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Sheikh E, Liu Q, Burk D, Beavers WN, Fu X, Gartia MR. Mapping lipid species remodeling in high fat diet-fed mice: Unveiling adipose tissue dysfunction with Raman microspectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159557. [PMID: 39128539 PMCID: PMC11380576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism in obesity leads to adipose tissue expansion, a major contributor to metabolic dysfunction and chronic disease. Lipid metabolism and fatty acid changes play vital roles in the progression of obesity. In this proof-of-concept study, Raman techniques combined with histochemical imaging methods were utilized to analyze the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on different types of adipose tissue in mice, using a small sample size (n = 3 per group). After six weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, our findings showed hypertrophy, elevated collagen levels, and increased macrophage presence in the adipose tissues of the HFD group compared to the low-fat diet (LFD) group. Statistical analysis of Raman spectra revealed significantly lower unsaturated lipid levels and higher lipid to protein content in different fat pads (brown adipose tissue (BAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT), and visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT)) with HFD. Raman images of adipose tissues were analyzed using Empty modeling and DCLS methods to spatially profile unsaturated and saturated lipid species in the tissues. It revealed elevated levels of ω-3, ω-6, cholesterol, and triacylglycerols in BAT adipose tissues of HFD compared to LFD tissues. These findings indicated that while cholesterol, ω-6/ω-3 ratio, and triacylglycerol levels have risen in the SWAT and VWAT adipose tissues of the HFD group, the levels of ω-3 and ω-6 have decreased following the HFD. The study showed that Raman spectroscopy provided invaluable information at the molecular level for investigating lipid species remodeling and spatial mapping of adipose tissues during HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Sheikh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Qianglin Liu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David Burk
- Cell Biology and Bioimaging Core, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Xing Fu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Ren Y, Jia F, Li D. Ingredients, structure and reconstitution properties of instant powder foods and the potential for healthy product development: a comprehensive review. Food Funct 2024; 15:37-61. [PMID: 38059502 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04216b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Instant foods are widely presented in powder forms across different food segments, which potentially can be formulated with functional or beneficial compounds to provide health benefits. Many reconstituted instant powder foods form colloidal suspensions with complex structures. However, designing instant powder food could be challenging due to the structural complexity and high flexibility in formulation. This review proposed a new classification method for instant powder foods according to the solubility of ingredients and the structure of the reconstituted products. Instant powder foods containing insoluble ingredients are discussed. It summarised challenges and current advances in powder treatments, reconstitution improvement, and influences on food texture and structure to facilitate product design in related industries. The characteristics and incorporation of the main ingredients and ingredients with health benefits in product development were reviewed. Different products vary significantly in the ratios of macronutrients. The macronutrients have limited solubility in water. After being reconstituted by water, the insoluble components are dispersed and swell to form colloidal dispersions with complex structures and textures. Soluble components, which dissolve in the continuous phase, may facilitate the dispersing process or influence the solution environment. The structure of reconstituted products and destabilising factors are discussed. Both particle and molecular structuring strategies have been developed to improve wettability and prevent the formation of lumps and, therefore, to improve reconstitution properties. Various types of instant food have been developed based on healthy or functional ingredients and exhibit positive effects on the prevention of non-communicable diseases and overall health. Less processed materials and by-products are often chosen to enhance the contents of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds. The enrichment of phenolic compounds, dietary fibres and/or probiotics tend to be simultaneous in plant-based products. The process of the ingredients and the formulation of products must be tailored to design the desired structure and to improve the reconstitution property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- School of Public Health and Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
- Ningbo Yu Fang Tang Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Fuhuai Jia
- Ningbo Yu Fang Tang Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Duo Li
- School of Public Health and Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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Guan A, Hou Y, Yang R, Qin J. Enzyme engineering for functional lipids synthesis: recent advance and perspective. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:1. [PMID: 38647956 PMCID: PMC10992173 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional lipids, primarily derived through the modification of natural lipids by various processes, are widely acknowledged for their potential to impart health benefits. In contrast to chemical methods for lipid modification, enzymatic catalysis offers distinct advantages, including high selectivity, mild operating conditions, and reduced byproduct formation. Nevertheless, enzymes face challenges in industrial applications, such as low activity, stability, and undesired selectivity. To address these challenges, protein engineering techniques have been implemented to enhance enzyme performance in functional lipid synthesis. This article aims to review recent advances in protein engineering, encompassing approaches from directed evolution to rational design, with the goal of improving the properties of lipid-modifying enzymes. Furthermore, the article explores the future prospects and challenges associated with enzyme-catalyzed functional lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Guan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Run Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Otto JR, Pewan SB, Edmunds RC, Mwangi FW, Kinobe RT, Adegboye OA, Malau-Aduli AEO. Differential expressions of FASN, SCD, and FABP4 genes in the ribeye muscle of omega-3 oil-supplemented Tattykeel Australian White lambs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:666. [PMID: 37932697 PMCID: PMC10626737 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of the functional nutritional value of health-beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) is becoming a phenomenon among red meat consumers globally. This study examined the expressions of three lipogenic genes (fatty acid binding protein 4, FABP4, fatty acid synthase, FASN; and stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD) in the ribeye (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum) muscle of Tattykeel Australian White (TAW) lambs fed fortified omega-3 diets and correlations with fatty acids. To answer the research question, "are there differences in the expression of lipogenic genes between control, MSM whole grain and omega-3 supplemented lambs?", we tested the hypothesis that fortification of lamb diets with omega-3 will lead to a down-regulation of lipogenic genes. Seventy-five six-month old TAW lambs were randomly allocated to the (1) omega-3 oil-fortified grain pellets, (2) unfortified grain pellets (control) or (3) unfortified MSM whole grain pellets diet supplements to generate three treatments of 25 lambs each. The feeding trial lasted 47 days. RESULTS From the Kruskal-Wallis test, the results showed a striking disparity in lipogenic gene expression between the three dietary treatments in which the FABP4 gene was significantly up-regulated by 3-folds in the muscles of lambs fed MSM Milling (MSM) whole grain diet compared to the omega-3 and control diets. A negative correlation was observed between FASN gene expression and intramuscular fat (IMF), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The FABP4 gene expression was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). CONCLUSION Taken together, this study's results suggest that FABP4 and FASN genes perform an important role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the ribeye muscle of TAW lambs, and supplementary diet composition is an important factor influencing their expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Roger Otto
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Shedrach Benjamin Pewan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Private Mail Bag 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Felista Waithira Mwangi
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Robert Tumwesigye Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | | | - Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Remonatto D, Santaella N, Lerin LA, Bassan JC, Cerri MO, de Paula AV. Solvent-Free Enzymatic Synthesis of Dietary Triacylglycerols from Cottonseed Oil in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Molecules 2023; 28:5384. [PMID: 37513254 PMCID: PMC10384263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of structured lipids with nutraceutical applications, such as medium-long-medium (MLM) triacylglycerols, via modification of oils and fats represents a challenge for the food industry. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type dietary triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of cottonseed oil and capric acid (C10) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). After chemical characterization of the feedstock and hydrodynamic characterization of the reactor, a 22 central composite rotatable design was used to optimize capric acid incorporation. The independent variables were cycle number (20-70) and cottonseed oil/capric acid molar ratio (1:2-1:4). The temperature was set at 45 °C. The best conditions, namely a 1:4 oil/acid molar ratio and 80 cycles (17.34 h), provided a degree of incorporation of about 40 mol%, as shown by compositional analysis of the modified oil. Lipozyme RM IM showed good operational stability (kd = 2.72 × 10-4 h-1, t1/2 = 2545.78 h), confirming the good reuse capacity of the enzyme in the acidolysis of cottonseed oil with capric acid. It is concluded that an FBR configuration is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Núbia Santaella
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara (UNIFE), Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juliana Cristina Bassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
- State Center for Technological Education Paula Souza, Faculty of Technology of Barretos (FATEC), Barretos 14780-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Otávio Cerri
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
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Wu C, Jiang N, Wang R, Jiang S, Yuan Z, Luo X, Wu J, Shi H, Wu R. Linoleic acid enrichment of cheese by okara flour and Geotrichum candidum overexpressing Δ12 fatty acid desaturase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2960-2969. [PMID: 36534037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mold-ripened cheeses have low levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Geotrichum candidum is an adjunct culture for the development of Geotrichum-ripened cheese but has a low ability to produce high levels of UFAs. Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FADS12) is a pivotal enzyme that converts oleic acid (OA) to linoleic acid (LA) and plays a vital role in UFA biosynthesis. By investigating FADS12 catalytic activity from various species with OA substrates, we found that FADS12 from Mucor circinelloides (McFADS12) had the highest catalytic activity for OA. RESULTS In the current study, a plasmid harboring McFADS12 was constructed and overexpressed in G. candidum. Our results showed that LA production increased to 31.1 ± 1.4% in engineered G. candidum - three times higher than that in wild-type G. candidum. To enhance LA production, an exogenous substrate (OA) was supplemented, and the yield of LA was increased to 154 ± 6 mg L-1 in engineered G. candidum. Engineered G. candidum was used as an adjunct culture for Geotrichum-ripened cheese production. The LA level reached 74.3 ± 5.4 g kg-1 cheese, whereas the level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) decreased by 9.9 ± 0.5%. In addition, the soybean byproduct (okara) was introduced into the engineered G. candidum growth and the level of LA increased to 126 ± 4 g kg-1 cheese and the percentage of UFAs:SFAs increased from 0.8:1 to 1.3:1. CONCLUSION This study offers a suitable technology for converting SFAs to UFAs in Geotrichum-ripened cheeses and provides a novel trend for converting soybean waste into a value-added product. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhong Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Yuan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wu J, Wu C, Rong C, Tian J, Jiang N, Wu R, Yue X, Shi H. Catalytic mechanisms underlying fungal fatty acid desaturases activities. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35658758 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial roles in a variety of human pathologies and disorders. Owing to the limited source of PUFAs in animals and plants, microorganisms, especially fungi, have become a new source of PUFAs. In fungi, fatty acid desaturases (F-FADS) are the main enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into PUFAs. Their catalytic activities and substrate specificities, which are directly dependent on the structure of the FADS proteins, determine their efficiency to convert SFAs to PUFAs. Catalytic mechanisms underlying F-FADS activities can be determined from the findings of the relationship between their structure and function. In this review, the advances made in the past decade in terms of catalytic activities and substrate specificities of the fungal FADS cluster are summarized. The relationship between the key domain(s) and site(s) in F-FADS proteins and their catalytic activity is highlighted, and the FADS cluster is analyzed phylogenetically. In addition, subcellular localization of F-FADS is discussed. Finally, we provide prospective crystal structures of F-FADSs. The findings may provide a reference for the resolution of the crystal structures of F-FADS proteins and facilitate the increase in fungal PUFA production for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunchi Rong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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