1
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Chen N, Liu S, Qin D, Guan D, Chen Y, Hou C, Zheng S, Wang L, Chen X, Chen W, Zhang L. Fate tracking reveals differences between Reelin + hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Desmin + HSCs in activation, migration and proliferation. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13500. [PMID: 37246473 PMCID: PMC10693182 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the main cause of liver fibrogenesis in response to different etiologies of chronic liver injuries. HSCs are heterogeneous, but the lack of specific markers to distinguish different HSC subset hinders the development of targeted therapy for liver fibrosis. In this study, we aim to reveal new HSC subsets by cell fate tracking. We constructed a novel ReelinCreERT2 transgenic mouse model to track the fate of cells expressing Reelin and their progeny (Reelin+ cells). And we investigated the property of Reelin+ cells, such as differentiation and proliferation, in hepatotoxic (carbon tetrachloride; CCl4 ) or cholestatic (bile duct ligation; BDL) liver injury models by immunohistochemistry. Our study revealed that Reelin+ cells were a new HSC subset. In terms of activation, migration, and proliferation, Reelin+ HSCs displayed different properties from Desmin+ HSCs (total HSCs) in cholestatic liver injury model but shared similar properties to total HSCs in hepatotoxic liver injury model. Besides, we did not find evidence that Reelin+ HSCs transdifferentiated into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes through mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). In this study, our genetic cell fate tracking data reveal that ReelinCreERT2-labelled cells are a new HSC subset, which provides new insights into targeted therapy for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shenghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dian Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaqing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chenjiao Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Songyun Zheng
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio‐medical Center/Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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3
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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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4
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Alexander A, Herz J, Calvier L. Reelin through the years: From brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112669. [PMID: 37339050 PMCID: PMC10592530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin was originally identified as a regulator of neuronal migration and synaptic function, but its non-neuronal functions have received far less attention. Reelin participates in organ development and physiological functions in various tissues, but it is also dysregulated in some diseases. In the cardiovascular system, Reelin is abundant in the blood, where it contributes to platelet adhesion and coagulation, as well as vascular adhesion and permeability of leukocytes. It is a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factor with important implications for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Mechanistically, Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that binds to several membrane receptors, including ApoER2, VLDLR, integrins, and ephrins. Reelin signaling depends on the cell type but mostly involves phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, or JAK/STAT. This review focuses on non-neuronal functions and the therapeutic potential of Reelin, while highlighting secretion, signaling, and functional similarities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Calvier L, Alexander AE, Herz J. The "6B" strategy: Build Back a Better Blood-Brain Barrier. IMMUNO 2022; 2:506-511. [PMID: 38098699 PMCID: PMC10720986 DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Under pathological conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), leukocytes infiltrate the central nervous system where they, in concert with activated microglia, promote inflammatory demyelination resulting in a broad spectrum of symptoms including paralysis. Therefore, all current therapeutic approaches to MS target the immune system, blocking inflammation and paralysis progression, but may compromise the immune system. In this focused review, we present an underestimated compartment, the blood-brain barrier, which is compromised during MS and becomes permeable to leukocytes infiltrating the central nervous system. This barrier has the potential to offer new therapeutic strategies and is easily accessible for drugs. We highlight this paradigm using the example of the therapeutic anti-Reelin strategy we have developed. Reelin is a plasma protein that regulates the expression of adhesion markers on the endothelial surface, thus promoting the infiltration of inflammatory cells and propagating inflammation. Building Back a Better Blood-Brain Barrier (the "6B" strategy) may have advantages compared to actual immunosuppressive drugs because it restores a physiological function rather than suppressing the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anna E Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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6
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Axelsson Raja A, Wakimoto H, DeLaughter DM, Reichart D, Gorham J, Conner DA, Lun M, Probst CK, Sakai N, Knipe RS, Montesi SB, Shea B, Adam LP, Leinwand LA, Wan W, Choi ES, Lindberg EL, Patone G, Noseda M, Hübner N, Seidman CE, Tager AM, Seidman JG, Ho CY. Ablation of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 attenuates hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204174119. [PMID: 35787042 PMCID: PMC9282378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204174119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a key pathologic feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the fibrotic pathways activated by HCM-causing sarcomere protein gene mutations are poorly defined. Because lysophosphatidic acid is a mediator of fibrosis in multiple organs and diseases, we tested the role of the lysophosphatidic acid pathway in HCM. Lysphosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), a cell surface receptor, is required for lysophosphatidic acid mediation of fibrosis. We bred HCM mice carrying a pathogenic myosin heavy-chain variant (403+/-) with Lpar1-ablated mice to create mice carrying both genetic changes (403+/- LPAR1 -/-) and assessed development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Compared with 403+/- LPAR1WT, 403+/- LPAR1 -/- mice developed significantly less hypertrophy and fibrosis. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of left ventricular tissue demonstrated that Lpar1 was predominantly expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and cardiac fibroblasts. Lpar1 ablation reduced the population of LECs, confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of the LEC markers Lyve1 and Ccl21a and, by in situ hybridization, for Reln and Ccl21a. Lpar1 ablation also altered the distribution of fibroblast cell states. FB1 and FB2 fibroblasts decreased while FB0 and FB3 fibroblasts increased. Our findings indicate that Lpar1 is expressed predominantly by LECs and fibroblasts in the heart and is required for development of hypertrophy and fibrosis in an HCM mouse model. LPAR1 antagonism, including agents in clinical trials for other fibrotic diseases, may be beneficial for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Axelsson Raja
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Daniel Reichart
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David A. Conner
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mingyue Lun
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Clemens K. Probst
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Rachel S. Knipe
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sydney B. Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Barry Shea
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Albert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Leonard P. Adam
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Biofrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - William Wan
- Biofrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Esther Sue Choi
- Biofrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Eric L. Lindberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giannino Patone
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michela Noseda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carolyn Y. Ho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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7
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Connexin Expression Is Altered in Liver Development of Yotari ( dab1 -/-) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910712. [PMID: 34639052 PMCID: PMC8509723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-1 (Dab1) protein is an intracellular adaptor of reelin signaling required for prenatal neuronal migration, as well as postnatal neurotransmission, memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Yotari, an autosomal recessive mutant of the mouse Dab1 gene is recognizable by its premature death, unstable gait and tremor. Previous findings are mostly based on neuronal abnormalities caused by Dab1 deficiency, but the role of the reelin signaling pathway in nonneuronal tissues and organs has not been studied until recently. Hepatocytes, the most abundant cells in the liver, communicate via gap junctions (GJ) are composed of connexins. Cell communication disruption in yotari mice was examined by analyzing the expression of connexins (Cxs): Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 during liver development at 13.5 and 15.5 gestation days (E13.5 and E15.5). Analyses were performed using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent microscopy, followed by quantification of area percentage covered by positive signal. Data are expressed as a mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. All Cxs examined displayed a significant decrease in yotari compared to wild type (wt) individuals at E13.5. Looking at E15.5 we have similar results with exception of Cx37 showing negligible expression in wt. Channels formation triggered by pathological stimuli, as well as propensity to apoptosis, was studied by measuring the expression of Pannexin1 (Panx1) and Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) through developmental stages mentioned above. An increase in Panx1 expression of E15.5 yotari mice, as well as a strong jump of AIF in both phases suggesting that yotari mice are more prone to apoptosis. Our results emphasize the importance of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) during liver development and their possible involvement in liver pathology and diagnostics where they can serve as potential biomarkers and drug targets.
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8
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Kordes C, Bock HH, Reichert D, May P, Häussinger D. Hepatic stellate cells: current state and open questions. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1021-1032. [PMID: 34008380 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarizes 20 years of our research on hepatic stellate cells within the framework of two collaborative research centers CRC575 and CRC974 at the Heinrich Heine University. Over this period, stellate cells were identified for the first time as mesenchymal stem cells of the liver, and important functions of these cells in the context of liver regeneration were discovered. Furthermore, it was determined that the space of Disse - bounded by the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes - functions as a stem cell niche for stellate cells. Essential elements of this niche that control the maintenance of hepatic stellate cells have been identified alongside their impairment with age. This article aims to highlight previous studies on stellate cells and critically examine and identify open questions and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen Reichert
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Calvier L, Xian X, Lee R, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Kounnas MZ, Tsai S, Herz J. Reelin Depletion Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Decreasing Vascular Adhesion of Leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1309-1318. [PMID: 33626909 PMCID: PMC7990715 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/deficiency
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/metabolism
- Leukocyte Rolling/drug effects
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. San Diego CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | | | - Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
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10
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Sturm L, Roth L, Zoldan K, Schultheiss M, Boettler T, Huber JP, Kaeser R, Thimme R, Bettinger D. Blood reelin in the progression of chronic liver disease. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:148-154. [PMID: 33561810 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein originally found to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent findings indicate, that reelin may also play an important role in the process of liver fibrosis as well as in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Against this background, the aim of our study was to explore alterations in blood reelin levels in different stages of chronic liver diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed blood samples of patients with chronic liver disease without liver fibrosis (n = 25), with liver fibrosis (n = 36), with liver cirrhosis (n = 74), with HCC (n = 26) as well as of healthy controls (n = 15). Blood reelin concentrations were determined utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Blood reelin levels were significantly elevated in patients who had liver fibrosis or cirrhosis compared to patients without liver fibrosis and healthy controls (13.9 (10.2-21.1) ng/ml vs. 11.2 (8.8-16.8) ng/ml, p = 0.032). Importantly, patients with HCC displayed significantly higher reelin concentrations compared to patients with liver cirrhosis alone (27.0 (17.3-35.9) ng/ml vs. 16.6 (11.0-22.7) ng/ml, p < 0.001). Blood reelin was not relevantly linked to liver function, inflammation and etiology of liver disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate, that blood reelin levels are altered in different stages of chronic liver disease, which makes reelin a potential biomarker in this setting. This may be especially relevant with regard to its use as an additional tumor marker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sturm
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Roth
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schultheiss
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Huber
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Kaeser
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettinger
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Disease-Specific Changes in Reelin Protein and mRNA in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051252. [PMID: 32438605 PMCID: PMC7290479 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein that modulates neuronal function and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Decreased levels of Reelin activity have been postulated as a key factor during neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in aging. Thus, changes in levels of full-length Reelin and Reelin fragments have been revealed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in post-mortem brains samples of AD patients with respect to non-AD patients. However, conflicting studies have reported decreased or unchanged levels of full-length Reelin in AD patients compared to control (nND) cases in post-mortem brains and CSF samples. In addition, a compelling analysis of Reelin levels in neurodegenerative diseases other than AD is missing. In this study, we analyzed brain levels of RELN mRNA and Reelin protein in post-mortem frontal cortex samples from different sporadic AD stages, Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), obtained from five different Biobanks. In addition, we measured Reelin protein levels in CSF samples of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, or sCJD diagnosis and a group of neurologically healthy cases. The results indicate an increase in RELN mRNA in the frontal cortex of advanced stages of AD and in sCJD(I) compared to controls. This was not observed in PDD and early AD stages. However, Reelin protein levels in frontal cortex samples were unchanged between nND and advanced AD stages and PDD. Nevertheless, they decreased in the CSF of patients with dementia in comparison to those not suffering with dementia and patients with MCI. With respect to sCJD, there was a tendency to increase in brain samples in comparison to nND and to decrease in the CSF with respect to nND. In conclusion, Reelin levels in CSF cannot be considered as a diagnostic biomarker for AD or PDD. However, we feel that the CSF Reelin changes observed between MCI, patients with dementia, and sCJD might be helpful in generating a biomarker signature in prodromal studies of unidentified dementia and sCJD.
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12
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Sturm L, van Elst LT, Fiebich B, Wolkewitz M, Hornig T. Intra-day variations of blood reelin levels in healthy individuals. Arch Med Sci 2019; 16:118-123. [PMID: 32051714 PMCID: PMC6963140 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.91288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reelin (RELN) is an extracellular glycoprotein best known to be crucial for neuronal migration during the embryonic period and regulation of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain, with recent studies pointing to reelin playing an important part in the organization of peripheral organs as well. Abnormalities in RELN function are associated with a variety of medical conditions in human beings. These alterations partly also reflect in RELN's blood levels, which gives it a clinical relevance as a potential biomarker. Requirement for a possible clinical use is a profound understanding of RELN's physiology. We hypothesized blood RELN levels could underlie time-dependent variations and therefore examined individuals' serum reelin concentrations in the course of one day. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained blood samples from healthy individuals (n = 10) at several times of measurement over a time period of 24 h. We subsequently determined the respective serum RELN concentrations utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and tested for intra- and interindividual variations in serum RELN concentrations over time. RESULTS All tested individuals' serum RELN levels displayed significant intraindividual variations in the course of 24 h. Test subjects' reelin day profiles showed substantial divergence among each other. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to short-term fluctuations in blood RELN levels being part of physiological RELN homeostasis. This is of special interest with regard to a potential clinical use of RELN as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Wolkewitz
- Department of Medical Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hornig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Carotti S, Perrone G, Amato M, Vespasiani Gentilucci U, Righi D, Francesconi M, Pellegrini C, Zalfa F, Zingariello M, Picardi A, Onetti Muda A, Morini S. Reelin expression in human liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2745. [PMID: 28348420 PMCID: PMC5365015 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted extracellular glycoprotein that plays a critical role during brain development. Several studies have described Reelin expression in hepatic stellate cells of the human liver. In order to investigate the possible role of Reelin in the process of hepatic fibrogenesis, in this study we investigated Reelin expression in the liver tissue of patients infected with the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). On this basis, Reelin expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry during liver biopsies of 81 patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. A Knodell score was used to stage liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblast immunohistochemical markers (CRBP-1, alpha-SMA) were also evaluated. As further confirmed by co-localization experiments (Reelin +CRBP-1), Reelin protein was expressed by hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts, and a significant positive correlation was found between Reelin expression and the stage of liver fibrosis (P=0.002). Moreover, Reelin correlated with CRBP-1 positive cells (P=0.002), but not with alpha-SMA, suggesting that Reelin should not be regarded as a marker of hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts differentiation but rather as a functional protein expressed during some phases of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, Disabled-1 (Dab1), a Reelin adaptor protein, was expressed in cells of ductular reaction suggesting a paracrine role for Reelin with regards these elements. In conclusion, Reelin was expressed by human hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts and the number of these cells increased significantly in the lobule as the liver fibrosis progressed, suggesting a role for Reelin in the activation of hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts during liver injury. Reelin may potentially be incorporated into liver injury evaluations in combination with other histological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carotti
- Campus Bio-Medico University, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy.
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14
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Khialeeva E, Chou JW, Allen DE, Chiu AM, Bensinger SJ, Carpenter EM. Reelin Deficiency Delays Mammary Tumor Growth and Metastatic Progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:59-69. [PMID: 28124184 PMCID: PMC5319436 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a regulator of cell migration in the nervous system, and has other functions in the development of a number of non-neuronal tissues. In addition, alterations in reelin expression levels have been reported in breast, pancreatic, liver, gastric, and other cancers. Reelin is normally expressed in mammary gland stromal cells, but whether stromal reelin contributes to breast cancer progression is unknown. Herein, we used a syngeneic mouse mammary tumor transplantation model to examine the impact of host-derived reelin on breast cancer progression. We found that transplanted syngeneic tumors grew more slowly in reelin-deficient (rl Orl -/- ) mice and had delayed metastatic colonization of the lungs. Immunohistochemistry of primary tumors revealed that tumors grown in rl Orl -/- animals had fewer blood vessels and increased macrophage infiltration. Gene expression studies from tumor tissues indicate that loss of host-derived reelin alters the balance of M1- and M2-associated macrophage markers, suggesting that reelin may influence the polarization of these cells. Consistent with this, rl Orl -/- M1-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages have heightened levels of the M1-associated cytokines iNOS and IL-6. Based on these observations, we propose a novel function for the reelin protein in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Joan W. Chou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Denise E. Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
| | - Alec M. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Ellen M. Carpenter
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
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15
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Reelin expression is up-regulated in mice colon in response to acute colitis and provides resistance against colitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:462-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Khialeeva E, Carpenter EM. Nonneuronal roles for the reelin signaling pathway. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:217-226. [PMID: 27739126 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reelin signaling pathway has been established as an important regulator of cell migration during development of the central nervous system, and disruptions in reelin signaling alter the positioning of many types of neurons. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein and governs cell migration through activation of multiple intracellular signaling events by means of the receptors ApoE receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1). Earlier studies reported expression of reelin in nonneuronal tissues, but the functions of this signaling pathway outside of the nervous system have not been studied until recently. A large body of evidence now suggests that reelin functions during development and disease of multiple nonneuronal tissues. This review addresses recent advances in the field of nonneuronal reelin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 246:217-226, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen M Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Mansy SS, Nosseir MM, Othman MM, Zoheiry MA, Guda MF, Yehia HA, Hassanein MH. Spotlight on the three main hepatic fibrogenic cells in HCV-infected patients: Multiple immunofluorescence and ultrastructure study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:276-87. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1194507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Balmaceda V, Mata-Balaguer T, Lopez-Font I, Sáez-Valero J. Reelin in Alzheimer’s Disease, Increased Levels but Impaired Signaling: When More is Less. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:403-16. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-151193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Valeria Balmaceda
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Trinidad Mata-Balaguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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20
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Mansy SS, Nosseir MM, Zoheiry MA, Hassanein MH, Guda MF, Othman MM, AbuTalab H. Value of reelin for assessing hepatic fibrogenesis in a group of Egyptian HCV infected patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 52:1319-28. [PMID: 24803609 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of non-invasive markers that can predict the stages of hepatic fibrosis without resorting to repeated liver biopsies is still an important goal to evaluate the effectiveness of antifibrotic treatment. The present work investigates the value of the assessment of peripheral circulating reelin, in which the liver represents its prime source, as a marker for monitoring hepatic fibrogenesis. METHODS Seventy-four cases with chronic hepatitis positive for serum HCV RNA and 15 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Assessment of reelin in the harvested serum and in 64 corresponding liver biopsies using immunofluorescence technique was done. The results were evaluated in relation to the stages and quantitative morphometric analysis of hepatic fibrosis as well as the serum levels of the validated biomarker hyaluronic acid. RESULTS Significant correlation was detected between the levels of serum reelin and the semiquantitative assessment of reelin immunoreactivity in liver tissue, the stages of hepatic fibrosis, the morphometrically determined collagen and serum hyaluronic acid with a correlation coefficient of 0.675, 0.623, 0.479, 0.772, respectively with p<0.001. The sensitivity and the specificity of reelin for the determination of advanced (F2+F3) and significant fibrosis (F2-F4) were nearly comparable to the result of hyaluronic acid. In addition the area under curve (AUC) were 0.859, 0.871 for the reelin versus 0.878, and 0.891 for the hyaluronic acid. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion serum reelin may be considered an additional useful parameter for monitoring the progression of hepatic fibrosis in HCV-infected patients specially in those with active rheumatological conditions which result in an increase in serum hyaluronic acid.
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García-Ayllón MS, Millán C, Serra-Basante C, Bataller R, Sáez-Valero J. Readthrough acetylcholinesterase is increased in human liver cirrhosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44598. [PMID: 23028565 PMCID: PMC3441564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims There have been many studies on plasma butyrylcholinesterase in liver dysfunction. However, no data is available about acetylcholinesterase in human cirrhosis, although profound changes have been described in cirrhotic rat models. Methods Human serum and liver acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms were determined enzymatically, after butyrylcholinesterase immunodepletion. The distinct species of acetylcholinesterase, with a distinct C-terminus, were determined by western blotting, and the level of liver transcripts by real-time PCR. Liver acetylcholinesterase was also evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Results In patients with liver cirrhosis, the activity of plasma acetylcholinesterase (rich in light species), appeared to be apparently unaffected. However, the levels of the soluble readthrough (R) acetylcholinesterase form, an acetylcholinesterase species usually associated with stress and pathology, was increased compared to controls. Human liver acetylcholinesterase activity levels were also unchanged, but protein levels of the acetylcholinesterase-R and other acetylcholinesterase subunit species were increased in the cirrhotic liver. This increase in acetylcholinesterase protein expression in the cirrhotic liver was confirmed by PCR analysis. Immunohistological examination confirmed that acetylcholinesterase immunoreactivity is increased in parenchymal cells of the cirrhotic liver. Conclusions We demonstrate significant changes in acetylcholinesterase at the protein and mRNA levels in liver cirrhosis, with no difference in enzymatic activity. The altered expression of acetylcholinesterase protein may reflect changes in its pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
- * E-mail: (JS-V); (M-SG-A)
| | - Cristina Millán
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol Serra-Basante
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (JS-V); (M-SG-A)
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Ianni M, Manerba M, Di Stefano G, Porcellini E, Chiappelli M, Carbone I, Licastro F. Altered glycosylation profile of purified plasma ACT from Alzheimer's disease. Immun Ageing 2010; 7 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 21172065 PMCID: PMC3024880 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-7-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most frequent cause of neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. Inflammation has been implicated in brain degenerative processes and peripheral markers of brain AD related impairment would be useful. Plasma levels of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), an acute phase protein and a secondary component of amyloid plaques, are often increased in AD patients and high blood ACT levels correlate with progressive cognitive deterioration. During inflammatory responses changes in the micro-heterogeneity of ACT sugar chains have been described. METHODS N-Glycanase digestion from Flavobacterium meningosepticum (PNGase F) was performed on both native and denatured purified ACT condition and resolved to Western blot with the purpose to revealed the ACT de-glycosylation pattern.Further characterization of the ACT glycan profile was obtained by a glycoarray; each lectin group in the assay specifically recognizes one or two glycans/epitopes. Lectin-bound ACT produced a glyco-fingerprint and mayor differences between AD and controls samples were assessed by a specific algorithms. RESULTS Western blot analysis of purified ACT after PNGase F treatment and analysis of sugar composition of ACT showed significantly difference in "glyco-fingerprints" patterns from controls (CTR) and AD; ACT from AD showing significantly reduced levels of sialic acid. A difference in terminal GlcNac residues appeared to be related with progressive cognitive deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Low content of terminal GlcNac and sialic acid in peripheral ACT in AD patients suggests that a different pattern of glycosylation might be a marker of brain inflammation. Moreover ACT glycosylation analysis could be used to predict AD clinical progression and used in clinical trials as surrogate marker of clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ianni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Manerba
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Stefano
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Chiappelli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carbone
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 14 San Giacomo St, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Tseng WL, Huang CL, Chong KY, Liao CH, Stern A, Cheng JC, Tseng CP. Reelin is a platelet protein and functions as a positive regulator of platelet spreading on fibrinogen. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:641-53. [PMID: 19936619 PMCID: PMC11115871 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of platelet functions have been linked to reelin-impaired neuronal disorders. However, little attention has been given to understanding the interplay between reelin and platelet. In this study, reelin was found to present in the human platelets and megakaryocyte-like leukemic cells. Reelin-binding assays revealed that extracellular reelin can interact with platelets through the receptor belonging to the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The reelin-to-platelet interactions enhance platelet spreading on fibrinogen concomitant with the augmentation of lamellipodia formation and F-actin bundling. In contrast, reelin has no effect on integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation and agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Molecular analysis revealed that the up-regulation of Rac1 activity and the inhibition of protein kinase C delta-Thr505 phosphorylation are important for reelin-mediated enhancement of platelet spreading on fibrinogen. These findings demonstrate for the first time that reelin is present in platelets and the reelin-to-platelet interactions play a novel role in platelet signaling and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lien Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Huei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Arnold Stern
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ju-Chien Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC
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