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Brooks JR, Lebeaut A, Zegel M, Walker RL, Vujanovic AA. Anxiety sensitivity and suicide risk: Mindfulness as a psychological buffer for Black adults. J Affect Disord 2021; 289:74-80. [PMID: 33945917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the fear of anxiety-related sensations, is associated with increased risk for suicide and related behavior. However, investigations of AS have centered on primarily non-Hispanic White men and women and with limited attention to clinically relevant underlying factors. METHODS The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the indirect effect of AS on suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk through mindfulness in a sample of 307 Black adults (79.2% female; Mage = 22.4, SD = 5.6). Participants completed an online questionnaire battery that included measures of AS, mindfulness, suicide ideation, and elevated suicide risk. RESULTS After controlling for age and gender, results indicated that AS was directly and indirectly associated with suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk via lower levels of mindfulness. LIMITATIONS Limitations include using a cross-sectional methodological design and exclusive reliance on self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary insight into novel risk and protective factors that influence suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Antoine Lebeaut
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Maya Zegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Rheeda L Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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2
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Millon EM, Shors TJ. How mental health relates to everyday stress, rumination, trauma and interoception in women living with HIV: A factor analytic study. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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García-Encinas A, Ramírez-Maestre C, Esteve R, López-Martínez AE. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived health after an acute coronary syndrome: the role of experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms. Psychol Health 2020; 35:1497-1515. [PMID: 32404010 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1761974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The identification of psychological markers of the posttraumatic stress reaction after a cardiac event is relevant in the management of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the study to test the contribution of experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms to acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived health (both measured 6 months later), and to determine whether the associations between experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms with perceived health were mediated by the posttraumatic stress symptoms.Design: 180 patients with acute coronary syndrome completed a survey over a 6-month period.Results: Anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms but not experiential avoidance contributed significantly to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Depressive symptoms and posttraumatic symptoms but neither anxiety sensitivity nor experiential avoidance had a significant association on perceived health. Acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic symptoms significantly mediated the association of depressive symptoms with perceived health. That is, increased depressive symptoms was significantly associated with higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms, which in turn predicted lower levels of perceived health.Conclusions: Understanding the psychological factors that are associated with post-acute coronary syndrome posttraumatic stress symptoms may help to identify patients at risk in order to refer them to the appropriate psychological care service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica García-Encinas
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Servicio de salud mental, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí de Sabadell, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Maestre
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Esteve
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia E López-Martínez
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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4
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Paulus DJ, Brandt CP, Lemaire C, Zvolensky MJ. Trajectory of change in anxiety sensitivity in relation to anxiety, depression, and quality of life among persons living with HIV/AIDS following transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cogn Behav Ther 2019; 49:149-163. [PMID: 31264940 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2019.1621929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) disproportionately suffer from anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders. Although past work has examined the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression, and to a lesser extent anxiety, among PLHIV, little is known regarding potential mechanisms underlying improvement in anxiety/depression among this group. Anxiety sensitivity is a well-established risk/maintenance factor for anxiety and depressive disorders and is hypothesized to play an important role in maintaining anxiety among PLHIV. Past work has identified anxiety sensitivity as a mechanism of action underlying changes in various anxiety domains yet it is unknown whether changes in anxiety sensitivity relate to changes in anxiety symptoms among PLHIV undergoing transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety. The current study sought to examine treatment-related changes in anxiety sensitivity and how the trajectory of change relates to anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as overall quality of life. Individuals (n = 35) with HIV/AIDS and elevated anxiety symptoms received CBT for anxiety. Results indicated that reductions in anxiety sensitivity were significantly related to changes in anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Together, these data suggest that changes in anxiety sensitivity are significantly related to changes in anxiety/depression and quality of life among PLHIV seeking treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Health Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Paulus DJ, Langdon KJ, Wetter DW, Zvolensky MJ. Dispositional Mindful Attention in Relation to Negative Affect, Tobacco Withdrawal, and Expired Carbon Monoxide On and After Quit Day. J Addict Med 2019; 12:40-44. [PMID: 28922195 PMCID: PMC5786492 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness (or "Mindful Attention") has been described as the presence or absence of attention to, and awareness of, what is occurring in the present moment. Among smokers, greater mindfulness is associated with greater effect stability and reduced cue-induced craving. While studies have shown that mindfulness is associated with other smoking-related factors such as reduced withdrawal symptoms using cross-sectional data, relatively little is known about the associations between baseline mindful attention and future abstinence-related effect/withdrawal. The current study sought to examine whether levels of mindful attention before cessation predicts negative affect, withdrawal, and level of expired carbon monoxide (CO) on quit day, and also 3 and 7 days after quitting, during a self-quit attempt. METHODS Data from 58 adults (mean age = 34.9; 65.5% male) participating in a self-quit study were available for analysis. Self-report measures of mindful attention, negative affect, and withdrawal symptoms were collected. Biochemical measurement of expired CO was also collected. Dependent variables were assessed on quit day, and also 3 and 7 days after quitting. Covariates included age, race, sex, self-reported level of cigarette dependence, and smoking status through 7 days. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the association of baseline mindful attention in relation to the studied outcomes. RESULTS Greater mindful attention predicted lower negative affect and reduced withdrawal at all 3 time-points. Mindful attention did not predict levels of expired CO. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that mindful attention before or during smoking-cessation treatment may help to reduce negative affect and withdrawal, which serve as barriers to cessation for many smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David W. Wetter
- University of Utah, Department of Population Health Sciences and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City,
UT
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Houston, Texas
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Horenstein A, Potter CM, Heimberg RG. How does anxiety sensitivity increase risk of chronic medical conditions? CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Horenstein
- Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple; Department of Psychology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Carrie M. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry of Cambridge Health Alliance; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Richard G. Heimberg
- Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple; Department of Psychology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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7
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Wong CCY, Paulus DJ, Lemaire C, Leonard A, Sharp C, Neighbors C, Brandt CP, Lu Q, Zvolensky MJ. Examining HIV-Related stigma in relation to pain interference and psychological inflexibility among persons living with HIV/AIDS: The role of anxiety sensitivity. JOURNAL OF HIV/AIDS & SOCIAL SERVICES 2018; 17:1-15. [PMID: 30034300 PMCID: PMC6051718 DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2017.1370680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pain is highly prevalent among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Although the association between stigma and pain among stigmatized individuals has been well-established in the non- HIV chronic pain literature, little is known about the association between stigma and pain among PLHIV and the mechanisms that underlie this association. The present study examined the indirect effect of HIV stigma and pain via anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety symptoms). The sample included 97 PLHIV (60.2% male, Mage = 48.40, SD = 7.75). Results indicated significant and medium-sized indirect effects of HIV stigma on pain severity, pain interference, and psychological inflexibility in pain via anxiety sensitivity. Alternative models did not yield significant indirect effects. The results suggest anxiety sensitivity may explain the association between stigma and pain among PLHIV. These findings provide novel empirical insight into the nature of stigma-pain relation among PLHIV and could be used to guide pain-based intervention development for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia C. Y. Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. Paulus
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amy Leonard
- Legacy Community Healthcare, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Charles P. Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Brandt CP, Bakhshaie J, Jardin C, Lemaire C, Kauffman BY, Sharp C, Zvolensky MJ. The Moderating Effect of Smoking Status on the Relation between Anxiety Sensitivity, Sexual Compulsivity, and Suicidality among People with HIV/AIDS. Int J Behav Med 2017; 24:92-100. [PMID: 27169410 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined the moderating effect of cigarette smoking status on the relation between anxiety sensitivity (fear of the expected negative consequences of anxiety and bodily sensations) and hazardous alcohol consumption, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality. METHOD A series of multiple hierarchical regressions were used to test the proposed hypothesis among a sample of 94 persons living with HIV/AIDS in the USA (64.5 % male, M age = 48.3, SD = 7.5). Fifty-seven percent of the participants (n = 54) reported past-month smoking. RESULTS The results indicated that those who reported smoking and had higher anxiety sensitivity demonstrated the highest rates of hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality. Simple slope analyses indicated that anxiety sensitivity was associated with higher rates of hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality among individuals who reported past-month smoking, but not among individuals who did not smoke. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that smoking status moderates the relation between anxiety sensitivity and hazardous alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, and suicidality among persons living with HIV/AIDS. These data add to a growing literature, suggesting that smoking has a negative impact among persons living with HIV/AIDS, which extends beyond physical health problems to a variety of clinically significant behavioral health sequelae.
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9
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Demonstration of an Integrated Treatment for Smoking Cessation and Anxiety Symptoms in People With HIV: A Clinical Case Study. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Brandt C, Zvolensky MJ, Woods SP, Gonzalez A, Safren SA, O'Cleirigh CM. Anxiety symptoms and disorders among adults living with HIV and AIDS: A critical review and integrative synthesis of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 51:164-184. [PMID: 27939443 PMCID: PMC5195877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are over 35 million people worldwide infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS; WHO, 2014). With the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (i.e., cART) in 1996, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) now have much longer life expectancies. However, living with HIV remains challenging, as it is associated with a number of significant and recurrent (chronic) stressors including physical pain, side effects of cART, social stigma, and discrimination, among other social stressors. Presumably, as a result of these types of stressors, a disproportionately high number of PLWHA struggle with clinically-significant psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Although much scientific and clinical attention has focused on depressed mood and psychopathology among PLWHA, there has been comparably less focus on anxiety and its disorders. The paucity of work in this area is concerning from a public health perspective, as anxiety symptoms and disorders are the most common class of psychiatric disorders and often maintain a large negative impact on life functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204, United States.
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204, United States; Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd. Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Steven P Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204, United States
| | - Adam Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stony Brook University, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Steven A Safren
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, United States
| | - Conall M O'Cleirigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, Suite 701, Boston Ma, 02114, United States
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11
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Mental and physical health outcomes following the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP) in a clinical practice setting. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Brandt CP, Sheppard DP, Zvolensky MJ, Morgan EE, Atkinson JH, Woods SP. Does Age Influence the Frequency of Anxiety Symptoms and Disorders in HIV Disease? JOURNAL OF HIV/AIDS & SOCIAL SERVICES 2016; 15:380-403. [PMID: 28070173 PMCID: PMC5218542 DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2016.1189865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77004, United States
| | - David P Sheppard
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77004, United States
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77004, United States; Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd. Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, 220 Dickinson Street, Suite B, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103, United States
| | - J Hampton Atkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, 220 Dickinson Street, Suite B, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103, United States
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77004, United States; Department of Psychiatry, 220 Dickinson Street, Suite B, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103, United States
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13
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Gonzalez A, Locicero B, Mahaffey B, Fleming C, Harris J, Vujanovic AA. Internalized HIV Stigma and Mindfulness: Associations With PTSD Symptom Severity in Trauma-Exposed Adults With HIV/AIDS. Behav Modif 2015; 40:144-63. [PMID: 26584609 DOI: 10.1177/0145445515615354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rates of both traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 22%-54%) are disproportionately elevated among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Trauma and related psychopathology significantly affect quality of life and disease management in this patient population. The current study examined associations between internalized HIV stigma, mindfulness skills, and the severity of PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed PLHA. Participants included 137 PLHA (14.6% female; Mage = 48.94, SD = 8.89) who reported experiencing on average, five (SD = 2.67) traumatic events; 34% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Results indicate that after controlling for sex, age, education, and number of traumatic events, internalized HIV stigma was positively related to overall PTSD symptom severity (β = .16, p < .05) and severity of re-experiencing (β = .19, p < .05) and hyper-arousal (β = .16, p = .05), but not avoidance, PTSD symptom clusters. Among the mindfulness facets measured, acting with awareness was uniquely negatively related to the overall severity of PTSD symptoms (β = -.25, p < .01) and the severity of re-experiencing (β = -.25, p < .05), avoidance (β = -.25, p < .05), and hyper-arousal (β = -.29, p < .01) PTSD symptom clusters. These effects were observed after accounting for covariates and shared variance with other mindfulness facets. Theoretically, the present findings suggest that internalized HIV stigma may serve as a vulnerability factor for the severity of certain PTSD symptoms, whereas acting with awareness may function as a protective or resiliency factor for the severity of PTSD symptoms. Implications for the treatment of trauma-exposed PLHA are discussed.
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Kraemer KM, McLeish AC, Johnson AL. Associations between mindfulness and panic symptoms among young adults with asthma. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2014; 20:322-31. [PMID: 25041528 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2014.936888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented associations between panic psychopathology and asthma, there has been a dearth of empirical work examining factors that may reduce the negative effects of panic for individuals with asthma. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine the role of mindfulness skills (i.e. observe, describe, acting with awareness, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity) in symptoms of panic psychopathology (i.e. panic symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and body vigilance). Participants were young adults with asthma (n = 56; 30.4% male, Mage = 19.5 years, SD = 2.7) who completed online self-report measures for course credit. After controlling for the effects of asthma control and negative affectivity, greater use of the mindfulness skill of acting with awareness, relative to the other mindfulness skills, significantly predicted fewer panic symptoms and decreased anxiety sensitivity. The skill of observing approached statistical significance in terms of predicting increased body vigilance and anxiety sensitivity. These finding suggest that targeting the skill of acting with awareness may be a novel way to decrease panic symptomatology among individuals with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Kraemer
- a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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15
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Grover KW, Gonzalez A, Zvolensky MJ. HIV symptom distress and smoking outcome expectancies among HIV+ smokers: a pilot test. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2013; 27:17-21. [PMID: 23305258 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2012.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking occurs at high rates among people with HIV/AIDS, but little attention has been paid to understanding the nature of tobacco use among HIV+ smokers, especially the role that HIV symptoms may play in cognitive smoking processes. Accordingly, the present investigation examined the relation between HIV symptom distress (i.e., the degree to which HIV symptoms are bothersome) and smoking outcome expectancies. Fifty-seven HIV+ adult smokers (82.50% male; M(age)=47.18; 45.6% White, 28.1% Black, 17.5% Hispanic) were recruited from AIDS service organizations and hospital-based clinics. On average, participants reported knowing their HIV+ status for 16 years and the majority of participants reported that they acquired HIV through unprotected sex (66.6%). Participants completed measures pertaining to HIV symptoms, smoking behavior, and smoking outcome expectancies. HIV symptom distress was positively related to negative reinforcement, negative consequences, and positive reinforcement smoking outcome expectancies after accounting for relevant covariates. The present research suggests that HIV symptom distress may play an important role in understanding smoking outcome expectancies for smokers with HIV/AIDS. Clinical implications for HIV+ smokers are discussed, including the importance of developing effective smoking cessation treatments that meet the unique needs of this group of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W. Grover
- Department of Psychology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Adam Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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