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Janjani P, Bhardwaj U, Agarwal M, Gupta R, Kushwaha HS. MIL-88B(Fe) MOF modified screen-printed electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of malathion. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2649-2659. [PMID: 36772960 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2179946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-free electrochemical approach for ultra-trace quantification of the organophosphate insecticide malathion is proposed in this study. It is premised on screen-printed carbon electrodes modified by the MIL-88B(Fe) metal-organic framework (MOF). A one-pot solvothermal method was used to synthesise MIL-88B(Fe). The surface modification of electrodes allowed for increased electroactive surface area and accelerated electron transport on the electrode. Inhibition in the redox signal of MIL-88B(Fe) was observed due to the affinity between metal centres of the MOF and the functional groups of malathion, leading to an accurate determination of malathion. The proposed sensor effectively quantified malathion in the wide concentration range of 1 × 10-12 M to 1 × 10-6 M. The limit of detection for malathion was 0.79 pM. The proposed sensor also possessed excellent stability, repeatability, and anti-interference characteristics. Furthermore, the proposed sensor demonstrated satisfactory malathion recovery in spiked vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Janjani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Upasana Bhardwaj
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Madhu Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Ragini Gupta
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
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2
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Yang L, Hu W, Pei F, Liu Z, Wang J, Tong Z, Mu X, Du B, Xia M, Wang F, Liu B. A ratiometric fluorescence imprinted sensor based on N-CDs and metal-organic frameworks for visual smart detection of malathion. Food Chem 2024; 438:138068. [PMID: 38011790 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of pesticide residues in food is essential for human safety. A ratiometric imprinted fluorescence sensor N-CDs@Eu-MOF@MIP (BR@MIP) was constructed to sensitively detect malathion (Mal). Europium-based metal organic frameworks (Eu-MOF) were used as supporters to improve the sensitivity of the BR@MIP. N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were used as fluorescent source to produce fluorescent signal. A linear relationship between the concentration of Mal and the fluorescence response of the sensor was found in the Mal concentration range of 1-10 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 μM. Furthermore, the sensor was successfully applied for the detection of Mal in lettuce, tap water, and soil samples, with recoveries in the range of 93.0 % - 99.3 %. Additionally, smartphone-based sensors were used to detect Mal in simulated real samples. Thus, the construction of ratiometric imprinted fluorescence sensor has provided a good strategy for the detection of Mal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Fubin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bin Du
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Mingzhu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
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3
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Nayak S, Borse S, Jha S, Mehta VN, Murthy ZVP, Park TJ, Kailasa SK. Development of Copper Nanoclusters-Based Turn-Off Nanosensor for Fluorescence Detection of Two Pyrethroid Pesticides (Cypermethrin and Lambda-Cyhalothrin). J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03537-0. [PMID: 38109031 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) were synthesized by using Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) plant extract as a biotemplate. Aqueous dispersion of W. somnifera-Cu NCs displays intense emission peak at 458 nm upon excitation at 350 nm. This fluorescence emission was utilized for the detection of two pyrethroid pesticides (cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) via "turn-off" mechanism. Upon the addition of two pyrethiod pesticides independently, the fluorescence emission of W. somnifera-Cu NCs was gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of both pesticides. It was noticed that the decrease in emission intensity at 458 nm was linearly dependent on the logarithm of both pesticides concentrations in the ranges of 0.01-100 μM and of 0.05-100 μM for cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. Consequently, the limits of detection were found to be 27.06 and 23.28 nM for cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The as-fabricated W. somnifera-Cu NCs acted as a facile sensor for the analyses of cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in vegetables (tomato and bottle gourd), which demonstrates that it could be used as portable sensing platform for assaying of two pyrethroid pesticides in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyaprakash Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395 007, India
| | - Shraddha Borse
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395 007, India
| | - Sanjay Jha
- ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaibhavkumar N Mehta
- ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Z V P Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395 007, India
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395 007, India.
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4
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Tanwar S, Sharma A, Mathur D. A graphene quantum dots-glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:701-710. [PMID: 37346783 PMCID: PMC10280055 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were made via a hydrothermal process with glucose as a precursor undergoing carbonization. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to analyze the optical characteristics of GQDs, including UV-visible, photoluminescence, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the morphological and structural properties of GQDs. An electrochemical sensor was developed by drop casting GQDs on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The sensor detects the organophosphate pesticide malathion in a selective and sensitive manner. Using cyclic voltammetry, the sensor's oxidation-reduction behavior was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to study the electrochemical properties of the modified the GQDs/GCE working electrode, which showed excellent charge transfer properties. We measured malathion in varying concentrations between 1 to 30 µM using differential pulse voltammetry, which resulted in a limit of detection of 0.62 nM. GQDs can thus be used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of pesticides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Tanwar
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhirendra Mathur
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India
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5
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Zhang X, Tian L, Sun Z, Wu Q, Shan X, Yang S, Li H, Li C, Chen R, Lu J. Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for determination of malathion based on a multiple signal amplification strategy. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Peng D, Hu Z, Zheng W, Pang X, Wang D, Fan M. Ameliorating SERS Sensitivity for Pesticide Malathion Detection with Synergistic Boosting Effect by Hydrogen Cations and Chloride Anions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15656-15661. [PMID: 36482674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although SERS has been widely recognized as one of the highly sensitive analytical methods that can be deployed in the field with high sensitivity and short analysis time, reports regarding the fast determination of malathion at low concentrations are still scarce. Here, in this work, the solution pH and various halogen co-adsorbates were explored to promote the SERS signal of malathion using the citrate-reduced Ag NPs. It was found that chloride anions were the most efficient signal booster among the three halogen ions screened. Further examination of the SERS profile of the malathion in the presence of different halogen species found that the stretching mode of the P-S bond shifted to a lower frequency with Cl-, which may imply closer (and stronger) binding of malathion to the Ag NPs. This concurs with literature reports that halogen ions could facilitate the adsorption of a certain analyte onto the SERS substrate. In addition, hydrogen ions showed a synergistic effect on SERS signal enhancement when combined with chloride anions. At optimum conditions, the malathion could be detected with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3 ppb. Malathion-spiked cherry tomatoes and oranges were analyzed, and the recovery rates were found to be within 85-100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Peng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhangmei Hu
- The Analytical and Testing Center of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of the Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Meikun Fan
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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7
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Khosropour H, Kalambate PK, Kalambate RP, Permpoka K, Zhou X, Chen GY, Laiwattanapaisal W. A comprehensive review on electrochemical and optical aptasensors for organophosphorus pesticides. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:362. [PMID: 36044085 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
There has been a rise in pesticide use as a result of the growing industrialization of agriculture. Organophosphorus pesticides have been widely applied as agricultural and domestic pest control agents for nearly five decades, and they remain as health and environmental hazards in water supplies, vegetables, fruits, and processed foods causing serious foodborne illness. Thus, the rapid and reliable detection of these harmful organophosphorus toxins with excellent sensitivity and selectivity is of utmost importance. Aptasensors are biosensors based on aptamers, which exhibit exceptional recognition capability for a variety of targets. Aptasensors offer numerous advantages over conventional approaches, including increased sensitivity, selectivity, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. As a result, interest in developing aptasensors continues to expand. This paper discusses the historical and modern advancements of aptasensors through the use of nanotechnology to enhance the signal, resulting in high sensitivity and detection accuracy. More importantly, this review summarizes the principles and strategies underlying different organophosphorus aptasensors, including electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, fluorescent, and colorimetric ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khosropour
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pramod K Kalambate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rupali P Kalambate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Khageephun Permpoka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - George Y Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cells and Innovative Testing Device Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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8
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Dorontic S, Bonasera A, Scopelliti M, Markovic O, Bajuk Bogdanović D, Ciasca G, Romanò S, Dimkić I, Budimir M, Marinković D, Jovanovic S. Gamma-Ray-Induced Structural Transformation of GQDs towards the Improvement of Their Optical Properties, Monitoring of Selected Toxic Compounds, and Photo-Induced Effects on Bacterial Strains. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12152714. [PMID: 35957147 PMCID: PMC9370814 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural modification of different carbon-based nanomaterials is often necessary to improve their morphology and optical properties, particularly the incorporation of N-atoms in graphene quantum dots (GQDs). Here, a clean, simple, one-step, and eco-friendly method for N-doping of GQDs using gamma irradiation is reported. GQDs were irradiated in the presence of the different ethylenediamine (EDA) amounts (1 g, 5 g, and 10 g) and the highest % of N was detected in the presence of 10 g. N-doped GQDs emitted strong, blue photoluminescence (PL). Photoluminescence quantum yield was increased from 1.45, as obtained for non-irradiated dots, to 7.24% for those irradiated in the presence of 1 g of EDA. Modified GQDs were investigated as a PL probe for the detection of insecticide Carbofuran (2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) and herbicide Amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole). The limit of detection was 5.4 μmol L-1 for Carbofuran. For the first time, Amitrole was detected by GQDs in a turn-off/turn-on mechanism using Pd(II) ions as a quenching agent. First, Pd(II) ions were quenched (turn-off) PL of GQDs, while after Amitrole addition, PL was recovered linearly with Amitrole concentration (turn-on). LOD was 2.03 μmol L-1. These results suggest that modified GQDs can be used as an efficient new material for Carbofuran and Amitrole detection. Furthermore, the phototoxicity of dots was investigated on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. When bacterial cells were exposed to different GQD concentrations and illuminated with light of 470 nm wavelength, the toxic effects were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Dorontic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Palermo Research Unit, Viale delle Scienze, Bld. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Scopelliti
- Department of Physics and Chemistry—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Palermo Research Unit, Viale delle Scienze, Bld. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Olivera Markovic
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 11158 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 11158 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivica Dimkić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Budimir
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Marinković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Wojciechowska M, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. The impact of insecticides containing deltamethrin and cyfluthrin on the composition of surface compounds in the larvae, females and males of
Tenebrio molitor. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5346. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland
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10
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Farooq S, Wu H, Nie J, Ahmad S, Muhammad I, Zeeshan M, Khan R, Asim M. Application, advancement and green aspects of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers in pesticide residue detection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150293. [PMID: 34798762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have added a vital contribution to food quality and safety with the effective extraction of pesticide residues due to their unique properties. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) are a superior approach to overcome stereotypical limitations due to their unique core-shell and novel composite structure, including high chemothermal stability, rapid extraction, and high selectivity. Over the past two decades, different MMIPs have been developed for pesticide extraction in actual food samples with a complex matrix. Nevertheless, such developments are desirable, yet the synthesis and mode of application of MMIP have great potential as a green chemistry approach that can significantly reduce environmental pollution and minimize resource utilization. In this review, the MMIP application for single or multipesticide detection has been summarized by critiquing each method's uniqueness and efficiency in real sample analysis and providing a possible green chemistry exploration procedure for MMIP synthesis and application for escalated food and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Farooq
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agriculture University/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266101, PR China
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11
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Saleh SS, Monir HH, El-Naem OA. Appraisal for Edible Use of Vegetable Crops Cultivated in Egypt after Treatment with Selected Insecticides and Fungicides: Insights of Dissipation Rates and Pre-harvest Intervals. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1775-1781. [PMID: 34275969 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical investigation was carried out to study the dissipation rate of two commonly used pesticides, thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid insecticide) and propamocarb hydrochloride (carbamate fungicide), applied to four vegetable crops: cucumber, zucchini, lettuce and pepper, after open-field application. Samples were harvested according to a scheduled plan followed by QuEChERS extraction, then thiamethoxam residues were analyzed using a GC-ECD method, while propamocarb HCl residues were analyzed using an HPLC-UV method. Validation parameters were attained for both methods and the kinetic profile was studied, which fitted the first-order kinetics where k, t1/2 and t90 were calculated. The proper pre-harvest interval (PHI) was studied for each crop to ensure that the residues levels declined to reach below the maximum residue limit (MRL) where the crop is suitable for consumption. These values were found to be different from labelled values, which proves that the PHIs are greatly affected by changing weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Saleh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)
| | - Hany H Monir
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
| | - Omnia A El-Naem
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)
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12
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Velkoska-Markovska L, Petanovska-Ilievska B. Determination of malathion and its residues by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe quality of pesticide formulations has an impact on the crop safety, environment and human health. Therefore, the development of new analytical methods for the determination of active substances in pesticide formulations in order to control their quality, as well as, their residues in food samples in order to ensure food safety, is always welcome. A new, simple, precise and accurate normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) method for determination of an active ingredient malathion in the commercial emulsifiable concentrate pesticide product has been developed and validated. The analysis was carried out on a LiChrosorb CN (250 x 4 mm, 5 μm) analytical column using isocratic elution with mobile phase consisted of n-hexane and dichloromethane (80/20, v/v), flow rate of 1 mL/min, constant column temperature at 25 °C and ultraviolet diode-array detection at 220 nm. The obtained values for multiple correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.9990), relative standard deviation of retention times, peak areas and heights (RSD ≤ 1.14%), recoveries ranged from 98.97 to 101.62%, revealed that the developed method has a satisfactory linearity, precision and accuracy. Also, the developed method was successfully applied for determination of malathion residues in apple juice samples, after preliminary sample preparation using solid-phase extraction. Specificity, selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, precision and accuracy were tested in order to validation of this method. The obtained results were in acceptable ranges and indicated that the developed method is suitable for routine determination of malathion in the pesticide formulation, as well as for determination of malathion residues in apple juice samples. The run time of HPLC analysis was about 6 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenche Velkoska-Markovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food - Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Biljana Petanovska-Ilievska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food - Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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13
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Pulido-Blanco VC, Pinzón-Sandoval EH, González-Chavarro CF, Serrano-Cely PA. Management alternatives for Carmenta theobromae (Busck, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), limiting pests of guava in Colombia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3076. [PMID: 33542249 PMCID: PMC7862407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval stages of Carmenta theobromae Busck (1910) and Simplicivalva ampliophilobia Davis, Gentili-Poole and Mitter (2008) attack the subcortical zone and pith in guava trees, respectively, in the first productive nucleus of fruit trees in Colombia: Hoya del Río Suárez (HRS). The presence of pest insects has been reported in 98% of the farms sampled in HRS (n = 124), with up to 96 and 11 simultaneous larvae per tree, respectively. Although the aspects of the basic biology and life cycle of both pests have been resolved, there are no strategies for managing populations in the field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management alternatives under laboratory and field conditions in HRS. In laboratory conditions, a completely randomized design was used in two separate experiments, each with six treatments: T1: Spinosad (a mixture of Spinosad A and D); T2: S-1,2-di(ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate (chemical control); T3: Lecanicillium lecanii; T4: Beauveria bassiana; T5: Mix of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, and T6: distilled water (control). The number of dead larvae per replicate per treatment was evaluated (DL), with experimental units of five and three larvae, respectively. In the field, to the two best alternatives found for each pest in the laboratory, pruning and keeping the area around the plants free of weeds were added as cultural management, in two separate additional experiments, each with three larvae as experimental unit per treatment. For C. theobromae, the best laboratory alternatives were chemical control (DL: 3.78) and L. lecanii (DL: 2.33), followed without statistical differences by B. bassiana (DL: 1.67). In the field, the virulence of B. bassiana improved (DL: 3), and together with pruning and keeping the area around the plants clear of weeds (DL: 3), they stood out as the best alternatives. For S. ampliophilobia under laboratory conditions, the best alternatives were Spinosad (2.74) and chemical control (DL: 2.66), without significant difference. In the field, there were no statistical differences between the alternatives, except for the control. This statistical parity of cultural practices, and biological and chemical management is an argument in favor of the use of the former to the detriment of the third, especially when the harmful effects of the molecule S-1,2 di (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl 0, 0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate have been proven in air, water and agricultural soils, in addition to its association with thyroid cancer in humans. This is a strong argument to favor the use of synergies of cultural and biological management methods framed in IPM, as opposed to the use of chemical agents whose harmful effects are strongly documented, and whose use is becoming increasingly prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Camilo Pulido-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá Sede Tunja, MSc. Ciencias Biológicas, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Kilometro 14 vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia. .,, Calle 19 N° 9-35 Edificio de la Lotería de Boyacá, oficina 902, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia.
| | | | - Carlos Felipe González-Chavarro
- Centro de Investigación La Libertad, MSc. Fisiología Vegetal, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Kilometro 17 vía Puerto López, Meta, Colombia
| | - Pablo Antonio Serrano-Cely
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, MSc Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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14
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Wei J, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Sun B. Ionic liquid-sensitized molecularly imprinted polymers based on heteroatom co-doped quantum dots functionalized graphene for sensitive detection of λ-cyhalothrin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1136:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Liang N, Hu X, Li W, Mwakosya AW, Guo Z, Xu Y, Huang X, Li Z, Zhang X, Zou X, Shi J. Fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode sensor for visual detection of malathion in cabbage based on carbon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Food Chem 2020; 343:128494. [PMID: 33162257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual-mode fluorescence/colorimetric sensor based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was developed for visual detection of malathion in cabbage. The CQDs-GNPs nanocomposite exhibited emission wavelength at 527 nm and absorption wavelength at 524 nm. The fluorescence intensity increased and absorption decreased with addition of malathion. Fluorescence and colorimetric calibration curves were established based on fluorescence intensity (R2 = 0.9914) and absorbance (R2 = 0.9608) in the range of 1 × 10-9-1 × 10-2 M, respectively. Furthermore, fluorescence and colorimetric standard arrays were prepared for visual detection of malathion according to the change of fluorescence brightness and color. Finally, the approximate concentrations of malathion in cabbage samples were estimated by the standard arrays and naked eyes. The calibration curves were used for accurate detection in cabbage samples with recoveries of 89.9%-103.4% (fluorescence) and 88.7%-107.6% (colorimetric). The established sensor for visual malathion detection in cabbage was accurate with strong application potential, especially for rapid screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuetao Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenting Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Anjelina W Mwakosya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ziang Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinai Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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16
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Factors controlling the fate of pyrethroids residues during post-harvest processing of raw agricultural crops: An overview. Food Chem 2019; 295:58-63. [PMID: 31174799 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Control of residual levels of synthetic pyrethroids in fresh fruits and vegetables as well as in foodstuff made of fresh agricultural produces is of utmost importance. Apart from the need to more control on application of pesticides by farmers, simple and effective postharvest practices by consumers and/or manufacturers usually applied to produces before consumption may enhance food safety from potentially harmful pesticide residues. The present review discusses the underline factors that control the effectiveness of crops postharvest treatments and the possible mechanisms of loss of pesticides during food processing. It is shown that the effectiveness of postharvest processes is controlled by various factors and that understanding such factors is essential for more control of residual pesticides. Though postharvest processes may lead to substantial reduction of residual pesticides, metabolites of broken pesticides are of great concern.
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17
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Wojciechowska M, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. Cyfluthrin and Deltamethrin Induce Changes in the Fat Body Composition of
Tenebrio molitor
Larvae, Males and Females. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800515. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural CompoundsDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental RisksDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural CompoundsDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
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18
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Khayoon WS. Development of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method combined with UV spectrophotometry for the Determination of Malathion Pesticide. AL-MUSTANSIRIYAH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.23851/mjs.v28i2.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and novel method was developed by combination of dispersive liquid-liquid microex-traction with UV spectrophotometry for the preconcentartion and determination of trace amount of malathion. The presented method is based on using a small volume of ethylenechloride as the extraction solvent was dissolved in ethanol as the dispersive solvent, then the binary solution was rapidly injected by a syringe into the water sample containing malathion. The important parame-ters, such the type and volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, the effect of extraction time and rate, the effect of salt addition and reaction conditions were studied. At the optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 2-100 ng mL-1 of malathion with a limit of detection of 0.8 ng L-1. In addition, the enrichment factor was 30. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of malathion pesticide in water samples
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19
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Bhamore JR, Jha S, Basu H, Singhal RK, Murthy ZVP, Kailasa SK. Tuning of gold nanoclusters sensing applications with bovine serum albumin and bromelain for detection of Hg 2+ ion and lambda-cyhalothrin via fluorescence turn-off and on mechanisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2781-2791. [PMID: 29480389 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) were obtained by one-pot synthetic method using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bromelain as templates. As-synthesized fluorescent Au NCs were stable and showed bright red fluorescence under UV lamp at 365 nm. The fluorescent Au NCs exhibit the emission intensity at 648 nm when excited at 498 nm. Various techniques were used such as spectroscopy (UV-visible, fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering for the characterization of fluorescent Au NCs. The values of I0/I at 648 nm are proportional to the concentrations of Hg2+ ion in the range from 0.00075 to 5.0 μM and of lambda-cyhalothrin in the range from 0.01 to 10 μM with detection limits of 0.0003 and 0.0075 μM for Hg2+ ion and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The practical application of the probe was successfully demonstrated by analyzing Hg2+ ion and lambda-cyhalothrin in water samples. In addition, Au NCs used as probes for imaging of Simplicillium fungal cells. These results indicated that the as-synthesized Au NCs have proven to be promising fluorescent material for the sensing of Hg2+ ion and lambda-cyhalothrin in environmental and for imaging of microorganism cells in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna R Bhamore
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Sanjay Jha
- Gujarat Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, Gujarat, 395007, India
| | - Hirakendu Basu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singhal
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
| | - Z V P Murthy
- Chemical Engineering Department, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India.
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20
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Kutluyer F, Erişir M, Benzer F, Öğretmen F, İnanan BE. The in vitro effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin on quality and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss spermatozoa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:855-860. [PMID: 26476887 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is little information in the scientific literature about effect of in vitro exposure of fish spermatozoa to pesticides. In vitro effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on sperm quality and oxidative stress has not been fully explored yet. The effects of LCT, which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, on quality and oxidative stress of spermatozoa were investigated in vitro due to extensively use to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. To explore the potential in vitro toxicity of LCT, fish spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of LCT (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 μg/L) for 2h. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in spermatozoa were analyzed for determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance. Our results indicated that the percentage and duration of sperm motility significantly decreased with exposure to LCT. Activity of GSH-Px and MDA (P<0.05) and GSH levels (P<0.05) increased in a concentration-dependent manner while CAT activity decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the oxidant and antioxidant status and sperm quality were affected by increasing concentrations of LCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Kutluyer
- Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Mine Erişir
- Tunceli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Fulya Benzer
- Fırat University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Basic Sciences, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Öğretmen
- Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 48000 Muğla, Turkey
| | - Burak Evren İnanan
- Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 48000 Muğla, Turkey
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21
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Zuo HG, Zhu JX, Zhan CR, Shi L, Xing M, Guo P, Ding Y, Yang H. Preparation of malathion MIP-SPE and its application in environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:394. [PMID: 26038320 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Malathion is an organophosphorous insecticide for controlling insects on fruits and vegetables, miscellaneous household insects, and animal parasites. It is important to develop highly efficient and selective pre-treatment method for analyzing malathion residues in environment and samples from agricultural products based on the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In this study, we developed a tailor-made MIP method with highly specific recognization to the template. The MIPs were prepared using malathion as a template, methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker, azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, and the acetonitrile-chloroform (1:1, v/v) as a porogen. The molecular recognization mechanism of malathion and MAA was evaluated by molecular simulation, ultraviolet spectrometry (UV), and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR). MAA interacted specifically with malathion by hydrogen bond with a ratio of 2:1. The MIPs exhibit a high affinity, recognition specificity, and efficient adsorption performance for malathion. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface area and porosimeter analyzer, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) were used to characterize the properties of MIP. The malathion residues in soil, tap water, and cabbage were cleaned up by MIP-SPE, detected quantitatively using GC-FPD, and confirmed by GC-MS/MS. The limits of tap water, soil, and cabbage were confined to 0.001 mg L(-1), 0.004 and 0.004 mg kg(-1), respectively. The spiked recoveries of malathion were 96.06-111.49% (with RSD being 5.7-9.2%), 98.13-103.83% (RSD, 3.5-8.7%), and 84.94-93.69% (RSD, 4.7-5.8%) for tap water, soil, and cabbage samples, respectively. Thus, the method developed here can be used effectively in assessing malathion residues in multiple environmental samples. The aim of the study was to provide an efficient, selective, and accurate method for analyzing malathion at trace levels in multiple media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Gen Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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