique in the remediation of low-calcium groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yifei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Wenshuo Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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13
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Chen Z, Wang X, Zhou S, Fan J, Chen Y. Large-scale (500 kg N/day) two-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process for liquid-ammonia mercerization wastewater treatment: Rapid start-up and long-term operational performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116404. [PMID: 36375427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen pollution control of liquid-ammonia mercerization wastewater (LMWW) is one of the typical obstacle restricting the sustainability of textile industry. In this study, a 500 kg N/day two-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process containing PN reactor filled with zeolite and biofilm anammox reactors was successfully started up in 45 days and operated stably with high shock resistance over one year for LMWW treatment. The large-scale process achieved an average ammonium removal efficiency (94.3 ± 2.3%), total nitrogen removal efficiency (89.4 ± 2.7%) and nitrogen removal rate (1.003 ± 0.386 kg N/m3/day) during one year engineering operation. Simultaneous denitrification was revealed by the contribution of 5.2% total nitrogen removed. High-throughput sequencing results showed that Nitrosomonas was the most dominant genus in PN reactor, and Ca. Anammoxoglobus and Ca. Kuenenia were the functional bacteria for nitrogen removal in anammox reactors. Compared to traditional nitrification-denitrification process, the large-scale process reduced a total operational cost of 46.03 CNY/kg N for LMWW. This study revealed the proposed process was quite reliable with fast start-up and high impact resistance to overcome the obstacle of nitrogen pollution control for LMWW economically and conducive to the sustainable development for textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, China.
| | | | - Junhao Fan
- Hua an Biotech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, China
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14
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Yang JH, Huang DQ, Geng YC, Ling YR, Fan NS, Jin RC. Role of quorum sensing-based regulation in development of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128228. [PMID: 36332868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shortage of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) sludge greatly limits the extensive full-scale application of anammox-based processes. Although numerous start-up strategies have been proposed, the interaction among microbial consortia and corresponding mechanism during the process development remain unknown. In this study, three reactors were established based on different seed sludges. After 27 days, the anammox process inoculated with anammox granules and activated sludge (1:5) was firstly achieved, and the highest nitrogen removal rate was 1.17 kg N m-3 d-1. Correspondingly, the anammox activity and abundances of related functional genes increased. Notably, the dominant anammox bacteria shifted from Candidatus Kuenenia to Candidatus Brocadia. Metagenomic analysis indicated that quorum sensing-based regulation mainly contributed to the proliferation and accumulation of anammox bacteria. This work provides an insight into the quorum sensing (QS)-regulated microbial interactions in the anammox and activated sludge consortia during the process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dong-Qi Huang
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yin-Ce Geng
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yi-Rong Ling
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Nian-Si Fan
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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15
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Zhang Q, Lin JG, Kong Z, Zhang Y. A critical review of exogenous additives for improving the anammox process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155074. [PMID: 35398420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anammox achieves chemoautotrophic nitrogen removal under anaerobic and anoxic conditions and is a low-carbon wastewater biological nitrogen removal process with broad application potential. However, the physiological limitations of AnAOB often cause problems in engineering applications, such as a long start-up time, unstable operation, easily inhibited reactions, and difficulty in long-term strain preservation. Exogenous additives have been considered an alternative strategy to address these issues by retaining microbes, shortening the doubling time of AnAOB and improving functional enzyme activity. This paper reviews the role of carriers, biochar, intermediates, metal ions, reaction substrates, redox buffers, cryoprotectants and organics in optimizing anammox. The pathways and mechanisms of exogenous additives, which are explored to solve problems, are systematically summarized and analyzed in this article according to operational performance, functional enzyme activity, and microbial abundance to provide helpful information for the engineering application of anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jih-Gaw Lin
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Zhe Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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16
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Choi D, Sim BO, Jung J. Activation of N-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing system improves long-term preservation of anammox microorganisms by vacuum lyophilization. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134743. [PMID: 35489456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The long-term preservation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) microorganisms via vacuum lyophilization process would help commercialize the technique. In this study, vacuum lyophilization was evaluated for the cost-effective long-term preservation of such microorganisms. Skim milk was found to be the most effective cryoprotectant for maintaining the physiological properties (heme c, EPS, and the PN/PS ratio) of anammox microorganisms. Conversely, the vacuum lyophilization technique was shown to cause serious damage to the quorum sensing (QS) system of anammox, so that anammox activity was not adequately recovered afterwards. To overcome this limitation, activation of the AHL-mediated QS system were applied to the vacuum lyophilization process. Endogenous (i.e., fresh anammox sludge of 10%) and exogenous (i.e., C6-HSL of 60 mg/L) QS autoinducers significantly increased anammox activity to 88.2 ± 12.2 and 130.0 ± 12.2 mgTN/gVSS/d, respectively, after 56 d of reactivation. In addition, nitrogen removal potentials were estimated to be 123.5 and 87.5 gTN/m3/d, respectively. The effect of the exogenous QS autoinducer on anammox reactivation was reconfirmed through the comparison experiment. The results of this study will be greatly significant to this field since they improve the feasibility of the once-underestimated vacuum lyophilization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Bo-Ok Sim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea.
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17
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Isaka K, Sugawara D, Yamazaki H, Kimura Y, Osaka T, Tsuneda S. Long-Term Limitation Effects of Se(VI), Zn(II), and Ni(II) on Start-Up of the Anammox Process Using Gel Carrier. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:851617. [PMID: 35309992 PMCID: PMC8931481 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.851617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) bacteria are inhibited by heavy metals at high concentrations but require trace amounts of some heavy-metal elements for growth and activity maintenance. The present study evaluates the long-term limitation effects of Se(VI), Zn(II), and Ni(II) on the start-up period of an anammox reactor. To strictly limit the levels of heavy metals in the reactor, all tests used ultrapure water as the influent synthetic wastewater and all reactors were installed in a clean booth. The anammox biomass was maintained through the gel entrapment technique. In the absence of Se(VI) and Ni(II), the anammox reactor start-up was 18.9 kg-N (m3-carrier d)−1 (nitrogen conversion rate (NCR) per gel carriers), indicating that Se(VI) and Ni(II) are not required or need not be continuously added to maintain the anammox process. Under Zn(II) limitation, the anammox process failed to start-up and the NCR tended to decrease rapidly. After readdition of 0.005 mg L−1 of Zn(II), the NCR did not decline further and instead partially recovered at a very slow rate. The NCR was completely recovered after adding 0.020 mg L−1 of Zn(II). These results reveal that Zn(II) limitation seriously affects the start-up of the anammox process while Se(VI) and Ni(II) are not required or need not be continuously added to the anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Isaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuichi Isaka,
| | - Daichi Sugawara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Water and Environment Business Unit, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Osaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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