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Haemosporidian infections in wild populations of Podarcis muralis from the Italian Peninsula. Parasitology 2022; 149:1179-1185. [PMID: 35570677 PMCID: PMC10090610 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parasites can significantly influence the ecology, behaviour and physiology of their hosts sometimes with remarkable effects on their survivorship. However, endemic parasites or those not associated with obvious clinical disease have been partly neglected in the past decades comparatively to the most pathogenic ones. Apicomplexa are an important example of blood parasites that have been broadly investigated, although it can be difficult to determine the effects of infections at the population level, especially in widespread species. Such is the case of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). We investigated 61 populations across Italy between 2008 and 2017 and recorded snout–vent length, latitude, date of collection and took blood samples for parasite count. We modelled parasite prevalence and load in a Bayesian framework. Parasites were present in all populations but 1 and in 13 of them all individuals were parasitized. We recorded almost identical responses for probability of infection and parasite load in both sexes, directly proportional to body size and inversely proportional to latitude, with a peak in cooler months. Therefore, haemosporidians can be very common in P. muralis, although their presence can vary significantly. Moreover, such a high prevalence makes it necessary to investigate to what extent haemosporidians affect hosts' survivorship, taking into consideration abiotic and biotic factors such as temperature, hormone levels and immune response.
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2
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Age-related reduction of hemispheric asymmetry by pigeons: A behavioral and FDG-PET imaging investigation of visual discrimination. Learn Behav 2022; 50:125-139. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-021-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Pikalík M, Pipová N, Majláthová V, Connors VA, Majláth I. Lateralization at the individual and population levels of European green lizard in Slovak Karst. Acta Ethol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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The "right" side of sleeping: laterality in resting behaviour of Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea). Anim Cogn 2021; 25:195-203. [PMID: 34370137 PMCID: PMC8904356 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies investigated lateralization in reptiles, little research has been done on chelonians, focusing only on few behaviours such as righting response and escape preference. The aim of this study was to investigate lateralization in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea), focusing on asymmetrical positioning of the limbs and the head during resting behaviour, called sleep-like behaviour, involving both wild tortoises and individuals under human care. Subjects of the study were 67 adult Aldabra tortoises (54 free ranging on Curieuse, 13 under human care in Mahè Botanical Garden). For each tortoise observed during sleep-like behaviour, we recorded the position of the head (on the left, on the right or in line with the body midline) and we collected which forelimb and hindlimb were kept forward. Moreover, the number of subjects in which limbs were in a symmetrical position during the sleep-like behaviour was recorded. Based on our results, the number of tortoises with asymmetrical position of head and limb was higher (head: 63%; forelimbs: 88%; hindlimbs: 70%) than the number of tortoises with symmetrical position of the head and the limb. Regarding the head, throughout the subjects found with the asymmetrical position of the head during sleep-like behaviour, tortoises positioning the head on the right (42%) were more than those sleeping with the head on the left (21%). We found a relationship between the position of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during sleep-like behaviour. We reported no differences between Mahè (under human care) and Curieuse (wild) tortoises. Findings of this preliminary study underlined traces of group-level lateralization in head positioning during the sleep-like behaviour, possibly due to a left-eye/right-hemisphere involvement in anti-predatory responses and threatening stimuli as reported in reptiles and other vertebrates. This study aims at adding data on brain lateralization, often linked to lateralized behaviours, in reptiles, especially in chelonians.
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5
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Gainotti G. The Difficult Integration between Human and Animal Studies on Emotional Lateralization: A Perspective Article. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080975. [PMID: 34439594 PMCID: PMC8395003 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if for many years hemispheric asymmetries have been considered as a uniquely human feature, an increasing number of studies have described hemispheric asymmetries for various behavioral functions in several nonhuman species. An aspect of animal lateralization that has attracted particular attention has concerned the hemispheric asymmetries for emotions, but human and animal studies on this subject have been developed as independent lines of investigation, without attempts for their integration. In this perspective article, after an illustration of factors that have hampered the integration between human and animal studies on emotional lateralization, I will pass to analyze components and stages of the processing of emotions to distinguish those which point to a continuum between humans and many animal species, from those which suggest a similarity only between humans and great apes. The right lateralization of sympathetic functions (involved in brain and bodily activities necessary in emergency situations) seems consistent across many animal species, whereas asymmetries in emotional communication and in structures involved in emotional experience, similar to those observed in humans, have been documented only in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gainotti
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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6
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Anderson HM, Fisher DN, McEwen BL, Yeager J, Pruitt JN, Barnett JB. Episodic correlations in behavioural lateralization differ between a poison frog and its mimic. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Yu G, Guo J, Xie W, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Li J. Footedness predicts escape performance in a passerine bird. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4251-4260. [PMID: 32489594 PMCID: PMC7246196 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral lateralization, which is associated with the functional lateralization of the two brain hemispheres, commonly exists in animals and can provide an individual with benefits such as enhanced cognition and dual tasking. Lateral bias in limb use, as a type of behavioral lateralization, occur in many species, but the reasons for the coexistence of left- and right-biased individuals in a population remain poorly understood. We examined the footedness of male yellow-bellied tits (Pardaliparus venustulus) when they used feet to clamp mealworms against a perch, and tested its association with other fitness-related behavioral traits (i.e., feeding efficiency, exploration tendency, and escape performance). We expected differently footed individuals to have respective advantages in these behaviors and thereby coexist ("respective advantage" hypothesis). We found their footedness repeatable, and there was no population-level bias. While no associations of feeding efficiency and exploration tendency with footedness were detected, the right-footed individuals were found to be harder to catch than the other individuals. Future studies need to investigate the reasons for the right-footed individuals' superior escape performance. Moreover, the escape advantage for being right-footed and the lack of population-level bias in footedness in male yellow-bellied tits suggest that the benefits related to left footedness also remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Yu
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinxin Guo
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenqian Xie
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yichen Wu
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinggang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological EngineeringCollege of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiliang Xu
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianqiang Li
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Fuss T, Nöbel S, Witte K. It's in the eye of the beholder: visual lateralisation in response to the social environment in poeciliids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:759-771. [PMID: 30854659 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The social environment offers fish complex information about the quality, performance, personality and other cues of potential mates and competitors simultaneously. It is likely, therefore, that the environmental information regarding the context of mate choice is perceived and processed differently in species and sexes in respect to lateralisation. The present study comparatively assessed visual lateralisation behaviour in response to different social or sexual stimuli in three closely related poeciliid species (P. latipinna, P. mexicana, P. formosa) in comparison to a more distantly related species (P. reticulata). Individuals were presented with four different social or sexual stimuli that were tested against a control stimulus; (a) a conspecific male, (b) a conspecific female, (c) a heterosexual conspecific pair, (d) three conspecific females (shoal). In order to approach a target stimulus, focal fish had to perform detours to the right or left of a vertically straight-shaped barrier. The three closely related poeciliid species, P. latipinna, P. mexicana, P. formosa, appeared to have a general tendency to turn right (i.e., left-eye preference), whereas the more distantly related P. reticulata males and females showed an overall bias to the left (i.e., right-eye preference) in response to various social-sexual incitements. Moreover, body size seemed to significantly influence especially the males' detour behaviour, with smaller males acting in opposition to their larger conspecifics in response to certain social stimuli. In this case, smaller and larger Poecilia spp. males responded in the same way as smaller and larger males of the other three poeciliid species. Therefore, results possibly point to differences in the degree of general social behaviour between closely and more distantly related species and mating motivation amongst larger and smaller individuals when placed in a novel social environment. Hence, present results possibly suggest a sex-specific functional lateralisation for the analysis of visual information and seem to support the closer ancestral relationships between the Poecilia spp. tested in this study and the more distantly related guppies in terms of their left-right lateralisation. Generally, present results suggest that functional asymmetries in behaviour could be widespread among vertebrates, thus supporting the hypothesis of an early evolution of lateralisation in brain and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Fuss
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sabine Nöbel
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Klaudia Witte
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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9
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Bridgeman JM, Tattersall GJ. Tortoises develop and overcome position biases in a reversal learning task. Anim Cogn 2019; 22:265-275. [PMID: 30707365 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-019-01243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capability of animals to alter their behaviour in response to novel or familiar stimuli, or behavioural flexibility, is strongly associated with their ability to learn in novel environments. Reptiles are capable of learning complex tasks and offer a unique opportunity to study the relationship between visual proficiency and behavioural flexibility. The focus of this study was to investigate the behavioural flexibility of red-footed tortoises and their ability to perform reversal learning. Reversal learning involves learning a particular discrimination task, after which the previously rewarded cue is reversed and then subjects perform the task with new reward contingencies. Red-footed tortoises were required to learn to recognise and approach visual cues within a Y-maze. Once subjects learned the visual discrimination, tortoises were required to successfully learn four reversals. Tortoises required significantly more trials to reach criterion (80% correct) in the first reversal, indicating the difficulty of unlearning the positive stimulus presented during training. Nevertheless, subsequent reversals required a similar number of sessions to the training stage, demonstrating that reversal learning improved up to a point. All subjects tested developed a position bias within the Y-maze that was absent prior to training, but most were able to exhibit reversal learning. Red-footed tortoises primarily adopted a win-stay choice strategy while learning the discrimination without much evidence for a lose-shift choice strategy, which may explain limits to their behavioural flexibility. However, improving performance across reversals while simultaneously overcoming a position bias provides insights into the cognitive abilities of tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Bridgeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Glenn J Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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10
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Frohnwieser A, Pike TW, Murray JC, Wilkinson A. Perception of artificial conspecifics by bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Integr Zool 2018; 14:214-222. [PMID: 29316228 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial animals are increasingly used as conspecific stimuli in animal behavior research. However, researchers often have an incomplete understanding of how the species under study perceives conspecifics, and, hence, which features are needed for a stimulus to be perceived appropriately. To investigate the features that bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) attend to, we measured their lateralized eye use when assessing a successive range of stimuli. These ranged through several stages of realism in artificial conspecifics, to see how features such as color, the presence of eyes, body shape and motion influence behavior. We found differences in lateralized eye use depending on the sex of the observing bearded dragon and the artificial conspecific, as well as the artificial conspecific's behavior. Therefore, this approach can inform the design of robotic animals that elicit biologically-meaningful responses in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W Pike
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - John C Murray
- School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.,Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Batabyal A, Thaker M. Lizards assess complex social signals by lateralizing colour but not motion detection. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.173252. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates lateralize many behaviours including social interactions. Social displays typically comprise multiple components, yet our understanding of how these are processed come from studies that typically examine responses to the dominant component or the complex signal as a whole. Here, we examine laterality in lizard responses to determine whether receivers separate the processing of motion and colour signal components in different brain hemispheres. In Psammophilus dorsalis, males display colours that dynamically change during courtship and aggressive interactions. We tested the visual grasp reflex of both sexes using robotic stimuli that mimicked two signal components: (1) multiple speeds of head-bobbing behaviour and (2) multiple colours. We find no laterality in response to different motion stimuli, indicating that motion similarly attracts attention from both visual fields across sexes. Notably, receivers showed left visual field dominance to colours, especially when males were exposed to “aggression-specific” colours and females to “courtship-specific” colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Batabyal
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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12
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Pellitteri-Rosa D, Gazzola A. Context-dependent behavioural lateralization in the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Testudines, Emydidae). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.186775. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lateralization presents clear advantages in ecological contexts since dominance of one brain side prevents the simultaneous activation of contrasting responses in organisms with laterally located eyes. This is crucial in selecting a safe refuge during a predatory attack and may strongly affect predator–prey interactions. We explored the possible presence of lateralization in the antipredatory behaviour of European pond turtles, considering their escape facing a possible predatory attack. Thirty individuals (17 males, 13 females) were exposed to three different environmental situations of gradual increasing predatory threat: escape underwater from an unsafe shelter, diving into the water from a basking site, righting after being overturned. All turtles were tested 20 times for each of the three experiments (60 trials per individual and 1800 overall trials). We recorded multiple behavioural responses in the general context of predation risk. This was done in order to assess both the existence of lateralization and possible correlations among different behaviours as function of lateralization. The number of significant responses to the left side was always prevalent in each of the three simulated anti-predatory situations, suggesting the existence of a lateralized behaviour in this species. At the individual level, the differences we found in the three experiments could be related to different ecological contexts and consequent risk of predation. Our findings, among the few on Chelonians, support the possible involvement of the right hemisphere activity and, most importantly, reveal how the complexity of a general predatory context can affect the laterality of escape behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa
- Laboratorio di Eco-Etologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzola
- Laboratorio di Eco-Etologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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13
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Sovrano VA, Quaresmini C, Stancher G. Tortoises in front of mirrors: Brain asymmetries and lateralized behaviours in the tortoise (Testudo hermanni). Behav Brain Res 2017. [PMID: 28629961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain lateralization in response to social stimuli is well known for its involvement of the right hemisphere in several vertebrate species, including humans. This study aimed to investigate the laterality of the social behavior during the mirror-images inspection in tortoises (Testudo hermanni). In a rectangular apparatus, in presence or in absence of two mirrors as the longer walls, we assessed: 1) the animal's position and 2) the monocular viewing compared to the longer walls, 3) the paw used to start a movement from a resting position. Here we provide the first evidence of lateralization towards social stimuli in tortoises, a reptile that is likely to lead mostly a solitary life, but also able to show a few basic abilities in social cognition. Results revealed a preference to spend significantly more time in peripheral positions, mainly in the presence of mirrors. Moreover, a consistent left-eye preference to inspect the mirrors was observed, especially when close to them. In contrast, a significant right-eye preference appeared in absence of mirrors, when tortoises occupied the central areas. Findings show a significant preference for right-paw use in starting movements, when mirrors were present. Results are discussed with reference to other evidence of brain asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Ed. 14, I-38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 84, I-38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Caterina Quaresmini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 84, I-38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Gionata Stancher
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Ed. 14, I-38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy; Rovereto Civic Museum Foundation, Largo Santa Caterina 41, 38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy.
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14
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Smith GR, Rettig JE, Iverson JB. Is righting response lateralized in two species of freshwater turtles? BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laterality has been found in a variety of reptiles. In turtles, one important behaviour is the righting response. Here, we studied laterality of righting response of two species of freshwater turtles, the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) and the Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus). We found evidence of individual-level laterality in righting response in C. picta, but not S. odoratus. Neither species showed evidence of population-level laterality in righting response. Our results suggest that there is variation in the extent of laterality of righting response in turtles. Possible explanations for variation in laterality of righting response in turtles include shell shape and use of terrestrial habitats. However, more species of turtles need to be examined to demonstrate any general patterns in laterality of righting response in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R. Smith
- aDepartment of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
| | - Jessica E. Rettig
- aDepartment of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
| | - John B. Iverson
- bDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, USA
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15
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Schnell AK, Hanlon RT, Benkada A, Jozet-Alves C. Lateralization of Eye Use in Cuttlefish: Opposite Direction for Anti-Predatory and Predatory Behaviors. Front Physiol 2016; 7:620. [PMID: 28018245 PMCID: PMC5149545 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates with laterally placed eyes typically exhibit preferential eye use for ecological activities such as scanning for predators or prey. Processing visual information predominately through the left or right visual field has been associated with specialized function of the left and right brain. Lateralized vertebrates often share a general pattern of lateralized brain function at the population level, whereby the left hemisphere controls routine behaviors and the right hemisphere controls emergency responses. Recent studies have shown evidence of preferential eye use in some invertebrates, but whether the visual fields are predominately associated with specific ecological activities remains untested. We used the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, to investigate whether the visual field they use is the same, or different, during anti-predatory, and predatory behavior. To test for lateralization of anti-predatory behavior, individual cuttlefish were placed in a new environment with opaque walls, thereby obliging them to choose which eye to orient away from the opaque wall to scan for potential predators (i.e., vigilant scanning). To test for lateralization of predatory behavior, individual cuttlefish were placed in the apex of an isosceles triangular arena and presented with two shrimp in opposite vertexes, thus requiring the cuttlefish to choose between attacking a prey item to the left or to the right of them. Cuttlefish were significantly more likely to favor the left visual field to scan for potential predators and the right visual field for prey attack. Moreover, individual cuttlefish that were leftward directed for vigilant scanning were predominately rightward directed for prey attack. Lateralized individuals also showed faster decision-making when presented with prey simultaneously. Cuttlefish appear to have opposite directions of lateralization for anti-predatory and predatory behavior, suggesting that there is functional specialization of each optic lobe (i.e., brain structures implicated in visual processing). These results are discussed in relation to the role of lateralized brain function and the evolution of population level lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Program in Sensory Physiology and Behavior, Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) Woods Hole, MA, USA
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16
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Svoke JT. Lateralization of splay posture in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulate). Behav Processes 2016; 135:12-15. [PMID: 27864065 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor laterality is quite often studied in non-human primates, but rarely has been investigated within ungulates. The aim of the study was to use the naturally occurring splay behavior in giraffe as a method to look for the presence of laterality. Four male giraffes housed at Zoo Atlanta were watched for three months, recording their first leg moved to begin the splay posture and the total number of leg movements to achieve a secure stance. All four giraffe significantly moved their left leg first to begin the stance, which suggests at least individual level laterality. However, using the number of leg movements overall, the last leg moved was only significant in one individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Svoke
- Zoo Miami, 1 Zoo Blvd, 12400 SW 152(nd) St., Miami, FL, 33177, USA; Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30315, USA.
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17
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Bibost AL, Brown C. Laterality influences schooling position in rainbowfish, Melanotaenia spp. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80907. [PMID: 24260506 PMCID: PMC3829960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral lateralization is a widespread trait among animals, is often manifested as side biases in behaviour (laterality) and has been suggested to provide fitness benefits. Here we examined the influence of laterality on the organisation of fish schools using rainbowfish (Melanotaenia spp) as model species. The pattern and strength of laterality for each individual was determined by examining eye preferences whilst examining their reflection in a mirror. Schools of four fish of known laterality were then created and the preferred position for each fish within the school was repeatedly observed in a flume. Fish which showed right eye preferences in the mirror test preferentially adopted a position on the left side of the school. Conversely, fish that showed left eye preferences in the mirror test or where non-lateralised preferentially adopted a position slightly to the right side of the school. However, this general pattern varied depending on the species and sex of the school. Our results strongly implicate individual laterality in the geometry of school formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Culum Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Lustig A, Ketter-Katz H, Katzir G. Lateralization of visually guided detour behaviour in the common chameleon, Chamaeleo chameleon, a reptile with highly independent eye movements. Behav Processes 2013; 100:110-5. [PMID: 23994262 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae, reptilia), in common with most ectotherms, show full optic nerve decussation and sparse inter-hemispheric commissures. Chameleons are unique in their capacity for highly independent, large-amplitude eye movements. We address the question: Do common chameleons, Chamaeleo chameleon, during detour, show patterns of lateralization of motion and of eye use that differ from those shown by other ectotherms? To reach a target (prey) in passing an obstacle in a Y-maze, chameleons were required to make a left or a right detour. We analyzed the direction of detours and eye use and found that: (i) individuals differed in their preferred detour direction, (ii) eye use was lateralized at the group level, with significantly longer durations of viewing the target with the right eye, compared with the left eye, (iii) during left side, but not during right side, detours the durations of viewing the target with the right eye were significantly longer than the durations with the left eye. Thus, despite the uniqueness of chameleons' visual system, they display patterns of lateralization of motion and of eye use, typical of other ectotherms. These findings are discussed in relation to hemispheric functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avichai Lustig
- Department of Neurobiology & Ethology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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19
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Lustig A, Ketter-Katz H, Katzir G. Relating lateralization of eye use to body motion in the avoidance behavior of the chameleon (Chamaeleo chameleon). PLoS One 2013; 8:e70761. [PMID: 23967099 PMCID: PMC3743880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateralization is mostly analyzed for single traits, but seldom for two or more traits while performing a given task (e.g. object manipulation). We examined lateralization in eye use and in body motion that co-occur during avoidance behaviour of the common chameleon, Chamaeleo chameleon. A chameleon facing a moving threat smoothly repositions its body on the side of its perch distal to the threat, to minimize its visual exposure. We previously demonstrated that during the response (i) eye use and body motion were, each, lateralized at the tested group level (N = 26), (ii) in body motion, we observed two similar-sized sub-groups, one exhibiting a greater reduction in body exposure to threat approaching from the left and one--to threat approaching from the right (left- and right-biased subgroups), (iii) the left-biased sub-group exhibited weak lateralization of body exposure under binocular threat viewing and none under monocular viewing while the right-biased sub-group exhibited strong lateralization under both monocular and binocular threat viewing. In avoidance, how is eye use related to body motion at the entire group and at the sub-group levels? We demonstrate that (i) in the left-biased sub-group, eye use is not lateralized, (ii) in the right-biased sub-group, eye use is lateralized under binocular, but not monocular viewing of the threat, (iii) the dominance of the right-biased sub-group determines the lateralization of the entire group tested. We conclude that in chameleons, patterns of lateralization of visual function and body motion are inter-related at a subtle level. Presently, the patterns cannot be compared with humans' or related to the unique visual system of chameleons, with highly independent eye movements, complete optic nerve decussation and relatively few inter-hemispheric commissures. We present a model to explain the possible inter-hemispheric differences in dominance in chameleons' visual control of body motion during avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avichai Lustig
- Department of Neurobiology and Ethology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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20
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Leliveld LM, Langbein J, Puppe B. The emergence of emotional lateralization: Evidence in non-human vertebrates and implications for farm animals. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Schneider LA, Delfabbro PH, Burns NR. The influence of cerebral lateralisation on the behaviour of the racing greyhound. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Bonati B, Csermely D, Sovrano VA. Looking at a predator with the left or right eye: asymmetry of response in lizards. Laterality 2012; 18:329-39. [PMID: 22746190 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2012.673623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies carried out with the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) revealed preferential use of the left eye during responses to predatory threat in laboratory settings and in the wild. Here we tested lizards under monocular conditions of vision, using temporary eye-patching. Lizards were facing a (simulated) predatory threat laterally, from the side of the non-patched eye. Results showed that lizards with the left eye uncovered during predatory threat used the left eye to monitor the predator, whereas lizards with the right eye uncovered nonetheless tried to use the covered left eye. Moreover, lizards frequently tried to change the eye exposition, making a body C-bend behaviour. Right-eyed lizards showed more frequent and faster C-bending responses than left-eyed lizards, trying to monitor the predator with the left eye even though it was patched. Results fit with asymmetries in spontaneous eye use observed in laboratory conditions and in the wild in this species, confirming that structures located on the right side of the brain (mainly served by the left eye) predominantly attend to predatory threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bonati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Cognizione e della Formazione, Università di Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
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23
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Visually guided avoidance in the chameleon (Chamaeleo chameleon): response patterns and lateralization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37875. [PMID: 22685546 PMCID: PMC3369868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The common chameleon, Chamaeleo chameleon, is an arboreal lizard with highly independent, large-amplitude eye movements. In response to a moving threat, a chameleon on a perch responds with distinct avoidance movements that are expressed in its continuous positioning on the side of the perch distal to the threat. We analyzed body-exposure patterns during threat avoidance for evidence of lateralization, that is, asymmetry at the functional/behavioral levels. Chameleons were exposed to a threat approaching horizontally from the left or right, as they held onto a vertical pole that was either wider or narrower than the width of their head, providing, respectively, monocular or binocular viewing of the threat. We found two equal-sized sub-groups, each displaying lateralization of motor responses to a given direction of stimulus approach. Such an anti-symmetrical distribution of lateralization in a population may be indicative of situations in which organisms are regularly exposed to crucial stimuli from all spatial directions. This is because a bimodal distribution of responses to threat in a natural population will reduce the spatial advantage of predators.
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24
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Jozet-Alves C, Viblanc VA, Romagny S, Dacher M, Healy SD, Dickel L. Visual lateralization is task and age dependent in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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García-Muñoz E, Gomes V, Carretero MA. Lateralization in refuge selection in Podarcis hispanica at different hierarchical levels. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ocklenburg S, Güntürkün O. Hemispheric asymmetries: the comparative view. Front Psychol 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22303295 PMCID: PMC3266613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemispheric asymmetries play an important role in almost all cognitive functions. For more than a century, they were considered to be uniquely human but now an increasing number of findings in all vertebrate classes make it likely that we inherited our asymmetries from common ancestors. Thus, studying animal models could provide unique insights into the mechanisms of lateralization. We outline three such avenues of research by providing an overview of experiments on left-right differences in the connectivity of sensory systems, the embryonic determinants of brain asymmetries, and the genetics of lateralization. All these lines of studies could provide a wealth of insights into our own asymmetries that should and will be exploited by future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
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Baragli P, Vitale V, Paoletti E, Sighieri C, Reddon AR. Detour behaviour in horses (Equus caballus). J ETHOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-010-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Bonati B, Csermely D. Complementary lateralisation in the exploratory and predatory behaviour of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). Laterality 2010; 16:462-70. [DOI: 10.1080/13576501003762766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Martín J, López P, Bonati B, Csermely D. Lateralization When Monitoring Predators in the Wild: A Left Eye Control in the Common Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis
). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Csermely D, Bonati B, Lopez P, Martin J. Is the Podarcis muralis lizard left-eye lateralised when exploring a new environment? Laterality 2010; 16:240-55. [PMID: 20665335 DOI: 10.1080/13576501003614827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The typical lateral eye position in ectotherms likely facilitated the spread of visual lateralisation--i.e., the different use of the eyes--in those species. The diffusion of this form of lateralisation seems due to the possibility of carrying out more than one task simultaneously, some controlled by one eye and the visual structures it feeds and some by the other. Similar to other species, exploratory and monitoring behaviours seem to be under left "eye system" control. Wild individuals of the Common wall lizard Podarcis muralis were tested individually in captivity to ascertain whether they showed lateralisation when exploring a new environment, using preferentially the left eye. In Experiment 1, the lizards explored a maze. A left-turning bias was found, both at individual and population level, indicating a possible right hemisphere visual control. In Experiment 2, lizards explored a T-maze, preferring to enter the left rather than the right arm though without any particular preference in the head turns. In Experiment 3, the lizards had to exit an opaque box within a terrarium. We found a left-eye preference again for head turn while leaving the box. Our findings support the hypothesis of right hemisphere mediation of exploratory and monitoring behaviours in Podarcis muralis. In addition to previous studies on the same species, our results support the hypothesis of a simultaneous control of anti-predatory and exploratory behaviours (left-eye mediated) and predatory behaviour (right-eye mediated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Csermely
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Sez. Museo di Storia Naturale, Universitá di Parma, Via Farini 90, 43121 Parma, Italy.
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Csermely D, Bonati B, Romani R. Lateralisation in a detour test in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). Laterality 2009; 15:535-47. [PMID: 19739021 DOI: 10.1080/13576500903051619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Detour tests provide a reliable indicator of the presence of visual lateralisation. Previous studies on fishes and birds suggest that preferences in choosing to detour an obstacle to reach a goal are due to asymmetries of eye use. We studied detour behaviour to reach a prey in males of Podarcis muralis in order to ascertain visual laterality for a predatory task. Lizards were found to be lateralised at both individual and population levels, although only a few lizards were found to express lateralisation at the level of the individual. The preferential direction of detouring is the left route around a transparent barrier, indicating a right eye/left hemisphere use to observe the prey and confirming the results of recent work. The eye used to fixate the prey was maintained longer in the same direction the lizards subsequently chose to approach it, confirming that the preference was basically due to visual asymmetry, not to motor asymmetry. To our knowledge this is the first study of detouring conducted on sauria, demonstrating how these lizards are right eye/left hemisphere lateralised for predatory tasks at individual and population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Csermely
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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