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Zhang XO, Zhang Y, Cho CE, Engelke DS, Smolen P, Byrne JH, Do-Monte FH. Enhancing Associative Learning in Rats With a Computationally Designed Training Protocol. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:165-181. [PMID: 38298784 PMCID: PMC10829654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Learning requires the activation of protein kinases with distinct temporal dynamics. In Aplysia, nonassociative learning can be enhanced by a computationally designed learning protocol with intertrial intervals (ITIs) that maximize the interaction between fast-activated PKA (protein kinase A) and slow-activated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). Whether a similar strategy can enhance associative learning in mammals is unknown. Methods We simulated 1000 training protocols with varying ITIs to predict an optimal protocol based on empirical data for PKA and ERK dynamics in rat hippocampus. Adult male rats received the optimal protocol or control protocols in auditory fear conditioning and fear extinction experiments. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate pCREB (phosphorylated cAMP response element binding)\protein levels in brain regions that have been implicated in fear acquisition. Results Rats exposed to the optimal conditioning protocol with irregular ITIs exhibited impaired extinction memory acquisition within the session using a standard footshock intensity, and stronger fear memory retrieval and spontaneous recovery with a weaker footshock intensity, compared with rats that received massed or spaced conditioning protocols with fixed ITIs. Rats exposed to the optimal extinction protocol displayed improved extinction of contextual fear memory and reduced spontaneous recovery compared with rats that received standard extinction protocols. Moreover, the optimal conditioning protocol increased pCREB levels in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, suggesting enhanced induction of long-term potentiation. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that a computational model-driven behavioral intervention can enhance associative learning in mammals and may provide insight into strategies to improve cognition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu O. Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Claire E. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Douglas S. Engelke
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John H. Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fabricio H. Do-Monte
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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2
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Pinizzotto CC, Dreyer KM, Aje OA, Caffrey RM, Madhira K, Kritzer MF. Spontaneous Object Exploration in a Recessive Gene Knockout Model of Parkinson's Disease: Development and Progression of Object Recognition Memory Deficits in Male Pink1-/- Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:951268. [PMID: 36560930 PMCID: PMC9763898 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.951268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments appear at or before motor signs in about one third of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and have a cumulative prevalence of roughly 80% overall. These deficits exact an unrelenting toll on patients' quality and activities of daily life due in part to a lack of available treatments to ameliorate them. This study used three well-validated novel object recognition-based paradigms to explore the suitability of rats with knockout of the PTEN-induced putative kinase1 gene (Pink1) for investigating factors that induce cognitive decline in PD and for testing new ways to mitigate them. Longitudinal testing of rats from 3-9 months of age revealed significant impairments in male Pink1-/- rats compared to wild type controls in Novel Object Recognition, Novel Object Location and Object-in-Place tasks. Task-specific differences in the progression of object discrimination/memory deficits across age were also seen. Finally, testing using an elevated plus maze, a tapered balance beam and a grip strength gauge showed that in all cases recognition memory deficits preceded potentially confounding impacts of gene knockout on affect or motor function. Taken together, these findings suggest that knockout of the Pink1 gene negatively impacts the brain circuits and/or neurochemical systems that support performance in object recognition tasks. Further investigations using Pink1-/- rats and object recognition memory tasks should provide new insights into the neural underpinnings of the visual recognition memory and visuospatial information processing deficits that are often seen in PD patients and accelerate the pace of discovery of better ways to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Pinizzotto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Katherine M. Dreyer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- InSTAR Program, Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, NY, United States
| | - Oluwagbohunmi A. Aje
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ryan M. Caffrey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Master’s Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Keertana Madhira
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Hauppauge High School Science Research Program, Hauppauge High School, Hauppauge, NY, United States
| | - Mary F. Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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3
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Dimanico MM, Klaassen AL, Wang J, Kaeser M, Harvey M, Rasch B, Rainer G. Aspects of tree shrew consolidated sleep structure resemble human sleep. Commun Biol 2021; 4:722. [PMID: 34117351 PMCID: PMC8196209 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human sleep requires appropriate animal models. Sleep has been extensively studied in rodents, although rodent sleep differs substantially from human sleep. Here we investigate sleep in tree shrews, small diurnal mammals phylogenetically close to primates, and compare it to sleep in rats and humans using electrophysiological recordings from frontal cortex of each species. Tree shrews exhibited consolidated sleep, with a sleep bout duration parameter, τ, uncharacteristically high for a small mammal, and differing substantially from the sleep of rodents that is often punctuated by wakefulness. Two NREM sleep stages were observed in tree shrews: NREM, characterized by high delta waves and spindles, and an intermediate stage (IS-NREM) occurring on NREM to REM transitions and consisting of intermediate delta waves with concomitant theta-alpha activity. While IS-NREM activity was reliable in tree shrews, we could also detect it in human EEG data, on a subset of transitions. Finally, coupling events between sleep spindles and slow waves clustered near the beginning of the sleep period in tree shrews, paralleling humans, whereas they were more evenly distributed in rats. Our results suggest considerable homology of sleep structure between humans and tree shrews despite the large difference in body mass between these species. Dimanico et al investigated sleep in tree shrews using electrophysiological recordings and compared it to equivalent read-outs in rats and humans. They reported that there was considerable homology of sleep structure between humans and tree shrews despite the difference in body mass between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Dimanico
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Arndt-Lukas Klaassen
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Melanie Kaeser
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Harvey
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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4
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Varnon CA, Adams AT. Habituation of the Light-Startle Response of Orange Head Cockroaches ( Eublaberus posticus): Effects of Acclimation, Stimulus Duration, Presence of Food, and Intertrial Interval. INSECTS 2021; 12:339. [PMID: 33920438 PMCID: PMC8069835 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to establish the orange head cockroach (Eublaberus posticus) as a useful insect subject for research in comparative psychology by investigating habituation of the light-startle response (LSR). While one goal of comparative psychology is to compare the behavior of a diversity of species, many taxa, including cockroaches, are grossly underrepresented. Our work serves to improve this deficit by investigating habituation learning in the orange head cockroach in four experiments. In our first experiment, we found that LSR, and habituation of LSR, occurs to both lights being turned on and lights being turned off. In our second experiment, we found that the duration of a light did not affect response, and that spontaneous recovery of LSR occurs after 24 h intervals. In our third experiment, we found that the presence of food inhibited LSR. In our final experiment, we found that the rate of LSR habituation decreased as intertrial interval increased, in a manner predicted by established principles of habituation. Our work lays a strong foundation for future research on the behavior of orange head cockroaches as well as learning in cockroaches in general. We hope that our findings help establish cockroaches as practical insect subjects for research in comparative psychology and related fields such as behavior analysis and behavioral ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Taylor Adams
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
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Wada S, Fukasawa M, Chiba T, Shishido T, Tozawa A, Ogura SI. The effect of daily calf stroking frequency during the postnatal period on the establishment of the human-calf relationship. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1717-1722. [PMID: 33561326 PMCID: PMC8495345 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroking calves during the postnatal period could effectively improve humancalf relationships. The objective of this study is to examine how daily calf stroking frequency during the postnatal period affects the establishment of human-calf relationships. METHODS Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 6 minutes once daily for 5 days after birth (D1). Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 3 minutes twice daily for 5 days after birth (D2). A further four calves were stared at but not stroked as the control group. The overall stroking or staring duration was the same for all groups, at 6 min/d and 30 min over 5 days. The tests for reactions to the stationary trainer in an unfamiliar environment and avoidance distance measurements for an approaching trainer were conducted at 1 month and 3 months after the treatment. RESULTS Calves in both stroking groups approached significantly closer to the stationary trainer, vocalized less, and looked at the trainer shorter than the control group at 1 month. However, at 3 months, there was no significant difference between the D1 and the control group, whereas the D2 approached significantly closer to the trainer and vocalized less, and looked at the trainer for a shorter time than the control group. For the avoidance distance, the trainer could approach closer to both stroking groups than the control at 1 month, however, there was no difference among groups at 3 months. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the difference in the calf stroking procedure affected the established human-calf relationships, even though the total stroking duration was the same for all stroked calves. It is likely to be more effective to stroke more frequently than intensively when the aim is to establish better human-calf relationships within limited labor time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Wada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.,Akita Prefecure, Akita, Akita, 010-8570, Japan
| | - Michiru Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Takashi Chiba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Akitsu Tozawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi, Tokyo, 120-0045, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ogura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
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6
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When are difficulties desirable for children? First steps toward a developmental and individual differences account of the spacing effect. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Macheda T, Roberts KN, Morganti JM, Braun DJ, Bachstetter AD. Optimization and validation of a modified radial-arm water maze protocol using a murine model of mild closed head traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232862. [PMID: 32810143 PMCID: PMC7433858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments can be a significant problem after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which affects millions worldwide each year. There is a need for establish reproducible cognitive assays in rodents to better understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapeutic interventions towards treating TBI-induced impairments. Our goal was to validate and standardize the radial arm water maze (RAWM) test as an assay to screen for cognitive impairments caused by TBI. RAWM is a visuo-spatial learning test, originally designed for use with rats, and later adapted for mice. The present study investigates whether test procedures, such us the presence of extra-maze cues influences learning and memory performance. C57BL/6 mice were tested in an 8-arm RAWM using a four-day protocol. We demonstrated that two days of training, exposing the mice to extra-maze cues and a visible platform, influenced learning and memory performance. Mice that did not receive training performed poorer compared to mice trained. To further validate our RAWM protocol, we used scopolamine. We, also, demonstrated that a single mild closed head injury (CHI) caused deficits in this task at two weeks post-CHI. Our data supported the use of 7 trials per day and a spaced training protocol as key factor to unmask memory impairment following CHI. Here, we provide a detailed standard operating procedure for RAWM test, which can be applied to a variety of mouse models including neurodegenerative diseases and pathology, as well as when pharmacological approaches are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Macheda
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - David J. Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Bazley K, Wu K, Khan O, Khan A, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor (GMF) Regulates Microglial Expression Phenotypes and the Associated Neurological Deficits in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4438-4450. [PMID: 32737763 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces inflammatory responses through microglial activation and polarization towards a more inflammatory state that contributes to the deleterious secondary brain injury. Glia maturation factor (GMF) is a pro-inflammatory protein that is responsible for neuroinflammation following insult to the brain, such as in TBI. We hypothesized that the absence of GMF in GMF-knockout (GMF-KO) mice would regulate microglial activation state and the M1/M2 phenotypes following TBI. We used the weight drop model of TBI in C57BL/6 mice wild-type (WT) and GMF-KO mice. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and ELISA assays were performed to confirm TBI-induced histopathological and neuroinflammatory changes. Behavioral analysis was done to check motor coordination ability and cognitive function. We demonstrated that the deletion of GMF in GMF-KO mice significantly limited lesion volume, attenuated neuronal loss, inhibited gliosis, and activated microglia adopted predominantly anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Using an ELISA method, we found a gradual decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in GMF-KO mice compared with WT mice, thus, promoting the transition of microglia towards a more predominantly anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. GMF-KO mice showed significant improvement in motor ability, memory, and cognition. Overall, our results demonstrate that GMF deficiency regulates microglial polarization, which ameliorates neuronal injury and behavioral impairments following TBI in mice and concludes that GMF is a regulator of neuroinflammation and an ideal therapeutic target for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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9
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Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Immune Suppression of Glia Maturation Factor Reverses Behavioral Impairment, Attenuates Amyloid Plaque Pathology and Neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:363-375. [PMID: 32504312 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disorder recognized by accumulation of amyloid-plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventually loss of memory. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a neuroinflammatory protein first time isolated and cloned in our laboratory plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, no studies have been reported on whether anti-GMF antibody administration could downregulate neuroinflammation and attenuate amyloid pathology in AD brain. We investigated the potential effect of single dose of (2 mg/kg b.wt/mouse) intravenously (iv) injected with anti-GMF antibodyon cognitive function, neuroprotection, neuroinflammation and Aβ load in the brain of 9-month-old 5XFAD mice. Following 4 weeks of anti-GMF antibody delivery in mice, we found reduced expression of GMF, astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and microglial ionizing calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) as well as improvement inneuroinflammatory response via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) production and amyloid pathology in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of 5XFAD mice. Correspondingly, blockade of GMF function with anti-GMF antibody improved spatial learning, memory, and long-term recognition memory in 5XFAD mice. The present study demonstrates that the immune checkpoint blockade of GMF function with anti-GMF antibody coordinates anti-inflammatory effects to attenuate neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of 5XFAD mouse brain. Further, our data suggest, that pharmacological immune neutralization of GMF is a promising neuroprotective strategy totherapeutically target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD. Graphical Abstract 5XFAD mice Polyclonal anti-GMF antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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10
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The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
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11
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Lauterborn JC, Schultz MN, Le AA, Amani M, Friedman AE, Leach PT, Gall CM, Lynch GS, Crawley JN. Spaced training improves learning in Ts65Dn and Ube3a mouse models of intellectual disabilities. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:166. [PMID: 31182707 PMCID: PMC6557858 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of distributed learning strategies have been extensively described in the human literature, but minimally investigated in intellectual disability syndromes. We tested the hypothesis that training trials spaced apart in time could improve learning in two distinct genetic mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by intellectual impairments. As compared to training with massed trials, spaced training significantly improved learning in both the Ts65Dn trisomy mouse model of Down syndrome and the maternally inherited Ube3a mutant mouse model of Angelman syndrome. Spacing the training trials at 1 h intervals accelerated acquisition of three cognitive tasks by Ts65Dn mice: (1) object location memory, (2) novel object recognition, (3) water maze spatial learning. Further, (4) spaced training improved water maze spatial learning by Ube3a mice. In contrast, (5) cerebellar-mediated rotarod motor learning was not improved by spaced training. Corroborations in three assays, conducted in two model systems, replicated within and across two laboratories, confirm the strength of the findings. Our results indicate strong translational relevance of a behavioral intervention strategy for improving the standard of care in treating the learning difficulties that are characteristic and clinically intractable features of many neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lauterborn
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M N Schultz
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - A A Le
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M Amani
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - A E Friedman
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P T Leach
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C M Gall
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - G S Lynch
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - J N Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Barlow S, Fahey B, Smith KJ, Passecker J, Della-Chiesa A, Hok V, Day JS, Callaghan CK, O’Mara SM. Deficits in temporal order memory induced by interferon-alpha (IFN-α) treatment are rescued by aerobic exercise. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Smolen P, Zhang Y, Byrne JH. The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:77-88. [PMID: 26806627 PMCID: PMC5126970 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For many types of learning, spaced training, which involves repeated long inter-trial intervals, leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training, which involves short or no intervals. Several cognitive theories have been proposed to explain this superiority, but only recently have data begun to delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of spaced training, and we review these theories and data here. Computational models of the implicated signalling cascades have predicted that spaced training with irregular inter-trial intervals can enhance learning. This strategy of using models to predict optimal spaced training protocols, combined with pharmacotherapy, suggests novel ways to rescue impaired synaptic plasticity and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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Pandey K, Sharma KP, Sharma SK. Histone deacetylase inhibition facilitates massed pattern-induced synaptic plasticity and memory. Learn Mem 2015; 22:514-8. [PMID: 26373830 PMCID: PMC4579358 DOI: 10.1101/lm.039289.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Massed training is less effective for long-term memory formation than the spaced training. The role of acetylation in synaptic plasticity and memory is now well established. However, the role of this important protein modification in synaptic plasticity induced by massed pattern of stimulation or memory induced by massed training is not well understood. Here we show that increasing the level of acetylation enhances long-term potentiation induced by massed pattern of high frequency stimulation. Furthermore, enhancing acetylation level facilitates long-term memory by massed training. Thus, increasing acetylation level facilitates synaptic plasticity and memory by massed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Pandey
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122051, India
| | | | - Shiv K Sharma
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122051, India
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15
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An associative analysis of object memory. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:1-9. [PMID: 25446743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different aspects of recognition memory in rodents are commonly assessed using variants of the spontaneous object recognition procedure in which animals explore objects that differ in terms of their novelty, recency, or where they have previously been presented. The present article describes three standard variants of this procedure, and outlines a theory of associative learning, SOP which can offer an explanation of performance on all three types of task. The implications of this for theoretical interpretations of recognition memory and the procedures used to explore it are discussed.
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Spaced training rescues memory and ERK1/2 signaling in fragile X syndrome model mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16907-12. [PMID: 25385607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413335111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that short, spaced trains of afferent stimulation produce much greater long-term potentiation (LTP) than that obtained with a single, prolonged stimulation episode. The present studies demonstrate that spaced training regimens, based on these LTP timing rules, facilitate learning in wild-type (WT) mice and can offset learning and synaptic signaling impairments in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) knockout (KO) model of fragile X syndrome. We determined that 5 min of continuous training supports object location memory (OLM) in WT but not Fmr1 KO mice. However, the same amount of training distributed across three short trials, spaced by one hour, produced robust long-term memory in the KOs. At least three training trials were needed to realize the benefit of spacing, and intertrial intervals shorter or longer than 60 min were ineffective. Multiple short training trials also rescued novel object recognition in Fmr1 KOs. The spacing effect was surprisingly potent: just 1 min of OLM training, distributed across three trials, supported robust memory in both genotypes. Spacing also rescued training-induced activation of synaptic ERK1/2 in dorsal hippocampus of Fmr1 KO mice. These results show that a spaced training regimen designed to maximize synaptic potentiation facilitates recognition memory in WT mice and can offset synaptic signaling and memory impairments in a model of congenital intellectual disability.
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Bello-Medina PC, Sánchez-Carrasco L, González-Ornelas NR, Jeffery KJ, Ramírez-Amaya V. Differential effects of spaced vs. massed training in long-term object-identity and object-location recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:102-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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North A, Swant J, Salvatore MF, Gamble-George J, Prins P, Butler B, Mittal MK, Heltsley R, Clark JT, Khoshbouei H. Chronic methamphetamine exposure produces a delayed, long-lasting memory deficit. Synapse 2013; 67:245-57. [PMID: 23280858 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive and neurotoxic psychostimulant. Its use in humans is often associated with neurocognitive impairment. Whether this is due to long-term deficits in short-term memory and/or hippocampal plasticity remains unclear. Recently, we reported that METH increases baseline synaptic transmission and reduces LTP in an ex vivo preparation of the hippocampal CA1 region from young mice. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that a repeated neurotoxic regimen of METH exposure in adolescent mice decreases hippocampal synaptic plasticity and produces a deficit in short-term memory. Contrary to our prediction, there was no change in the hippocampal plasticity or short-term memory when measured after 14 days of METH exposure. However, we found that at 7, 14, and 21 days of drug abstinence, METH-exposed mice exhibited a deficit in spatial memory, which was accompanied by a decrease in hippocampal plasticity. Our results support the interpretation that the deleterious cognitive consequences of neurotoxic levels of METH exposure may manifest and persist after drug abstinence. Therefore, therapeutic strategies should consider short-term as well as long-term consequences of methamphetamine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley North
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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19
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Abstract
The superiority of spaced vs. massed training is a fundamental feature of learning. Here, we describe unanticipated timing rules for the production of long-term potentiation (LTP) in adult rat hippocampal slices that can account for one temporal segment of the spaced trials phenomenon. Successive bouts of naturalistic theta burst stimulation of field CA1 afferents markedly enhanced previously saturated LTP if spaced apart by 1 h or longer, but were without effect when shorter intervals were used. Analyses of F-actin-enriched spines to identify potentiated synapses indicated that the added LTP obtained with delayed theta trains involved recruitment of synapses that were "missed" by the first stimulation bout. Single spine glutamate-uncaging experiments confirmed that less than half of the spines in adult hippocampus are primed to undergo plasticity under baseline conditions, suggesting that intrinsic variability among individual synapses imposes a repetitive presentation requirement for maximizing the percentage of potentiated connections. We propose that a combination of local diffusion from initially modified spines coupled with much later membrane insertion events dictate that the repetitions be widely spaced. Thus, the synaptic mechanisms described here provide a neurobiological explanation for one component of a poorly understood, ubiquitous aspect of learning.
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Sanderson DJ, Bannerman DM. Competitive short-term and long-term memory processes in spatial habituation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROCESSES 2011; 37:189-99. [PMID: 21319917 PMCID: PMC3085505 DOI: 10.1037/a0021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a spatial location leads to habituation of exploration such that, in a novelty preference test, rodents subsequently prefer exploring a novel location to the familiar location. According to Wagner's (1981) theory of memory, short-term and long-term habituation are caused by separate and sometimes opponent processes. In the present study, this dual-process account of memory was tested. Mice received a series of exposure training trials to a location before receiving a novelty preference test. The novelty preference was greater when tested after a short, rather than a long, interval. In contrast, the novelty preference was weaker when exposure training trials were separated by a short, rather than a long interval. Furthermore, it was found that long-term habituation was determined by the independent effects of the amount of exposure training and the number of exposure training trials when factors such as the intertrial interval and the cumulative intertrial interval were controlled. A final experiment demonstrated that a long-term reduction of exploration could be caused by a negative priming effect due to associations formed during exploration. These results provide evidence against a single-process account of habituation and suggest that spatial habituation is determined by both short-term, recency-based memory and long-term, incrementally strengthened memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanderson
- Department of Experimental Psychology,University of Oxford,South Parks Road, Oxford OX13UD, UK.
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