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Lin H, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Altered Putamen Activation for Social Comparison-Related Feedback in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study. Neuropsychobiology 2023; 82:359-372. [PMID: 37717563 DOI: 10.1159/000531762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by abnormal processing of performance-related social stimuli. Previous studies have shown altered emotional experiences and activations of different sub-regions of the striatum during processing of social stimuli in patients with SAD. However, whether and to what extent social comparisons affect behavioural and neural responses to feedback stimuli in patients with SAD is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address this issue, emotional ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses were assessed while patients suffering from SAD and healthy controls (HC) were required to perform a choice task and received performance feedback (correct, incorrect, non-informative) that varied in relation to the performance of fictitious other participants (a few, half, or most of others had the same outcome). RESULTS Across all performance feedback conditions, fMRI analyses revealed reduced activations in bilateral putamen when feedback was assumed to be received by only a few compared to half of the other participants in patients with SAD. Nevertheless, analysis of rating data showed a similar modulation of valence and arousal ratings in patients with SAD and HC depending on social comparison-related feedback. CONCLUSIONS This suggests altered neural processing of performance feedback depending on social comparisons in patients with SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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2
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Koban L, Andrews-Hanna JR, Ives L, Wager TD, Arch JJ. Brain mediators of biased social learning of self-perception in social anxiety disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:292. [PMID: 37660045 PMCID: PMC10475036 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by an excessive fear of social evaluation and a persistently negative view of the self. Here we test the hypothesis that negative biases in brain responses and in social learning of self-related information contribute to the negative self-image and low self-esteem characteristic of SAD. Adult participants diagnosed with social anxiety (N = 21) and matched controls (N = 23) rated their performance and received social feedback following a stressful public speaking task. We investigated how positive versus negative social feedback altered self-evaluation and state self-esteem and used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to characterize brain responses to positive versus negative feedback. Compared to controls, participants with SAD updated their self-evaluation and state self-esteem significantly more based on negative compared to positive social feedback. Responses in the frontoparietal network correlated with and mirrored these behavioral effects, with greater responses to positive than negative feedback in non-anxious controls but not in participants with SAD. Responses to social feedback in the anterior insula and other areas mediated the effects of negative versus positive feedback on changes in self-evaluation. In non-anxious participants, frontoparietal brain areas may contribute to a positive social learning bias. In SAD, frontoparietal areas are less recruited overall and less attuned to positive feedback, possibly reflecting differences in attention allocation and cognitive regulation. More negatively biased brain responses and social learning could contribute to maintaining a negative self-image in SAD and other internalizing disorders, thereby offering important new targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Koban
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CNRS, INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France.
| | | | - Lindsay Ives
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joanna J Arch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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3
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Kane L, Simioni O, Ashbaugh AR. A retrospective study of negative and positive post-event processing following stressful and pleasant social interactions. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 80:101795. [PMID: 37247974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Negative post-event processing (PEP) is a key maintenance factor of social anxiety, but little is known about the role positive PEP, particularly in relation to situations that are not perceived as stressful. The objective was to examine negative and positive PEP following stressful and pleasant social interactions. We were also interested in how participants remembered and described the interactions. METHODS Young adults (n = 411) recalled a recent pleasant or stressful social interaction and indicated how much negative and positive PEP they engaged in since the interaction. They also completed questionnaires measuring social anxiety and the memory's phenomenological qualities and wrote a description of the interaction. RESULTS Higher social anxiety was linked with more negative and less positive PEP, regardless of whether the interaction was perceived as stressful or pleasant. Participants reporting more negative PEP used more negative words in describing the interaction and their memory was more negative and emotionally intense. Those reporting more positive PEP used more positive and less negative words in their descriptions. For stressful interactions, positive PEP was related to a more positive memory; for pleasant ones, it was related to increased emotional intensity. LIMITATIONS Limitations included the sample type (restricted age range, non-clinical) and the retrospective, cross-sectional nature of the study. CONCLUSIONS Results provide insight into PEP following stressful and pleasant social interactions. We also found preliminary evidence that positive PEP may be helpful and protective. Future studies may benefit from longitudinal and mixed methods designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Kane
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Olivia Simioni
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andrea R Ashbaugh
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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4
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Gavric D, Cameron D, Waechter S, Moscovitch DA, McCabe RE, Rowa K. Just do something: An experimental investigation of brief interventions for reducing the negative impact of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 98:102744. [PMID: 37478698 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Post-Event Processing (PEP) is prevalent and problematic in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) but is typically not a direct target in evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for SAD. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the impact of several theoretically and empirically derived interventions for PEP in SAD, including concrete thinking, abstract thinking, and distraction in comparison to a control (i.e., do nothing) condition. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that the concrete and distract conditions would be associated with positive benefits, including reductions in PEP and improvements in self-perception, whereas the abstract and control conditions would not. The second aim of the study was to identify baseline variables that predict the trajectory of change in PEP over time. Participants (N=92) with a principal diagnosis of SAD completed a social stress task and were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Participants completed measures at baseline, post-intervention/control, and at 1-week, and 1-month follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, all three active conditions were similarly effective at reducing PEP and improving self-perceptions relative to the control condition. In the absence of an intervention, engagement in PEP remained high up to a month following the social stress task. Higher levels of baseline state anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and use of safety behaviours predicted greater PEP, even in the presence of an intervention. These results highlight the benefits of relatively brief interventions that disrupt the course of PEP for people with SAD. Such interventions can be easily incorporated into CBT protocols for SAD to enhance their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Gavric
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Duncan Cameron
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Stephanie Waechter
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - David A Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health Research and Treatment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Randi E McCabe
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Karen Rowa
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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5
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Kane L, Ashbaugh AR. Ecological momentary assessment of post-event processing in between two speech tasks: Relationships with cognitive and affective factors involved in the maintenance of social anxiety. Behav Res Ther 2022; 159:104208. [PMID: 36252291 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Socially anxious individuals tend to review past distressing social situations, a process called post-event processing. The goal of this 4-day study was to investigate how PEP evolved over time in between two speech tasks in a sample of 101 students using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). In addition, we examined the relationships between post-event processing and other cognitive and affective processes involved in social anxiety, including anticipatory processing, anxiety, performance appraisals, and memory. Results from EMA showed that post-event and anticipatory processing decreased over time. Higher anxiety during the speech and poorer performance appraisals predicted more post-event processing, though post-event processing was unrelated to changes in performance appraisals over time. Post-event processing the day following the first speech was positively associated with anticipatory processing the day before the second speech. Participants who engaged in more post-event processing also remembered the first speech differently (e.g., more negative and emotionally intense). Implications for the cognitive-behavioural treatment of social anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Kane
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5.
| | - Andrea R Ashbaugh
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5.
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6
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Donohue HE, Rapee RM, Modini M, Norton AR, Abbott MJ. Measuring state pre-event and post-event rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder: Psychometric properties of the Socially Anxious Rumination Questionnaire (SARQ). J Anxiety Disord 2021; 82:102452. [PMID: 34271333 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models have consistently recognised pre-event and post-event rumination as maintaining factors in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a state-based measure of pre-event and post-event rumination in SAD: The Socially Anxious Rumination Questionnaire (SARQ), which was formerly known as the Thoughts Questionnaire. In particular, we examined the factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, sensitivity to treatment response, clinical cut-off scores (relative to non-clinical participants), and associated test performance indicators of the SARQ. The sample comprised 505 adults with a principal diagnosis of SAD and 130 non-clinical controls. Pre-event and post-event rumination were assessed in relation to a three-minute impromptu speech. Results indicated single factors for the SARQ: Pre-event and SARQ: Post-event scales, along with excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, sound sensitivity to cognitive-behavioural treatment response, and a clear ability to discriminate between individuals with a principal diagnosis of SAD and non-clinical controls. The findings justify the SARQ's use as a robust and reliable measure of state rumination for individuals with SAD that can be used both before and after encountering a social threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Matthew Modini
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia; Concord Centre for Mental Health, Sydney Local Health District, Australia
| | - Alice R Norton
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Maree J Abbott
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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7
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Virtual Reality as a Reflection Technique for Public Speaking Training. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Video recording is one of the most commonly used techniques for reflection, because video allows people to know what they look like to others and how they could improve their performance, but it is problematic because some people easily fall into negative emotions and worry about their performance, resulting in a low benefit. In this study, the possibility of applying a simple VR-based reflection method was explored. This method uses virtual reality (VR) and a head-mounted display (HMD) to allow presenters to watch their own presentations from the audience’s perspective and uses an avatar, which hides personal appearance, which has low relevance to the quality of presentation, to help reduce self-awareness during reflection. An experimental study was carried out, considering four personal characteristics—gender, personal anxiety, personal confidence and self-bias. The goal of this study is to discuss which populations can benefit more from this system and to assess the impact of the avatar and HMD-based VR. According to the results, the individuals with low self-confidence in their public speaking skills could benefit more on self-evaluation from VR reflection with HMD, while individuals with negative self-bias could reduce more anxiety by using an avatar.
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8
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Lo ESC, Wong AWK, Tse ACY, Ma EPM, Whitehill TL, Masters RSW. Development of a Psychometric Measure of the Propensity to Consciously Control and Monitor Speech Production. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:963-982. [PMID: 32310711 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A speech-specific reinvestment scale (SSRS) is a psychometric measure of the propensity to consciously control and monitor speech production. This study develops and validates an SSRS as well as examines its relationship with speech performance with the moderating effects of trait social anxieties (i.e., social interaction anxiety, public speaking anxiety, and social phobia). Method Scale development involves the following stages: (a) initial item generation based on relevant literature, (b) item evaluation through cognitive interviews with 24 healthy respondents, (c) scale reliability and validity tests using cross-sectional survey data from 498 healthy respondents, and (d) test-retest reliability assessment using longitudinal survey data from 185 healthy respondents. Respondents' speech performance is quantified using speech examination scores. Hierarchical moderated regression analyses are conducted to examine the moderating effects of trait social anxieties. Results The validated SSRS comprises 35 items, which can be categorized into four subdimensions, namely, speech movement self-consciousness, public consciousness of speech content, speech manner, and speech movement. Results show that respondents with low trait social anxieties indicate a generally positive relationship between public consciousness of speech movement and speech performance, whereas respondents with high trait social anxieties exhibit a nonsignificant relationship. Conclusions SSRS offers a reliable and valid method for assessing the predisposition for conscious speech control and monitoring, which plays a role in speech performance and is moderated by an individual's level of trait social anxiety. SSRS is a potential assessment tool for speech-language pathologists to evaluate the impacts of conscious speech control and monitoring on individuals with speech impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Siu-Chung Lo
- Nam Shan Psychology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Andus Wing-Kuen Wong
- Nam Shan Psychology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Choi-Yeung Tse
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Tara L Whitehill
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Rich S W Masters
- Te Huataki Waiora Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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9
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Gorlin EI, Teachman BA. It matters what and why we forget: Comment on Fawcett and Hulbert. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Angélico AP, Bauth MF. Avaliação da Ansiedade de Estudantes de Psicologia em Situações Experimentais de Falar em Público. PSICOLOGIA: CIÊNCIA E PROFISSÃO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-3703003214267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Durante o percurso no ensino superior, os universitários se deparam com diversas atividades acadêmicas de falar em público (como, por exemplo, apresentações de seminários), que podem ser fortes causadores de ansiedade e afetos negativos, implicando prejuízos significativos para o rendimento acadêmico dos alunos e seus respectivos contextos sociais. Objetivou-se comparar grupos com e sem plateia em relação ao grau de ansiedade vivenciada frente a uma situação experimental de falar em público. Participaram 72 estudantes de psicologia, que foram submetidos ao Teste de Simulação de Falar em Público e responderam ao Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais, Escala de Auto-Avaliação ao Falar em Público e Questionário Sociodemográfico e Ocupacional. Verificou-se que o grupo com plateia apresentou uma redução significativa do nível de ansiedade geral, subjetiva e autonômica após o discurso. Além disso, constatou-se que quanto mais elaborado o repertório de habilidades sociais gerais e de falar em público de um universitário e mais positivas as autoavaliações frente a essa tarefa, menor foi o grau de ansiedade experimentado nessa situação. Sugerem-se novas pesquisas com maior número de universitários, provenientes de diferentes cursos universitários, que permitam examinar as associações entre habilidades sociais, autoavaliações ao falar em público e ansiedade social.
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11
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Shirotsuki K, Izawa S, Sugaya N, Kimura K, Ogawa N, Yamada KC, Nagano Y. Imbalance Between Salivary Cortisol and DHEA Responses Is Associated with Social Cost and Self-perception to Social Evaluative Threat in Japanese Healthy Young Adults. Int J Behav Med 2019; 27:316-324. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Glenn JJ, Chow PI, Teachman BA. How badly will I feel if you don't like me?: Social anxiety and predictions of future affect. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 38:245-275. [PMID: 30911203 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated whether high and low socially anxious individuals would show differences in affective forecasting accuracy (i.e., the prediction of emotional states in response to future events) to positive versus negative social evaluation. High (n=94) and low (n=98) socially anxious participants gave a speech and were randomly assigned to receive a positive or negative evaluation. For affective forecasts made proximally (moments before the speech), those low in social anxiety overpredicted their affect to a greater extent to a negative evaluation versus a positive evaluation. In contrast, those high in social anxiety overpredicted their affect to positive and negative evaluations comparably, and failed to adjust their prediction for a future hypothetical negative evaluation - in effect, not learning from their prior forecasting error. Results suggest that affective forecasting biases deserve further study as a maintaining factor for social anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Glenn
- University of Virginia.,Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System.,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 6 MIRECC).,Duke University Medical Center
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13
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Stevens ES, Behar E, Jendrusina AA. Enhancing the Efficacy of Cognitive Bias Modification for Social Anxiety. Behav Ther 2018; 49:995-1007. [PMID: 30316496 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) is a promising treatment modality for social anxiety disorder, but effect sizes are relatively small across investigations (Hallion & Ruscio, 2011). Additionally, the extent to which CBM-I impacts other cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes is unclear. This study investigated whether two empirically supported treatment components for anxiety disorders, imaginal exposure (IE) and relaxation, augment the effects of CBM-I and increase the extent to which the effects of CBM-I generalize to behavioral and affective outcomes. We randomly assigned 111 undergraduate students with social anxiety to undergo IE, relaxation, or neutral thinking prior to CBM-I, then measured their interpretation biases, as well as their speaking time, anxiety, and subjective evaluations of performance during a speech task. Results indicated that individuals who received IE prior to CBM-I evidenced more adaptive interpretation biases and less behavioral avoidance during the speech task than did individuals who engaged in relaxation or neutral thinking. However, they did not report differential anxiety, habituation, or evaluations of their performance on the speech task. These findings suggest that the combination of CBM-I with adjunct components that target behavioral, rather than cognitive, mechanisms can facilitate transfer of the effects of CBM-I to reducing behavioral avoidance.
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14
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Angélico AP, Bauth MF, Andrade AK. Estudo Experimental do Falar em Público Com e Sem Plateia em Universitários. PSICO-USF 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712018230213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se comparar a frequência dos marcadores comportamentais de ansiedade entre grupos com e sem plateia, frente à situação experimental do falar em público. Participaram ao todo 72 universitários, que responderam ao Teste de Simulação de Falar em Público (TSFP), Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS-Del-Prette), Self Statements During Public Speaking Scale (SPSS) e Questionário Sociodemográfico e Ocupacional. Os grupos diferiram significativamente em relação à maioria dos marcadores comportamentais de ansiedade, avaliados por meio do Protocolo de Registro do Falar em Público (PRFP), com médias de frequências superiores para o grupo com plateia. Constatou-se, ainda, que quanto mais elaborado o repertório de habilidades sociais de um universitário, mais positivamente ele avaliará o seu próprio desempenho em situações de falar em público. Sugerem-se novas pesquisas com maior número de universitários, com diferentes níveis de ansiedade social, que permitam examinar as associações entre habilidades sociais, autoavaliações ao falar em público e ansiedade social.
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15
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Sarfan LD, Cody MW, Clerkin EM. The mediating role of state maladaptive emotion regulation in the relation between social anxiety symptoms and self-evaluation bias. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:361-369. [PMID: 29544398 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1452193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although social anxiety symptoms are robustly linked to biased self-evaluations across time, the mechanisms of this relation remain unclear. The present study tested three maladaptive emotion regulation strategies - state post-event processing, state experiential avoidance, and state expressive suppression - as potential mediators of this relation. Undergraduate participants (N = 88; 61.4% Female) rated their social skill in an impromptu conversation task and then returned to the laboratory approximately two days later to evaluate their social skill in the conversation again. Consistent with expectations, state post-event processing and state experiential avoidance mediated the relation between social anxiety symptoms and worsening self-evaluations of social skill (controlling for research assistant evaluations), particularly for positive qualities (e.g. appeared confident, demonstrated social skill). State expressive suppression did not mediate the relation between social anxiety symptoms and changes in self-evaluation bias across time. These findings highlight the role that spontaneous, state experiential avoidance and state post-event processing may play in the relation between social anxiety symptoms and worsening self-evaluation biases of social skill across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel D Sarfan
- a Department of Psychology , Miami University , Oxford , OH , USA
| | - Meghan W Cody
- b Department of Clinical Medical Psychology , Mercer University College of Health Professions , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Elise M Clerkin
- a Department of Psychology , Miami University , Oxford , OH , USA
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Murzyn K, Williams AD. Image reprocessing via wearable cameras: effects on memory recall and rumination after a social-stress task. Mhealth 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 30598987 PMCID: PMC6289085 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video feedback has been used in the context of social anxiety disorder (SAD) to help modify individuals' perceptions about performance during exposure tasks. A novel way to capture both the observer and field perspective is through the use of wearable cameras. Compared to video feedback, which only provides information from the observer perspective and hence addresses concerns regarding the individual's own performance, field/first-person image capture has the advantage that it can direct attention to external information during social situations. We aimed to develop a paradigm to capture both field and observer perspective images generated during a social stress task, to manipulate the mode of memory re-processing, and to evaluate the impact on state anxiety, memory recall, and negative post-event processing. METHOD A total of 46 participants (22 males and 24 females) with a mean age of 24.30 (SD =8.86) performed a 3-minute speech in front of a pre-recorded audience, after which they reviewed images taken during the speech task either from a field or observer perspective, or mentally reviewed the task or were assigned to the control condition. Twenty-four hours after the speech, they completed follow-up measures of memory recall and ruminative post-event processing. RESULTS Participants in the field perspective condition recalled more factual memories of the speech task compared to those in the mental review and control conditions. Observer perspective re-processing (akin to video feedback review) was associated with higher post-event processing at 24-hour follow-up relative to control, but only for the negative Self subscale. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that wearable cameras can facilitate recall of corrective information during exposure-based tasks and could be integrated into behavioural experiments for SAD. Ethical consideration and future direction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Murzyn
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alishia D Williams
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sluis RA, Boschen MJ, Neumann DL, Murphy K. Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Investigation using attentional control theory. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 57:172-179. [PMID: 28601696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) emphasize anticipatory processing as a prominent maintaining factor occurring before social-evaluative events. While anticipatory processing is a maladaptive process, the cognitive mechanisms that underlie ineffective control of attention are still unclear. The present study tested predictions derived from attentional control theory in a sample of undergraduate students high and low on social anxiety symptoms. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to either engage in anticipatory processing prior to a threat of a speech task or a control condition with no social evaluative threat. After completing a series of questionnaires, participants performed pro-saccades and antisaccades in response to peripherally presented facial expressions presented in either single-task or mixed-task blocks. RESULTS Correct antisaccade latencies were longer than correct pro-saccade latencies in-line with attentional control theory. High socially anxious individuals who anticipated did not exhibit impairment on the inhibition and shifting functions compared to high socially anxious individuals who did not anticipate or low socially anxious individuals in either the anticipatory or control condition. Low socially anxious individuals who anticipated exhibited shorter antisaccade latencies and a switch benefit compared to low socially anxious individuals in the control condition. LIMITATIONS The study used an analogue sample; however findings from analogue samples are generally consistent with clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that social threat induced anticipatory processing facilitates executive functioning for low socially anxious individuals when anticipating a social-evaluative situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Sluis
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark J Boschen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - David L Neumann
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Karen Murphy
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Nordahl H, Plummer A, Wells A. Predictors of Biased Self-perception in Individuals with High Social Anxiety: The Effect of Self-consciousness in the Private and Public Self Domains. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1126. [PMID: 28725207 PMCID: PMC5495823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
“Biased self-perception,” the tendency to perceive one’s social performance as more negative than observers do, is characteristic of socially anxious individuals. Self-attention processes are hypothesised to underlie biased self-perception, however, different models emphasise different aspects of self-attention, with attention to the public aspects of the self being prominent. The current study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of two types of dispositional self-attention; public- and private self-consciousness to biased self-perception in a high (n = 48) versus a low (n = 48) social anxiety group undergoing an interaction task. The main finding was that private self-consciousness explained substantial and unique variance in biased negative self-perception in individuals with high social anxiety, while public self-consciousness did not. This relationship was independent of increments in state anxiety. Private self-consciousness appeared to have a specific association with bias related to overestimation of negative social performance rather than underestimation of positive social performance. The implication of this finding is that current treatment models of Social anxiety disorder might include broader aspects of self-focused attention, especially in the context of formulating self-evaluation biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, St. Olav's University HospitalTrondheim, Norway
| | - Alice Plummer
- Renal Services, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Wells
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchester, United Kingdom.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation TrustPrestwich, United Kingdom
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Namaky N, Beltzer ML, Werntz AJ, Lambert AE, Isaacowitz DM, Teachman BA. Moderators of age effects on attention bias toward threat and its association with anxiety. J Affect Disord 2017; 216:46-57. [PMID: 27855961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study used a research domain criteria (RDoC) approach to assess age differences in multiple indicators of attention bias and its ties to anxiety, examining stimulus domain and cognitive control as moderators of older adults' oft-cited positivity effect (bias towards positive and away from negative stimuli, when compared to younger adults). METHOD 38 Younger adults and 38 older adults were administered a battery of cognitive control and trait and state anxiety measures, and completed a dot-probe task to assess attention bias, during which reaction time and fixation duration (using eye-tracking) were recorded for negative and neutral social (a salient threat domain for younger adults) and physical (a salient threat domain for older adults) stimuli. RESULTS Mixed-effects models demonstrated that older adults were faster to react to dot-probe trials when the probe appeared in the place of negative (vs. neutral) physical stimuli, but displayed no difference in reaction time for social stimuli. Also, older (vs. younger) adults with lower levels of cognitive control were less negatively biased in their visual fixation to social stimuli. A negative reaction time attention bias on the dot-probe task predicted greater trait anxiety among participants with low levels of cognitive control, with a more complex pattern predicting state anxiety. CONCLUSION Older adults do attend to social and physical stimuli differently. When stimuli concern a social threat, older adults do not preferentially attend to either neutral or negative stimuli. However, when stimuli concern physical threat, older adults preferentially attend to negative stimuli. Threat biases are associated with anxiety at all ages for those with low cognitive control.
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Gavric D, Moscovitch DA, Rowa K, McCabe RE. Post-event processing in social anxiety disorder: Examining the mediating roles of positive metacognitive beliefs and perceptions of performance. Behav Res Ther 2017; 91:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence shows that people with high social anxiety levels ruminate about distressing social events, which contributes to the maintenance of social anxiety symptoms. The present study aimed to explore the role of shame in maintaining post-event rumination (PER) following a negative social event (an impromptu speech with negative feedback) in a student sample (N = 104). Participants reported negative rumination related to the event one day and one week after the speech. PER measured one day after the speech was not associated with social anxiety symptoms and state anxiety. One week later, participants with clinically relevant social anxiety symptoms experienced greater PER. State shame was the only significant predictor of PER in a regression equation that also included social anxiety symptoms, state anxiety and self-evaluation of performance. Possible explanations and implications are discussed in light of cognitive models of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Mirela Cândea
- a Evidence-Based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School , Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Aurora Szentágotai-Tătar
- b Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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Helbig-Lang S, Poels V, Lincoln TM. Performance perceptions and self-focused attention predict post-event processing after a real-life social performance situation. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2016; 29:708-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1157168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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True and False Memories in Social Anxiety Disorder: Effects of Speech Anticipation and Social Content. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gorlin EI, Teachman BA. Threat Interference Biases Predict Socially Anxious Behavior: The Role of Inhibitory Control and Minute of Stressor. Behav Ther 2015; 46:493-509. [PMID: 26163713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study brings together two typically distinct lines of research. First, social anxiety is inconsistently associated with behavioral deficits in social performance, and the factors accounting for these deficits remain poorly understood. Second, research on selective processing of threat cues, termed cognitive biases, suggests these biases typically predict negative outcomes, but may sometimes be adaptive, depending on the context. Integrating these research areas, the current study examined whether conscious and/or unconscious threat interference biases (indexed by the unmasked and masked emotional Stroop) can explain unique variance, beyond self-reported anxiety measures, in behavioral avoidance and observer-rated anxious behavior during a public speaking task. Minute of speech and general inhibitory control (indexed by the color-word Stroop) were examined as within-subject and between-subject moderators, respectively. Highly socially anxious participants (N=135) completed the emotional and color-word Stroop blocks prior to completing a 4-minute videotaped speech task, which was later coded for anxious behaviors (e.g., speech dysfluency). Mixed-effects regression analyses revealed that general inhibitory control moderated the relationship between both conscious and unconscious threat interference bias and anxious behavior (though not avoidance), such that lower threat interference predicted higher levels of anxious behavior, but only among those with relatively weaker (versus stronger) inhibitory control. Minute of speech further moderated this relationship for unconscious (but not conscious) social-threat interference, such that lower social-threat interference predicted a steeper increase in anxious behaviors over the course of the speech (but only among those with weaker inhibitory control). Thus, both trait and state differences in inhibitory control resources may influence the behavioral impact of threat biases in social anxiety.
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Anticipatory and Post-Event Rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a psychological disorder characterised by an excessive and persistent fear of social or performance situations, which interferes with daily functioning. Cognitive models of SAD (Clark & Wells, 1995; Hofmann, 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) emphasise the importance of negative pre- and post-event rumination as a maintaining factor in the cycle of SAD. While the link between negative rumination and SAD is well supported by empirical research, little is understood about this cognitively important process; thus, research investigating the predictors of negative rumination in SAD is important to consider. Within the current literature, performance appraisal appears to be the most likely unique cognitive predictor of post-event rumination. There is limited research into cognitive predictors of pre-event rumination. Treatments targeting this maintaining factor are important to consider. Suggestions for future research examining the cognitive models of SAD by experimentally manipulating perceived social standards in order to examine the impact of high and low perceived social standard on appraisal processes (i.e., threat appraisal and performance appraisal), state social anxiety, and negative pre-event and post-event rumination, are proposed. Implications for theoretical models and efficacious treatments for SAD are discussed.
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